I highly recommend the Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction [...] the breadth and depth of the invited contributions are quite impressive [...] all with highly qualified authorities as authors
-- From Don Norman's review
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This encyclopedia covers the design of interactive products and services like websites, household objects, smartphones, computer software, aircraft cockpits, you name it.
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Jonas Löwgren is an interaction designer, researcher and teacher. Currently employed as professor of interaction design at Malmö University, Sweden. Main areas of expertise include cross-media products, interactive visualization and the design theory of digita...
More about Jonas >>John M. Carroll is Edward Frymoyer Chair Professor of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University. His research interests include methods and theory in human-computer interaction, particularly as applied to networking tools for ...
More about John >>Marc Hassenzahl is Professor at the Folkwang University in Essen and research manager at MediaCity, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland. He is interested in the positive affective and motivational aspects of interactive technologies – in short: User Experie...
More about Marc >>I'm an interaction designer and researcher in the Social Computing Group at IBM's Watson Labs in New York to which I telecommute from my home in Minneapolis. My research focuses on designing systems that enable groups of people to interact coherently and produ...
More about Thomas >>I only have one big research question, but I attack it from a lot of different angles. The question is representation. How do people make, see and use things that carry meaning? The angles from which I attack my question include various ways in which r...
More about Alan >>Stephen Few has over 20 years of experience as an innovator, consultant, and educator in the fields of business intelligence (a.k.a. data warehousing and decision support) and information design. Through his company, Perceptual Edge, he focuses on the effectiv...
More about Stephen >>Bob Spence is Professor Emeritus of Information Engineering at Imperial College London. Bob Spence’s research has ranged from engineering design to human-computer interaction,and often with the manner in which the latter can enhance the former. Notable ...
More about Robert >>Mark Apperley has been working in the field of HCI for more than 30 years. In the 1970's he worked on the MINNIE interactive CACD system with Bob Spence, pioneering a range of interaction and information visualisation techniques, including dynamic exploration ...
More about Mark >>Recognized as a leader in the design community, Karen has pioneered transformative ideas and design approaches throughout her career. Karen is the inventor of Contextual Inquiry—the industry standard for gathering field data to understand how technology impact...
More about Karen >>Hugh Founder and CTO of InContext. He has more than 20 years of experience building and designing applications, systems, and tools. Before co-founding InContext, Hugh acted as lead developer and architect in a range of systems at Digital Equipment Corp. His do...
More about Hugh >>Ned Kock is Professor of Information Systems and Director of the Collaborative for International Technology Studies at Texas A&M International University. He holds degrees in electronics engineering (B.E.E.), computer science (M.S.), and management ...
More about Ned >>Margaret Burnett is a Professor of Computer Science at the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Oregon State University. Her current research focuses on end-user programming, end-user software engineering, information foraging theory as app...
More about Margaret >>Christopher Scaffidi is currently an Assistant Professor of Computer Science in the School of EECS at Oregon State University. His research interests are where human-computer interaction and software engineering intersect. Most of his current projects aim to h...
More about Christopher >>Dag Svanaes is a professor at the Department of Computer and Information Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Svanaes is also adjunct professor at the IT-University of Copenhagen, Denmark He has been teaching and doing research in ...
More about Dag >>Kristina Höök is a professor in Human-Machine Interaction at Stockholm University. She started and now works in the Mobile Life centre. She also upholds a part-time position at SICS (Swedish Institute of Computer Science)....
More about Kristina >>Alistair Sutcliffe (MA Cantab-Natural Sciences, PhD Wales) is Professor of Systems Engineering, and Director of the Centre for HCI Design, in the School of Informatics, University of Manchester, UK. Originally at ethologist, he has worked in the IT and finance...
More about Alistair >>I am a professor at the University of Stuttgart. My central research interests are novel user interfaces and innovative applications enabled by ubiquitous computing. Before moving to Stuttgart I was a professor at the Univeristy of Duisburg-Essen, had a joined...
More about Albrecht >>I'm Professor of Design Theory in the School of Design at Northumbria University, which has roots back to 1844 as one of the original British Government Schools of Design. I'm an Interaction Designer who occasionally dabbles in product and service design. I ha...
More about Gilbert >>Victor Kaptelinin is a Professor at the Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Norway, and the Department of Informatics, Umeå University, Sweden. He has held teaching and/or research positions at the Psychological Instit...
More about Victor >>Clayton M. Christensen is professor at Harvard Business School and a New York Times bestseller. He is the architect of, and the world's foremost authority on, disruptive innovation. Consistently acknowledged in rankings and surveys as one of the world’s lead...
More about Clayton >>I am a Professor of Technological Innovation in the MIT Sloan School of Management, and am also a Professor in MIT's Engineering Systems Division. I specialize in research related to the nature and economics of distributed and open innovation. I also develop a...
More about Eric >>I am an Associate Professor at the Department of Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. My main research interests revolve around the use of information technology. I have been involved in studies on IT project...
More about Noam >>Richard Shusterman is an American pragmatist philosopher, currently the Dorothy F. Schmidt Eminent Scholar in the Humanities and Professor of Philosophy at Florida Atlantic University, where he directs the Center for Body, Mind, and Culture. He is internationa...
More about Richard >>William Hudson is a User Experience Strategist who consults, writes and teaches in the fields of user-centred design, user experience and usability. He has over 40 years experience in the development of interactive systems, initially with a background in softw...
More about William >>Steven Mann is a tenured professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto. Mann holds degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD in Media Arts and Sciences '97) and McMaster University, where he w...
More about Steve >>Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza is Full Professor of Computer Science at the Departamento de Informática, PUC-Rio, where she has also served as the director of Graduate Studies Program for two terms (2003-2005 and 2007-2009). In 2010, Clarisse was a co-winner of ...
More about Clarisse >>Eric Reiss has been meddling with multimedia and web projects for longer than he cares to remember. Born in San Antonio, Texas, in 1954, Eric Reiss has held a wide range of eclectic jobs including ragtime piano player (in a St. Louis house of ill-repute), seni...
More about Eric >>Don Norman is the author of numerous books including "Emotional Design," and more recently, "Living with Complexity." He is co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group, a professor at KAIST (in Korea), and IDEO fellow, and a design theorist, studying the fundamenta...
More about Donald >>Mark is Professor of Interdisciplinary Design at Northumbria University. He is a design ethnographer working in the field of Human Computer Interaction. His research interests include the ageing population, looming ecological catastrophe and the messed up worl...
More about Mark >>Whitney Hess is an independent user experience designer based in New York City. She helps make stuff easy and pleasurable to use. Whitney is a senior experience design consultant with Happy Cog, an advisor to RedStamp, and consults with a variety of startup...
More about Whitney >>Paul Hekkert is professor of Form Theory at the department of Industrial Design of Delft University of Technology. His main research interest is product experience, including product aesthetics, emotion, expressiveness, and attachment. Next, he is involved in ...
More about Paul >>Elizabeth Churchill is a Principal Research Scientist and manager of the Internet Experiences group at Yahoo! Research. She previously worked at PARC, the Palo Alto Research Center, and before that at FXPAL, Fuji Xerox’s research lab based in Silicon Valley wh...
More about Elizabeth >>David W. McDonald is Associate Professor at the University of Washington. He has an MS (1992) in Computer Science, California State University Hayward; and an MS (1995) and PhD (2000) in Information and Computer Science. His research interests include Computer...
More about David >>I'm an assistant professor in the iSchool (College of Information Science and Technology) at Drexel University in Philadelphia. I received my PhD from the College of Computing at Georgia Institute of Technology in human-centered computing with a focus on so...
More about Andrea >>Ben Shneiderman is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science, Founding Director (1983-2000) of the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, and Member of the Institute for Advanced Computer Studies at the University of Maryland at College Park. He has ta...
More about Ben >>Clive Richards, MPhil PhD(RCA) FCSD FRSA, is a Visiting Professor to the Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Brighton. He has worked in a wide range of art and design fields, including commercial practice (technical illustration, information graphi...
More about Clive >>Peter Cheng’s main research interest is in the nature of representational systems, spanning the design of external representations and the cognitive processes that deal with internal mental representations. Knowledge rich representations used for higher forms...
More about Peter >>Brad A. Myers is a Professor in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. He is an ACM Fellow, winner of six best paper awards, and a member of the CHI Academy, an honor bestowed on the principal ...
More about Brad >>I am interested in vision—the various ways that humans, animals, and computers use light to see. I believe that vision involves constraints that apply to any system, and that the most successful visual systems are based on very general information-processing...
More about Ronald >>Naomi B. Robbins is the author of Creating More Effective Graphs, published by John Wiley (2005). She is a consultant, keynote speaker, and seminar leader who specializes in the graphical display of data. She trains employees of corporations and organizations ...
More about Naomi >>I am an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science, College of Information Technology, at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNCC), where I am also a member of the Charlotte Visualization Center. I received both my Ph.D. (2001) an...
More about Robert >>Stuart Card is a Senior Research Fellow and the manager of the User Interface Research group at the Palo Alto Research Center. His study of input devices led to the Fitts's Law characterization of the mouse and was a major factor leading to the mouse's commerc...
More about Stuart >>Lars Erik Holmquist is Professor in Media Technology at Södertörn University, manager of the Interaction Design and Innovation lab at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, and a Research Leader at the Mobile Life VINN Excellence Centre in Kista, Sweden. H...
More about Lars >>Jennifer J. Preece is Dean of the College of Information Studies at the University of Maryland. She researches online communities and is known for her work on what makes such a community successful, and how usability factors interact with socialibility in onli...
More about Jennifer >>Dr. Marilyn Tremaine is a Research Professor at Rutgers University where she has joint appointments in the College of Communication and Information and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Prior to Rutgers University, she was a Professor in t...
More about Marilyn >>Douglas Pyle is "user experienced". Over the last 12 years he has led UX for web and hardware products, both in the US and Asia, at companies such as Google and Microsoft. He is also an Affiliate Faculty and board member in the Department of Human Centered Des...
More about Douglas >>Susanne Bødker is professor of Human Computer Interaction at the Computer Science Department, University of Aarhus. Her research areas include participatory design, computer-supported cooperative work and human-computer interaction. Her PhD thesis, Through the...
More about Susanne >>Bjørn Erik Munkvold is Professor of Information Systems and Director of the PhD Programme in Information Systems at University of Agder, Norway. His main research interests include e-Collaboration and virtual work, organizational IT implementation and qualitat...
More about Bjørn >>Baskerville is a Professor in the Department of Computer Information Systems, J. Mack Robinson College of Business at Georgia State University. His research specializes in security of information systems, methods of information systems design and development, ...
More about Richard >>I only have one big research question, but I attack it from a lot of different angles. The question is representation. How do people make, see and use things that carry meaning? The angles from which I attack my question include various ways in which r...
More about Alan >>I am a Professor of Information Sciences and Technology, and Affiliate Professor of Instructional Systems in the College of Education. With Dr. John Carroll, I co-direct the Computer-Supported Collaboration and Learning (CSCL). I am also a founding member of P...
More about Mary >>Don Norman is the author of numerous books including "Emotional Design," and more recently, "Living with Complexity." He is co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group, a professor at KAIST (in Korea), and IDEO fellow, and a design theorist, studying the fundamenta...
More about Donald >>Eva Hornecker is Assistant Professor at the University of Strathclyde. She has worked at several places before, including the UK's Open University, Sussex University, the Vienna University of Technology, following her PhD in Bremen, Germany. Eva's research...
More about Eva >>Professor Rosalind W. Picard, Sc.D. is founder and director of the Affective Computing Research Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Laboratory, co-director of the Things That Think Consortium, the largest industrial sponsorship organ...
More about Rosalind >>Paul Hekkert is professor of Form Theory at the department of Industrial Design of Delft University of Technology. His main research interest is product experience, including product aesthetics, emotion, expressiveness, and attachment. Next, he is involved in ...
More about Paul >>Egon L. van den Broek, MSc (2001) in artificial intelligence, PhD (2005) in image retrieval, and PhD (2011) in affective computing. He is consultant and assistant professor (University of Twente and Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands...
More about Egon >>Joyce H.D.M. Westerink (1960) studied physics and took her Ph.D. in 1991 on the human-oriented topic of perceived image quality. She joined Philips Research and specialized on human perception, emotion and cognition related to consumer products. Written output...
More about Joyce >>Keith Cheverst is a Senior Lecturer in the Computing Department at Lancaster University and has recently held positions as Visiting Research Scientist at Melbourne University and Microsoft Research, Cambridge. For the last 10 years he has participated actively...
More about Keith >>David is co-owner of Dray & Associates, Inc. He is B.A. from Princeton University and Ph.D. from UCLA. David has published and taught on a variety of user-centered design topics, including many workshops and tutorials at professional conferences in the U.S., E...
More about David >>Stephanie Rosenbaum is founder and president of Tec‑Ed, Inc., a 15-person consultancy specializing in usability research and information design. Now in its 41st year of business, Tec‑Ed maintains four offices: Ann Arbor, Michigan; Palo Alto, Cali...
More about Stephanie >>Ann Blandford is Professor of Human–Computer Interaction in the Department of Computer Science at University College London, and served as Director of UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC) (2004-2011). Her teaching includes User-Centred Evaluation Methods on the MSc ...
More about Ann >>Thomas is one of Denmark's leading usability specialists. He has extensive experience in user research and usability studies for Danish as well as for international companies. Thomas is a frequent speaker at Danish and international conferences, such as The...
More about Thomas >>Tilde Bekker is an associate professor in the Industrial Design department at the Eindhoven University of Technology. Her research interests include designing for playful interaction, and designing products for children and older adults. She leads and particip...
More about Tilde >>John M. Carroll is Edward Frymoyer Chair Professor of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University. His research interests include methods and theory in human-computer interaction, particularly as applied to networking tools for ...
More about John >>Associate professor of rhetoric at The University of Texas at Austin. Clay's research interests include research methods and methodology, workplace research, and computer-mediated activity. My first book, Tracing Genres through Organizations, was published by ...
More about Clay >>Antonio Rizzo is Professor at the Communication Science Department, University of Siena. Previously, Antonio has been the Director of the Academy of Digital Arts and Science – ArsNova - in Siena and Chair of the European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics. He...
More about Antonio >>Stephen Voida is a lecturer and research scientist in the Department of Informatics at the University of California, Irvine. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science, an M.S. in Human–Computer Interaction, and a certificate in Cognitive Science from the Georgia Inst...
More about Stephen >>Klaus Bærentsen is associate professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Aarhus. His research area concerns human consciousness in a broad sense, encompassing evolution, cultural history and ongoing individual life activity, as well as the brain a...
More about Klaus >>Ellen Christiansen is Professor at Aalborg University. She works with activity theory within the humanistic computer science studies, concentrating on the communicative aspects of systems development, especially in relation to artificial intelligence...
More about Ellen >>Don Norman is the author of numerous books including "Emotional Design," and more recently, "Living with Complexity." He is co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group, a professor at KAIST (in Korea), and IDEO fellow, and a design theorist, studying the fundamenta...
More about Donald >>Marc Steen works as a senior scientist at research and innovation organization TNO in the Netherlands. He earned MSc, MTD and PhD degrees in Industrial Design Engineering at Delft University of Technology and has worked at Philips and KPN before joining TNO. ...
More about Marc >>Paul Hekkert is professor of Form Theory at the department of Industrial Design of Delft University of Technology. His main research interest is product experience, including product aesthetics, emotion, expressiveness, and attachment. Next, he is involved in ...
More about Paul >>Jeffrey Bardzell is an Associate Professor of HCI/Design and new media at the School of Informatics in Indiana University - Bloomington. With a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Minor in Philosophy, Bardzell brings a humanist perspective to HCI and is known ...
More about Jeffrey >>Gitte Lindgaard, PhD, is a Distinguished Research Professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, and a Professor of Neuroaffective Design at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia. Until recently, she was Director of the Human Oriente...
More about Gitte >>Marc Hassenzahl is Professor at the Folkwang University in Essen and research manager at MediaCity, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland. He is interested in the positive affective and motivational aspects of interactive technologies – in short: User Experie...
More about Marc >>I am an Associate Professor of Human-Computer Interaction at the Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science of the University of Trento in Italy. My research addresses cognitive, social and cultural aspects of information technologies with a...
More about Antonella >>Dianne Cyr is Professor at Simon Fraser University. My background is varied and interdisciplinary. Both my Bachelor and Masters degrees are in Psychology, and I worked in clinical psychology for the better part of a decade before returning to university to ...
More about Dianne >>Alistair Sutcliffe (MA Cantab-Natural Sciences, PhD Wales) is Professor of Systems Engineering, and Director of the Centre for HCI Design, in the School of Informatics, University of Manchester, UK. Originally at ethologist, he has worked in the IT and finance...
More about Alistair >>Professor at Yonsei University, Korea, and and director of the HCI Lab at Yonsei. PhD from Carnegie Mellon University....
More about Jinwoo >>Masaaki Kurosu is a professor of the R&D Department of National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME) of MEXT, the ministry of education. He is also a head of Department of Cyber Culture and Society of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)...
More about Masaaki >>Jeffrey Bardzell is an Associate Professor of HCI/Design and new media at the School of Informatics in Indiana University - Bloomington. With a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Minor in Philosophy, Bardzell brings a humanist perspective to HCI and is known ...
More about Jeffrey >>Thecla Schiphorst is a Media Artist/Designer and Faculty Member in the School of Interactive Arts and Technology at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. Her background in performance and computing forms the basis for her research which focuses on embo...
More about Thecla >>Kristina Höök is a professor in Human-Machine Interaction at Stockholm University. She started and now works in the Mobile Life centre. She also upholds a part-time position at SICS (Swedish Institute of Computer Science)....
More about Kristina >>Erik Stolterman is Professor of Informatics and Director of the Human Computer Interaction Program at the School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington. Stolterman’s main work is within interaction design, philosophy and theory of design...
More about Erik >>Youn-kyung Lim is professor at the Department of Industrial Design at KAIST, South Korea. Her research interests include experience-centered design, prototyping in design, interaction design theory, design informatics, CSCW, and sustainable design....
More about Youn-kyung >>Jeff is a Six-Sigma trained statistical analyst and pioneer in quantifying the user experience. He is founding principal of Measuring Usability LLC, a quantitative user research firm based in Denver, CO. He is author of four books including: Quantifying the Us...
More about Jeff >>David Travis is the founder of Userfocus. He holds a BSc (Hons) degree and a PhD in Psychology and he is a Chartered Psychologist. His professional affiliations include membership of the Experimental Psychology Society, the Information Architecture Institute a...
More about David >>Chris Rourke is Managing Director & Founder of UserVision.co.uk. Chris has over 20 years commercial experience in usability, accessibility, human factors consultancy and training. He has worked with a range of clients including Hewlett Packard, Dell Computers,...
More about Chris >>Katina Michael is the IEEE Technology and Society Magazine editor-in-chief. She is the author of Innovative Automatic Identification and Location-Based Services: from Bar Codes to Chip Implants (2009) and has hosted six workshops on the Social Implications of ...
More about Katina >>M.G. Michael coined the term "überveillance" in 2006 to denote omnipresent electronic surveillance embedded beneath the skin. The term was entered into the official dictionary of Australia, the Macquarie Dictionary in 2008. Michael received a PhD from the ...
More about M. >>I founded the Special Needs Vision Clinic; a non-profit United Way/ Lions International Center for handicapped children, low vision individuals, and seniors. The clinic also serves indigent populations. The Special Needs Clinic has been serving Mid-Michigan si...
More about Douglas >>Woodrow Barfield served as Professor and Director of the Sensory Engineering Laboratory at the University of Washington. He has degrees in engineering and intellectual property law and has served on the editorial board of Presence and the Virtual Reality Journ...
More about Woodrow >>Jess Barfield is a student and ceramics artist and will be attending Dartmouth College in the fall of 2012. She can normally be found on a field hockey field or in front of a computer....
More about Jessica >>Hiroshi Ishii is Jerome B. Wiesner Professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, where he is head of the Tangible Media group and co-director of the Things That Think (TTT) consortium. Ishii's research focuses upon the design of seamless interface...
More about Hiroshi >>I only have one big research question, but I attack it from a lot of different angles. The question is representation. How do people make, see and use things that carry meaning? The angles from which I attack my question include various ways in which r...
More about Alan >>
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Previously, I've worked at The Danish National Technological Institute working with research in industry Until March 2000 I was one of three partners in Csite.com, a web development company of about 11 people. It went out of business in 2009. I've ...
More about Mads >>Thomas Memmel was a research assistant at the University of Konstanz at the chair for human-computer interaction of Prof. Harald Reiterer. He holds a BSc (2002) and MSc (2005) in Computer Science. He was involved in a DaimlerChrysler AG funded PhD program and ...
More about Thomas >>Martin Harrod has over 15 years of real world experience in the design and implementation of technology systems. This experience gives him a keen insight on how an organization can better leverage their technology investments. He simplifies his approach into ...
More about Martin >>Bill Papantoniou is researcher at the Ergonomics Unit of the National Technical University of Athens. He also teaches Ergonomics in the AKTO Industrial Design school and works in projects involving the support of human work (physical and cognitive). B...
More about Bill >>Mehmet Gokturk is currently teaching at Gebze Institute of Technology, Turkey. ...
More about Mehmet >>Michael Cummings is a silicon valley-based software user experience designer dedicated to improving people's capacities, abilities, and experience of life via interactive media. Michael is currently Senior Interaction Designer at Wells Fargo, in San Franci...
More about Michael >>David Trepess is a principal human factors engineer at Sony BP Research Labs. He holds a BA, MSc and a PhD all in the HCI and HF area. His current work involves investigating human factors issues in broadcast and other media centric industries. His PhD was...
More about David >>Eelke Folmer is an assistant Professor at the University of Nevada in Reno. Previously he worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Software Engineering / Games Group at the University of Alberta. He received a PhD degree from the University of Groningen where he...
More about Eelke >>Dr Hatice Gunes is a Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), UK. She received her Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Austral...
More about Hatice >>Julia Reinhard Lupton is Professor of English, Comparative Literature and Education at the University of California, Irvine. She is the founding director of Humanities Out There, an educational partnership between the School of Humanities and the Santa Ana Uni...
More about Julia >>Frank Spillers is a web and software usability expert and has been recognized by the U.S. Dept. of Labor as a subject matter expert. Frank holds a Masters of Science in Cognitive Science from Birmingham University (UK) and has ten years of practical experienc...
More about Frank >>Eva Hornecker is Assistant Professor at the University of Strathclyde. She has worked at several places before, including the UK's Open University, Sussex University, the Vienna University of Technology, following her PhD in Bremen, Germany. Eva's research...
More about Eva >>DIRK KNEMEYER is the CEO of Involution Studios, a software design consultancy whose clients include Apple, Microsoft, Oracle, McAfee, and Yahoo!. His leadership contributions to the business and design community are prolific, having authored more than 100 arti...
More about Dirk >>
I highly recommend the Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction [...] the breadth and depth of the invited contributions are quite impressive [...] all with highly qualified authorities as authors
-- From Don Norman's review
People from around the world show their support for our mission to give away world-class educational materials for free! Send us your picture or help us!
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