Gestalt Principles are principles/laws of human perception that describe how humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive objects. Designers use the principles to organize content on websites and other interfaces so it is aesthetically pleasing and easy to understand.
“Gestalt” is German for “unified whole”. The first Gestalt Principles were devised in the 1920s by German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler—who aimed to understand how humans typically gain meaningful perceptions from the chaotic stimuli around them. They identified a set of laws which address the natural compulsion to find order in disorder. According to this, the mind “informs” what the eye sees by perceiving a series of individual elements as a whole. Professionals in the then-growing industry of graphic design quickly adopted these principles, and designers have since used Gestalt Principles extensively to craft designs with well-placed elements that catch the eye as larger, whole images.
The whole is other than the sum of the parts.
- Kurt Koffka
Gestalt Principles are principles / laws of human perception that describe how humans group similar
Gestalt Principles are an essential part of visual design. There are more than ten overlapping principles; four of the most widely recognized ones are:
Closure (Reification): We prefer complete shapes, so we automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image. That’s how we can see the whole first. You can apply closure in all sorts of imaginative ways to win users’ admiration and trust when they recognize pleasing “wholes” in cleverly placed elements, be they lines, dots or shapes (e.g., segments of a picture). Iconic logos such as IBM’s and the World Wildlife Fund’s are examples of applied closure—IBM’s comprising blue horizontal lines arranged in three stacks; the WWF’s consisting of a cluster of black shapes set against a white background to reveal the familiar form of a panda. .
Common Region: We group elements that are in the same closed region. You include related objects in the same closed area to show they stand apart from other groups. You can see this principle applied in Facebook, for example, where likes, comments and other interactions appear within the boundaries of one post and so stand apart from others.
Figure/Ground (Multi-stability): We dislike uncertainty, so we look for solid, stable items. Unless an image is ambiguous—like Rubin’s Vase, below—we see its foreground first. You can apply figure/ground in many ways, but chiefly to contrast elements: for example, light text (i.e., figure) from a dark background (i.e., ground). When you use figure/ground well, alongside other considerations such as a careful application of color theory, you’ll help guide users in their tasks and lessen their cognitive load.
Proximity (Emergence): We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart. So, when you cluster individual elements into one area or group on your design, users will recognize it as one entity standing distinct from anything else on-screen. An example of proximity in design is the Girl Scouts logo, with its three faces clustered in profile (two green, one white).
You can also apply other Gestalt Principles in design work—e.g., continuation, unified connectedness—whichever work/s best to access your users and help them achieve their (and your brand’s) desired goals.
The Gestalt Principles are vital in user experience (UX) design. When you design interfaces, users must be able to understand what they see—and find what they want—at a glance. The principles of proximity and common region are a good example, as our landing page shows below. Colors and graphics divide the page into separate regions. Without this, users would struggle to make associations between unrelated clustered-together items—and leave. In your designs, you should never confuse or delay users. Instead, guide them to their options and so they can identify with organizations/brands rapidly.
Learn more about how designers employ Gestalt psychology, by enrolling in our online course: https://www.interaction-design.org/courses/gestalt-psychology-and-web-design-the-ultimate-guide
For more on building relationships via Gestalt Principles, see Smashing Magazine’s article: https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2016/05/improve-your-designs-with-the-principles-of-closure-and-figure-ground-part-2/
Usertesting.com’s blog features many tips and examples: https://www.usertesting.com/blog/2016/02/24/gestalt-principles/
Content strategist Jerry Cao’s piece on Gestalt Principles for Designers offers many helpful insights: http://blog.teamtreehouse.com/gestalt-principles-designers-applying-visual-psychology-modern-day-design
There are six commonly recognized Gestalt principles of perception: similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry and order (also known as prägnanz). These principles describe the way our brain organizes visual information by grouping similar elements, recognizing patterns and simplifying complex images. While these are the most widely acknowledged principles, some researchers and designers may refer to additional principles. The precise figure may differ a little based on the origin of the information.
Gestalt psychology focuses on how people perceive objects, shapes, and forms as whole entities rather than separate parts. It proposes that the mind organizes sensory inputs into meaningful wholes, following principles like similarity, proximity, and closure. These principles are fundamental in web design and visual communication. To delve deeper into Gestalt psychology and its application in web design, enroll in the course 'Gestalt Psychology and Web Design: The Ultimate Guide'.
Gestaltism, also known as Gestalt psychology, proposes that the brain works holistically, parallelly, and analogously with self-organization tendencies. It emphasizes that the human mind groups similar elements, recognizes patterns and simplifies complex images when we perceive objects. Fundamental principles of Gestaltism include similarity, proximity, closure, continuity, figure-ground, and symmetry & order, which play a crucial role in visual perception and interpretation.
Gestalt is pronounced as guh-shtahlt. The "g" is pronounced like the "g" in "get," the "e" is pronounced like the "u" in "but," the "s" is sharp, the "t" is pronounced like "t" in "bet," and the "a" is pronounced like the "ah" in "father." The emphasis is on the first syllable: GUH-shtahlt.
Gestalt language processing is a cognitive approach to understanding how our brain organizes and interprets language. It is based on Gestalt psychology, which underlines that the human mind perceives things as a whole rather than a collection of parts. According to Gestalt language processing, our brain organizes words and sentences into meaningful whole units rather than looking at them as individual words, which helps us understand and interpret the information we receive quickly. This process is crucial for effective communication and is fundamental to human cognition.
Gestalt language refers to the application of Gestalt principles to language and communication. It is a way of understanding how our minds organize and interpret language as a whole rather than as a series of isolated parts. This approach helps in comprehending and interpreting language quickly and effectively, which is essential for successful communication.
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka established Gestalt psychology in the early 20th century. Although many credit Wertheimer as the principal founder due to his seminal work on motion perception and the 'phi phenomenon,' Köhler and Koffka also made significant contributions, making them co-founders of the movement.
To learn about Gestalt Principles, you can enroll in the online course Gestalt Psychology and Web Design: The Ultimate Guide offered by the Interaction Design Foundation. This comprehensive course will provide you with a deep understanding of Gestalt psychology principles and how to apply them in web design. By the end of the course, you'll be equipped to create more intuitive and user-friendly designs. Sign up for the course here: Gestalt Psychology and Web Design: The Ultimate Guide.
Here’s the entire UX literature on the Gestalt Principles by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:
