Readability in user experience (UX) design refers to the ease with which users can read and understand textual content. It is crucial for a positive user experience as it directly impacts how effectively users can consume information on a website or application. Designers aim to enhance readability via appropriate presentation and language to ensure that users can easily comprehend content.
In user experience design and user interface (UI) design, readability is an essential but often misunderstood concept. It refers to how easily users can not only perceive but also understand the text they find on a digital platform. It’s different from legibility, which refers to how easy it is to distinguish one letter from another in a particular typeface and distinguish and recognize characters and words.
The concept of readability spans wider than legibility. It covers how comfortably readers can decipher and process what a designer presents on a screen, and make sense of the intended message. Therefore, readability in UX design is not just about making text legible for target users. It’s also about how designers present information to users and how users understand it. Like other aspects of user-centered design, it involves a delicate balance—in this case, of accessibility, legibility and comprehensibility.
However, legibility is a vital part of readability. Users must first be able to clearly make out the text that they need to process. Typography primarily influences this aspect of design, and it’s helpful to know the anatomy of type to assist design choices. A good choice of typography and fonts is one of the most important design decisions for a digital product. For optimal legibility, designers should use a large default font size, ensure high contrast between text and its background, and select a clean typeface.
Spot all the little elements of type here.
© Aelaschool, Fair Use
The clarity of individual characters is crucial. Factors like x-height, kerning, weight and the presence of serifs or sans serif fonts typically determine this clarity. These elements make up the design of the typeface and the shape of the glyphs, which are essential for users to distinguish one letter from another.
Author, Assistant Professor and Designer, Mia Cinelli explains crucial points about typography in this video:
In digital designs such as web pages, a web designer’s choice of typography, how they utilize space and the overall visual hierarchy to enhance the clarity and accessibility of content are vital. These are the ingredients of a user’s reading experience in terms of how the content looks. Designers also need to choose the best words and terms for their content. Both aspects are about how to create and present text such as website copy optimally. This includes correct spelling, punctuation and attention to detail with grammar.
This example presents how text or copy can have great legibility, but be poor—or have poor legibility, and hide good copy from users.
© Anchor Digital, Fair Use
For good readability in design, it takes a solid understanding of users’ comprehension needs to make sure they can quickly digest written content. Since users’ satisfaction and engagement depend on this, all users—including those with visual impairments—should be able to efficiently navigate and understand digital content. This is why conducting user research is a vital part of the design process. From solid research, designers can appreciate what users experience—and expect—in their user flows throughout their contact with a brand and its digital solution or service.
UX Strategist and Consultant, William Hudson explains important aspects of user research in this video:
To ensure readability, designers must fine-tune the complexity of the words and sentence structures that appear on—and that describe—their products or services. The aim is to make the content flow smoothly and be easy to understand. The interplay between legibility and readability is critical for creating user-friendly interfaces. Designers must consider both aspects to ensure that all users, regardless of their reading skills or visual abilities, can interact with the content effectively.
For mobile app and web design readability, it’s vital for designers to create and present content that optimizes inclusivity and accessibility. Designers need to make digital environments more welcoming and easier to navigate for a diverse audience. In the context of inclusivity, good readability ensures that digital content is accessible to people with disabilities and from many backgrounds. Such users include those with visual impairments, as well as dyslexia and varying language abilities. When designers consider these aspects and use appropriate wording and terminology, they can help create an inclusive environment. From there, they can reach a wider audience, meet legal accessibility standards, and prove that their brands can identify better with the needs of a wide range of users.
Watch this video to understand the need to design with accessibility in mind:
In design work, the factors that affect readability include the following:
The choice of vocabulary is pivotal in UX design. When designers use words that resonate with the user's reading level, it enhances comprehension and ensures that the message comes across effectively.
To adopt an inverted pyramid style to deliver content can significantly boost readability. In this method, designers present the most crucial information first. They then follow it with important details, and end with background information. This structure helps users grasp the essential points quickly. This is particularly beneficial in digital environments such as mobile apps and websites, where attention spans are shorter.
The physical layout of text plays a critical role in readability. When designers break up large blocks of text into smaller paragraphs of two to three sentences, and use left-aligned text rather than center-aligned, they make it easier for users to scan and read. This layout caters to how users typically consume digital content. Users often skim digital content rather than read it in depth.
When designers keep consistent across design elements such as images, headers, buttons and menus, it not only strengthens brand identity. It also enhances the readability of content. A unified and cohesive look helps to create a seamless user experience on digital products. This makes it easier for users to navigate and interact with the content.
This application’s start page fittingly features a nature photo in the background; meanwhile, the picture’s subtle dimming effect and highly legible font in white give exceptional readability and an effortless user experience.
© Mindist.io, Fair Use
Like good readability in graphic design and document production, a high degree of readability in UX and UI design:
High readability significantly boosts user engagement and comprehension. When users can easily read and understand content, they are more likely to stay engaged. This leads to a deeper understanding and retention of the information they encounter.
Clear and concise content that users can easily read enhances the overall understandability. This lets users absorb and interpret information without unnecessary complexity or confusion.
Good readability helps users smoothly recognize characters and words. This is essential for effective communication and interaction with digital content, especially when many users scan what they find.
When users find content that they can easily read and navigate, their overall satisfaction with the digital experience increases. This can lead to higher retention rates and positive user feedback—including the trust they have in the brand.
Search engines favor websites that offer clear, easy-to-read content. High readability scores contribute to better SEO rankings. This makes the content more discoverable and accessible to a broader audience.
Consistent design choices in typography, spacing and layout contribute to high readability. This in turn helps to make the content memorable. Users are more likely to recall information they have encountered in a format that is easy to digest.
Well-structured content that users can easily read reduces the cognitive load on them. Users can navigate through information effortlessly without feeling overwhelmed.
High readability ensures that users are clear about the actions they need to take after they read the text. Such actions could be to fill out a form, sign up for a newsletter or make a purchase. This clarity can significantly improve conversion rates.
Good readability allows users to efficiently read and understand content, and influences their decision-making process positively. Conversely, poor readability might lead users to abandon the content, leading to higher bounce rates.
Consider the various screen sizes where users can encounter a site or app; note how users will make decisions in their various situations according to how—among other factors—easily they can read and process the content.
© Interaction Design Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0
To make the most readable content in their visual designs, designers should adopt some strategies to make and present text best for their target audiences. This involves aspects of legibility. Screen and document design techniques and tips to improve readability include the following:
It’s essential for a designer to know who they are writing for. While their efforts to make content accessible have more general guidelines, designers need to pinpoint their target audience. This is how they can assess the most suitable type of content, including the brand voice. For example, users with a particular industrial background may be familiar with terms that might confuse more general users who are used to more informal content such as blog posts. In any case, it’s important to strive for good readability. It’s therefore helpful to create user personas that accurately reflect the likely audience.
Watch as Author and Human-Computer Interaction Expert, Alan Dix explains personas:
Typography is a cornerstone of readability in UX design. To choose the right fonts involves more than just aesthetics; it's about ensuring clarity and ease of reading. Key considerations include that designers should select fonts that are easy to read on various devices and screens. Simple fonts, with a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, help maintain a clear visual hierarchy and improve user comprehension. For example, designers can keep to a strong sans-serif font for headlines and a readable serif font for body content, for both desktop and mobile screens.
To maintain consistency in UX design is crucial to enhance readability. When designers organize all design elements such as fonts, colors and layout styles in a unified way, they can help create a seamless experience that helps users with recognition and navigation. This consistency also serves to reinforce brand identity, and make the interface more memorable to users.
It’s vital to apply adequate negative space around text blocks. This spacing is one of the most helpful visual aids. It not only improves the overall aesthetic of the design. It also plays a significant role in readability. Such spacing helps to reduce visual clutter, which makes the text more scannable and easier to digest. This approach is particularly important in digital environments where users are likely to skim rather than read in detail. In any case, well-designed documents enhance readability and comprehension, and white space—or negative space—is a handy tool for designers to remember.
The Nature Encyclopedia App features a readable sans-serif font to make the text easily readable. Also, for the charity pages, which feature more text, the background lightens. The contrast enhances the readability while marking the distinct nature and aims of the screens.
© Marina Yalanska, Fair Use
Proper use of color and contrast significantly affects readability. Designers should choose colors that stand out against the background but avoid overly harsh contrasts that can strain the eyes. Ideal text-background combinations, such as black text on a white background, look professional and ensure that a wide range of users can access content. Designers should note that this includes users with visual impairments, such as color blindness, who will find some color schemes difficult to notice or read.
Color contrast is an important tool to help with readability—the right color choices make the difference.
© Mariia Kasym, Fair Use
The layout of the text should facilitate easy reading and scanning. This includes the points that designers should:
Keep line lengths to an optimal 45 to 72 characters and use shorter paragraphs. Such structuring helps to maintain users’ attention and enhances the overall readability of the content.
Use headings and subheadings properly, with appropriate mixed-case bold, to help guide users through the content.
Keep to a sensible minimum for font size: about 12-16 pt, depending on context.
Space the line height to about 1.5, or as appropriate or comfortable for the content.
Note how the more generous spacing of this particular font helps with readability, even with a smaller font size on the right.
© Ilene Strizver, Fair Use
Align text to the left rather than justify it. A page of text that has a jagged right edge can improve readability as the lines provide a consistent starting point for the eye.
Avoid all caps, as it impedes readability.
Notice the difference between all caps and the more readable text on the right.
© Ilene Strizver, Fair Use
When designers set out content with accessibility in mind, they help ensure that content is readable for everyone, including users with disabilities. For example, this means to use fonts that dyslexic users can read easily. It’s also important to avoid italics and use bold text to add emphasis. Moreover, it’s good to create a printer-friendly version of the content, as it can cater to users who prefer reading on paper, and so extend the reach of digital platforms.
To compose the best content for readability, designers should use:
Straightforward language and avoid abbreviations and jargon as much as possible.
Short sentences, and avoid long, convoluted sentences.
Active voice, to identify who or what the actors are in a given piece of text.
An 8th-grade reading level as a target so they can cater to a broad audience. It’s also important to remember that many users will not have English as their first language, and so plain English is best to access these readers. Designers can use software such as Readable to help test, monitor and enhance the readability score.
Readable is a highly useful online tool dedicated to readability testing. It features a flawless website design that prioritizes user comprehension and ease of use.
© Mariia Kasym, Fair Use
It’s vital to ensure important content is especially visible. One way to ensure this is to place it above the fold, so that users do not have to scroll to find it.
To ensure both legibility and readability, it’s crucial to conduct regular user testing. Designers can measure reading speed to determine if users struggle with recognizing text. If test users experience issues where they lean towards the screen or have difficulty in discerning text, it might be necessary to make adjustments in typography. For readability, testing how users interact with the content layout and organization can provide insights into whether the text is comprehensible and engaging.
William Hudson explains the importance of usability testing:
Designers can enhance both readability and legibility when they integrate text with other visual elements such as images, charts and diagrams. These components not only break up text into manageable blocks. They also help to clarify and emphasize information. This makes the content more accessible and appealing, and gives users contextual cues to help users better understand the information in front of them.
This design features serif font Domaine for the tagline, and reflects the illustration’s style. Meanwhile, the description copy block features a highly readable sans-serif font.
© Marina Yalanska, Fair Use
Several common UX mistakes stem from poor readability of text content. These include when designers ignore user research, overcomplicate navigation, neglect mobile optimization and fail to act on user feedback. Such errors can make the content difficult to navigate and understand, and further alienate users and undermine the effectiveness of the digital product. If users come away from an experience feeling confused and frustrated, it will not matter how visually attractive the digital product is. It will cause the brand to suffer, including from lack of user trust.
Overall, it’s essential to remember the value of good readability in web design and other areas of UX design. Readability is a critical part of UX. It’s important to appreciate how it extends from microcopy such as button text to larger content such as landing page text. “How does document design improve readability?” is a good question for designers to bear in mind. When they consider it throughout the designer process, they can help ensure that their brand and its users stay on the same page time and again in great user experiences.
Take our course, Visual Design: The Ultimate Guide.
Find more in-depth insights in our The UX Designer’s Guide to Typography.
Take our Master Class The Tone Of Typography: A Visual Communication Guide with Mia Cinelli, Associate Professor of Art Studio and Digital Design, University of Kentucky.
Take our Master Class How to Communicate with Typography How To Communicate With Typography with Ellen Lupton, Writer, Designer, Curator and Educator.
Consult Legibility, Readability, and Comprehension: Making Users Read Your Words by Jakob Nielsen for additional insights.
Go to Why Readability UX Is Important by Mary Ann Dalangin for further important information.
Read Legibility and Readability in UX/UI Design – Two Peas in a Pod? by Josipa Zbiljski for helpful tips and examples.
See Read Between The Lines: Why Legibility And Readability Is Essential For UX by Anchor Digital for further important insights and tips.
Read Legibility vs readability: everything you need to know by Ben Barnhart for more information.
To improve readability in UX design, designers should focus on optimizing typography, layout and color schemes. With typography, they need to select fonts that are easy to read and vary font sizes and weights to enhance hierarchical structure. For instance, using a sans-serif font for body text enhances legibility on digital screens.
Layout also plays a crucial role in readability. Designers must organize content into a structure that users can easily navigate. This effort includes using a grid system to align elements consistently and incorporating ample whitespace to minimize visual clutter, which helps users concentrate on important content.
Color contrast serves as another essential factor. High contrast between text and background colors greatly enhances text legibility. Tools such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) offer guidelines on optimal contrast ratios to ensure text readability for users with visual impairments.
Moreover, incorporating text-to-background contrast not only boosts accessibility but also overall user engagement. Following these principles allows users to absorb information with ease, thus improving the overall user experience.
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In UX design, line spacing, also known as leading, greatly affects readability. Designers increase line spacing to boost the clarity and legibility of text. Adequate line spacing prevents text from appearing cramped and enables the eye to comfortably transition from one line to the next. This is vital for keeping users engaged and ensuring the content is easy to understand.
Optimal line spacing typically falls between 120% and 150% of the font size. For instance, with a font size of 16 pixels, line spacing should be around 19 to 24 pixels. This spacing provides sufficient vertical space between lines, and reduces the chance that users will lose their place while reading.
Additionally, proper line spacing enhances the overall aesthetic of the design. This makes the text functional and visually pleasing. It aids in establishing hierarchy and organizing content into digestible sections, which is crucial for effective communication in UX design.
By adjusting line spacing appropriately, designers ensure that text is comfortable to read, which improves the user's overall experience with the product.
Take our Masterclass How to Communicate with Typography How To Communicate With Typography with Ellen Lupton, Writer, Designer, Curator and Educator.
To enhance readability in digital products, designers typically choose fonts that are clear and easy on the eyes. Sans-serif fonts are the best choice for digital screens because they lack the small projecting features called "serifs" at the ends of strokes, making them cleaner and more straightforward to read on various devices. Some of the most recommended sans-serif fonts for digital readability include Arial, Helvetica, and Verdana. These fonts are popular because they offer excellent legibility and simplicity, which are crucial for user interfaces.
Arial is known for its rounded characters and simple form, which helps prevent visual confusion. Helvetica is favored for its neutral design that works well in many text densities and design layouts. Verdana, with its wide spacing and large x-height, is particularly good for small texts on screens. Designers also consider using Calibri and Roboto because these fonts provide a modern and lightweight appearance without sacrificing readability. Calibri is often used in web and office environments for its warm and soft character, while Roboto offers a geometric precision that is readable at various sizes and on different screen types. In summary, when choosing fonts for digital products, designers focus on sans-serif fonts like Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, Calibri, and Roboto to ensure text is easily readable across all digital platforms.
Creative Director and CEO of Hype4, Michal Malewicz explains important points about fonts:
In UX design, color contrast plays a crucial role in enhancing readability. Designers use high contrast between text and background colors to ensure that users can easily read content on digital screens. High contrast makes text stand out, facilitating quick and efficient reading, which is particularly important for users with visual impairments. The most effective color combinations often involve dark text on a light background or light text on a dark background. For instance, black text on a white background is a classic example that provides maximum visibility. Similarly, white text on a deep blue or black background also offers high readability.
Designers adhere to standards such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), which recommend a minimum contrast ratio of 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text. These guidelines help ensure that text is accessible to people with color vision deficiencies and other visual impairments. Additionally, using the right color contrast not only improves readability but also enhances the overall user experience by making interfaces user-friendly and easy to navigate. Designers constantly test color schemes to find the best contrasts that meet accessibility standards and support a seamless user experience. By doing so, they help users engage with the content more effectively and reduce eye strain.
Understand the need to design with accessibility in mind:
For web and mobile interfaces, designers recommend specific font sizes to ensure readability and usability. On websites, the standard minimum font size for body text is 16 pixels. This size provides clear readability on various devices and helps users read content comfortably without straining their eyes.
For mobile interfaces, the approach is slightly different due to the smaller screen sizes. Designers generally suggest a minimum body text size of 16 pixels as well, but they often adjust this based on the device's resolution and screen size. It’s crucial that the text remains legible when users hold their devices at a typical viewing distance.
Headings and titles on both web and mobile should be larger to create a visual hierarchy and draw attention to key sections. Typically, designers use sizes ranging from 24 to 32 pixels for headings, depending on the design's overall layout and the weight of the font.
In addition to size, designers also consider line height and letter spacing to enhance readability. A good rule of thumb for line height is 120% to 150% of the font size, which helps prevent text from appearing too cramped.
By following these guidelines, designers ensure that text is easy to read on any device, and so improve user experience and accessibility across different platforms.
Take our Master Class The Tone Of Typography: A Visual Communication Guide with Mia Cinelli, Associate Professor of Art Studio and Digital Design, University of Kentucky.
In design, white space, also known as negative space, plays a vital role in improving readability and the overall user experience. Designers strategically use white space to create a visual buffer between different elements on a page, such as text, buttons and images. This space helps to prevent the design from appearing too cluttered, allowing users to easily focus on the content without feeling overwhelmed. White space around text increases legibility by reducing visual noise and directing the user’s attention to the content that matters. By incorporating adequate margins and padding, designers ensure that text is not too cramped, which makes reading more comfortable and less strenuous on the eyes.
Furthermore, white space contributes to a design’s visual hierarchy. It helps to distinguish between elements of varying importance, guiding users through the content in a logical and intuitive manner. For example, more white space around a call-to-action button makes it stand out more, prompting users to click. Overall, effective use of white space enhances user engagement by making interfaces cleaner and more organized. Designers recognize that white space is not merely empty space but a powerful tool to create a more readable and visually appealing layout. This approach not only supports readability but also improves user satisfaction by making the interface easier to navigate.
Read our Topic Definition about White Space, or Negative Space for more details.
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Text alignment significantly influences readability in user interfaces, guiding how easily users can process information. Designers choose specific alignments based on the content and context to optimize user experience.
Left-aligned text is the most common choice for readability. It provides a consistent starting point for the eye, making it easier for users to move from one line to the next without losing their place. This alignment is particularly effective for languages that read from left to right, such as English.
Right-aligned text is less common and typically used for aesthetic reasons or to adhere to certain cultural norms in languages that read from right to left. However, it can disrupt the natural reading flow for left-to-right readers, and potentially slow down reading speed and increase cognitive load.
Center alignment places text equally distant from both margins. Designers might use this for short pieces of text like headings or captions, where it can add visual interest and balance. However, for longer texts, center alignment can make it difficult to find the start of each new line, reducing readability.
Justified text, which aligns text evenly along both the left and right margins, can create a neat and formal appearance but often leads to uneven spacing between words. This irregular spacing can disrupt reading flow and make text blocks harder to read.
Overall, designers select text alignments that enhance readability, considering the specific needs and reading habits of their target audience.
Author and Expert in Human-Computer Interaction, Professor Alan Dix explains important points about alignment:
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In UX design, several common readability issues can hinder user interaction and satisfaction. Designers address these issues to enhance user experience and ensure content accessibility.
Small font size: If text is too small, users struggle to read the content, especially on mobile devices. Designers recommend using a minimum font size of 16 pixels for body text to maintain clear readability across devices.
Poor color contrast between text and background: Insufficient contrast makes it difficult for users to distinguish text, particularly for those with visual impairments. When designers follow accessibility guidelines, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), they aim for a contrast ratio that supports all users.
Overcrowded text blocks: When text is too dense or lacks adequate spacing, it becomes challenging for users to focus and track lines of text. To implement sufficient line spacing and paragraph breaks can greatly improve legibility and user comfort.
Inconsistent typography: To use too many different fonts or styles disrupts the visual hierarchy and complicates the reading process, potentially confusing users. Designers improve readability by maintaining a consistent and simple typographic approach.
Creative Director and CEO of Hype4, Michal Malewicz explains important points about fonts:
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Designers have several tools at their disposal to check the readability of text. Here are some in no particular order:
The Hemingway Editor stands out by highlighting complex sentences and suggesting simpler alternatives.
The Readable website, which provides readability scores based on various established indexes.
Grammarly also offers readability checks by analyzing sentence length and complexity.
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Bullet points and lists significantly enhance readability in UX design by breaking down information into manageable pieces. This format allows users to scan content quickly, which is crucial in digital environments where attention spans are often limited. Lists organize data effectively, making it easier for users to identify key points or actions without having to navigate through dense paragraphs.
To use bullet points also improves the visual hierarchy of a page. Designers can use them to emphasize important features or benefits, helping guide the user's eye through the content in a logical manner. This method of presentation reduces cognitive load as users do not need to work as hard to understand the information.
Watch our video about visual hierarchy for more information:
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Icons and symbols play a crucial role in enhancing readability by providing visual shortcuts for information. When designers use icons effectively, they help users navigate content more quickly and easily. This visual representation allows information to be understood at a glance, which is particularly useful in interfaces where space is limited or where users need to make quick decisions.
Icons can also reduce the amount of text on a page, which decreases cognitive load and makes the content more accessible. By replacing common actions or ideas with universally recognized symbols, designers can create a cleaner and more user-friendly interface. For example, a trash bin icon universally communicates the action of deleting, and a magnifying glass suggests searching.
Moreover, the strategic use of icons can direct user attention to important features and controls, enhancing overall user experience by making interactions intuitive. Well-designed icons are immediate and effective, eliminating language barriers and making the interface more inclusive.
Watch our video about visual hierarchy for more information:
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User age significantly impacts readability preferences and requirements, and reflects diverse needs across different age groups. Younger users often prefer dynamic content with interactive elements, such as videos and animations, which engage them more effectively. They also tend to be comfortable with smaller fonts and denser information presentations due to their typically sharper vision and higher digital literacy.
Conversely, older adults require clearer and larger text to accommodate visual impairments that often come with age, such as presbyopia. They benefit from high-contrast color schemes and straightforward layouts that simplify navigation and reduce cognitive load. Older users can also appreciate content that avoids jargon or complex language, and they tend to favor clear, direct communication that makes comprehension easier.
Designers must consider these factors when they work to create content for specific age groups. For instance, educational platforms aimed at older adults might use larger text sizes, ample white space, and more significant navigational cues to ensure ease of use and understanding.
To understand these age-related differences is crucial for designers to tailor user experiences that cater to the specific readability needs of different demographics. This approach not only enhances user satisfaction but also boosts the accessibility of digital content.
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Rello, L., Kanvinde, G., & Baeza-Yates, R. (2012). Layout guidelines for web text and a web service to improve accessibility. Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A), 1-9.
This paper provided empirically-validated guidelines for improving the readability of web content through optimal layout and typography choices. The authors also introduced a web service that automatically analyzes and suggests improvements to web page layouts, making it a highly influential resource for UX designers focused on enhancing digital readability.
Boyarski, D., Neuwirth, C., Forlizzi, J., & Regli, S. H. (1998). A study of fonts designed for screen display. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 87-94).
This early study on screen font readability compared four different fonts (Georgia, Verdana, Verdana Italic, and Times New Roman) and found that Verdana and Georgia were more readable on screen than the other fonts tested. This work laid the groundwork for understanding how font choice impacts readability in digital interfaces and has been highly influential in guiding font selection for web and software design.
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Here’s the entire UX literature on Readability in UX Design by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:
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