Human-AI interaction studies and designs how humans and artificial intelligence (AI) systems communicate and collaborate. AI systems are computer programs that can perform tasks that usually require human intelligence, such as understanding natural language, recognizing images, making decisions, and learning from data. Human-AI interaction aims to create AI systems that are user-friendly, trustworthy, ethical, and beneficial for humans. It covers the broad spectrum of AI, including narrow AI, general AI and generative AI.
Some of the topics and challenges that human-AI interaction addresses are:
How to make AI systems transparent and explainable so that users can understand how and why they work and what their limitations and uncertainties are.
How to design AI systems that are responsive and adaptive so that they can adjust to the user’s needs, preferences, goals, and feedback.
How to ensure AI systems are fair and accountable so that they do not discriminate, harm, or deceive users and respect their privacy, values, and rights.
Using appropriate methods and metrics to evaluate AI systems and their impact on users, society, and the environment.
Human-AI interaction is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various disciplines, such as computer science, psychology, sociology, design, and ethics. Human-AI interaction researchers and practitioners use multiple methods and tools, such as user research, prototyping, testing, and evaluation, to create and improve human-centered AI systems. The intention is to amplify and augment rather than displace human abilities.
The history of human-AI interaction starts with AI itself. Alan Turing, the founder of computer science and a pioneer of AI, proposed a method to evaluate whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. The method is called the Turing Test and is considered the birth of AI. Turing also envisioned machines that could learn, reason, and communicate with natural language.
In the 1950s and 1960s, AI researchers developed the first AI systems that could perform tasks such as playing chess, proving theorems, and translating languages. These systems were based on symbolic logic and rule-based reasoning and required human programmers to provide explicit knowledge and instructions. However, these systems faced limitations in dealing with uncertainty, ambiguity, and complexity and could not cope with common sense or novel situations.
AI capabilities were basic in the 1950s and 60s, but systems were able to play games like checkers.
IBM Watson Media, Public Domain
In the 1970s and 1980s, AI researchers explored alternative approaches, such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and expert systems. These systems aimed to emulate humans' biological and thought processes and learn from data and experience. They also enabled more natural and intuitive forms of human-AI interaction, such as speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language understanding. However, these systems faced scalability, reliability, and explainability challenges and were often criticized for being black boxes.
In the 1990s and 2000s, AI researchers made significant advances in machine learning, especially in deep learning. This technique uses multiple layers of artificial neurons to learn complex patterns and features from large amounts of data. Deep learning enabled AI systems to achieve remarkable performance in tasks such as image recognition, natural language generation, and game playing and to surpass human capabilities in some domains. Deep learning also facilitated new modes of human-AI interaction, such as conversational agents, recommender systems, and social robots. However, deep learning also raised new issues and challenges: data quality, privacy, security, bias, and ethics.
A sample image from an ImageNet object recognition challenge started in 2010. There are often hundreds of thousands of images that competitors' systems are trained and tested with.
ImageNet, Public Domain
In the 2010s and 2020s, AI researchers continued to explore and improve the methods and applications of AI, and to address the opportunities and risks of human-AI interaction. Some of the current and future directions of human-AI interaction research are:
How to make AI systems transparent and explainable, so that users can understand how and why they work, and what their limitations and uncertainties are.
How to design AI systems that are responsive and adaptive, so that they can adjust to the user’s needs, preferences, goals, and feedback.
How to ensure AI systems are fair and accountable so that they do not discriminate, harm, or deceive users. They must also respect the user’s privacy, values, and rights.
How to evaluate AI systems and their impact on users, society, and the environment using appropriate methods and metrics.
Human-AI interaction is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various disciplines, such as computer science, psychology, sociology, design, and ethics. Human-AI interaction researchers and practitioners use various methods and tools, such as user research, prototyping, testing, and evaluation, to create and improve human-centered AI systems, meaning that they amplify and augment rather than displace human abilities.
The applications of human-AI interaction are diverse and continue to expand as AI technology advances. Here are some critical applications:
Collaborative decision-making: AI can be applied in collaborative decision-making contexts, working alongside humans to provide insights, analyze data, and support decision-making processes. This approach can be beneficial in healthcare, finance, and business.
Virtual assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are examples of human-AI interaction applications. These AI-powered assistants can understand and respond to human voice commands, perform tasks, provide information, and assist with various daily activities.
Personalized recommendations: AI algorithms can analyze user preferences, behavior, and historical data to provide personalized recommendations. These are commonly seen in streaming, online shopping, and social media platforms, where AI suggests relevant content, products, or connections based on individual user profiles.
Screenshot of the article recommendations tool designed by the Wikimedia Foundation Research & Data team. Many recommender systems work on extremely large datasets, known as "big data".
Wikimedia Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)
Natural language processing: Human-AI interaction involves the ability of AI systems to understand and process human language. Natural language processing (NLP) enables AI to interpret and respond to text or speech inputs, facilitating communication between humans and machines. Chatbots, voice assistants, and language translation tools make use of NLP.
Autonomous vehicles: Human-AI interaction plays a crucial role in developing autonomous vehicles. AI systems analyze sensor data, make real-time decisions, and assist human drivers in navigation, collision avoidance, and traffic management.
Healthcare: AI can assist with diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient monitoring. Human-AI interaction in healthcare can improve the accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility of medical services, leading to better patient outcomes.
Education: AI can enhance the learning experience by providing personalized tutoring, adaptive learning platforms, and intelligent feedback. Human-AI interaction in education can support students' learning journey and provide educators with valuable insights and tools.
These are just a few examples of the applications of human-AI interaction. As AI technology evolves, we can expect to see even more innovative and impactful applications in various domains.
The future of human-AI interaction is a topic that has many possibilities and challenges:
The development of new technologies and applications that use AI to augment and enhance human capabilities, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, conversational agents, recommender systems, and social robots. These technologies may offer new opportunities for learning, entertainment, health, and productivity, but also require new skills, norms, and ethics for human-AI collaboration.
The improvement of AI systems so that they are transparent, explainable, responsive, and adaptive. This will allow communication and cooperation with humans in natural and intuitive ways. These systems may help users understand how and why they work, their limitations and uncertainties, and how they can adjust to the user’s needs, preferences, goals, and feedback.
The assurance of AI systems that are fair, accountable, and respectful, so that they do not discriminate, harm, or deceive users, and that they respect the user’s privacy, values, and rights. These systems may need to follow ethical principles and guidelines and be subject to regulation and oversight to ensure they align with human interests and values.
The evaluation of AI systems and their impact on users, society, and the environment using appropriate methods and metrics. These systems may need to be assessed and monitored for their usability, accessibility, compatibility, and sustainability, and for their potential benefits and risks for individuals, groups, and communities.
The future of human-AI interaction may depend on the role and attitude of humans towards AI, and the balance and cooperation between human and AI intelligence. Some experts suggest that the best communicators and collaborators of the future will be centaurs, a perfect blend of human expertise, AI computing power, and exceptional communication skills.
You can read and learn more about HAI in the following articles:
The Future Of Communication In The Age Of Artificial Intelligence
The Impact Of Human-Technology Interaction: What Comes Next?
Race to AI: the origins of artificial intelligence, from Turing to ChatGPT
Research unveils the complex nature of human–AI interactions
Study identifies human-AI interaction scenarios that lead to information cocoons
Human-AI interaction is the study and design of how humans and artificial intelligence (AI) systems communicate and collaborate. AI systems are computer programs that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as understanding natural language, recognizing images, making decisions, and learning from data. Human-AI interaction aims to create AI systems that are user-friendly, trustworthy, ethical, and beneficial for humans.
Human-AI interaction is important because AI systems are becoming more prevalent and influential in various domains and aspects of human life, such as education, health, entertainment, business, and social media. Human-AI interaction can ensure that AI systems are designed and used to enhance and augment human capabilities, rather than displace or harm them. Human-AI interaction can also foster positive and meaningful relationships between humans and AI systems and promote mutual understanding and cooperation.
Human-AI interaction faces many challenges and opportunities, such as:
How to make AI systems transparent and explainable, so that users can understand how and why they work, and what their limitations and uncertainties are.
How to design AI systems that are responsive and adaptive, so that they can adjust to the user’s needs, preferences, goals, and feedback.
How to ensure AI systems are fair and accountable so that they do not discriminate, harm, or deceive users, and that they respect the user’s privacy, values, and rights.
How to evaluate AI systems and their impact on users, society, and the environment, using appropriate methods and metrics.
How to balance and synergize human and AI intelligence, and leverage their complementary strengths and weaknesses.
You can learn more about human-AI interaction by reading books, articles, blogs, and podcasts that cover various topics and perspectives on human-AI interaction. You can also take online courses, workshops, and webinars that teach the principles and practices of human-AI interaction. You can also join online communities, forums, and events that connect and engage human-AI interaction researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts. See our reading list on this page.
Here’s the entire UX literature on Human-AI Interaction (HAX) by the Interaction Design Foundation, collated in one place:
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