Mary Czerwinski
Has also published under the name of:
"Mary P. Czerwinski" and "M. Czerwinski"
Personal Homepage:
research.microsoft.com/users/maryczCurrent place of employment:
Microsoft ResearchMary Czerwinski is a Senior Researcher and Manager of the Visualization and Interaction Research group at Microsoft Research. The group is responsible for studying and designing advanced technology and interaction techniques that leverage human capabilities across a wide variety of input and output channels.
Mary's primary research areas include spatial cognition, information visualization and task switching.Mary has been an affiliate assistant professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Washington since 1996. She has also held positions at Compaq Computer Corporation, RiceUniversity, Lockheed Engineering and Sciences Corporation, and Bell Communications Research. She received a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Indiana University in Bloomington.
Mary is active in the field of Human-Computer Interaction, publishing and participating in a wide number of conferences, professional venues and journals. More information about Dr. Czerwinski can be found at http://research.microsoft.com/users/marycz.
Publications by Mary Czerwinski (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Lee, Bongshin, Smith, Greg, Robertson, George G., Czerwinski, Mary and Tan, Desney S. (2009): FacetLens: exposing trends and relationships to support sensemaking within faceted datasets. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1293-1302. Available online
“Previous research has shown that faceted browsing is effective and enjoyable in searching and browsing large collections of data. In this work, we explore the efficacy of interactive visualization systems in supporting exploration and sensemaking within faceted datasets. To do this, we developed an interactive visualization system called FacetLens, which exposes trends and relationships within faceted datasets. FacetLens implements linear facets to enable users not only to identify trends but also to easily compare several trends simultaneously. Furthermore, it offers pivot operations to allow users to navigate the faceted dataset using relationships between items. We evaluate the utility of the system through a description of insights gained while experts used the system to explore the CHI publication repository as well as a database of funding grant data, and report a formative user study that identified usability issues.”
Copyrights may apply
Filho, Jose Eurico de Vasconcelos, Inkpen, Kori M. and Czerwinski, Mary (2009): Image, appearance and vanity in the use of media spaces and video conference systems. In: GROUP09 - International Conference on Supporting Group Work 2009. pp. 253-262. Available online
“Media spaces and videoconference systems are beneficial for connecting separated co-workers and providing rich contextual information. However, image sharing communication tools may also touch on sensitive spots of the human psyche related to personal, perceived image issues (e.g., appearance, self-image, self-presentation and vanity). We conducted two user studies to examine the impact of self-image concerns on the use of media spaces and videoconference systems. Our results suggest that personal, perceived image concerns have a considerable impact on the comfort level of users and may hinder effective communication [8]. We also found that image filtering techniques can help users feel more comfortable. Our results revealed that distortion filters, which are frequently cited to help preserve privacy, do not tend to be the ones preferred by users. Instead, users seemed to favor filters that make subtle changes to their appearance, or, in some instances, they preferred to use a surrogate instead.”
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Jakobsen, Mikkel R., Fernandez, Roland, Czerwinski, Mary, Inkpen, Kori, Kulyk, Olga and Robertson, George (2009): WIPDash: Work Item and People Dashboard for Software Development Teams. In: Proceedings of INTERACT 2009 12th IFIP TC13 Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2009, Uppsala, Sweden. pp. 791-804. Available online
“We present WIPDash, a visualization for software development teams designed to increase group awareness of work items and code base activity. WIPDash was iteratively designed by working with two development teams, using interviews, observations, and focus groups, as well as sketches of the prototype. Based on those observations and feedback, we prototyped WIPDash and deployed it with two software teams for a one week field study. We summarize the lessons learned, and include suggestions for a future version.”
Copyrights may apply
» 2008 «
Burnett, Margaret, Costabile, Maria Francesca, Catarci, Tiziana, Ruyter, Boris de, Tan, Desney S., Czerwinski, Mary and Lund, Arnold (eds.) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI 2008 5-10 April, 2008, Florence, Italy.
Biehl, Jacob T., Baker, William T., Bailey, Brian P., Tan, Desney S., Inkpen, Kori and Czerwinski, Mary (2008): Impromptu: a new interaction framework for supporting collaboration in multiple display environments and its field evaluation for co-located software development. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 939-948. Available online
“We present a new interaction framework for collaborating in multiple display environments (MDEs) and report results from a field study investigating its use in an authentic work setting. Our interaction framework, IMPROMPTU, allows users to share task information across displays via off-the-shelf applications, to jointly interact with information for focused problem solving and to place information on shared displays for discussion and reflection. Our framework also includes a lightweight interface for performing these and related actions. A three week field study of our framework was conducted in the domain of face-to-face group software development. Results show that teams utilized almost every feature of the framework in support of a wide range of development-related activities. The framework was used most to facilitate opportunistic collaboration involving task information. Teams reported wanting to continue using the framework as they found value in it overall.”
Copyrights may apply
Gajos, Krzysztof Z., Everitt, Katherine, Tan, Desney S., Czerwinski, Mary and Weld, Daniel S. (2008): Predictability and accuracy in adaptive user interfaces. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 1271-1274. Available online
“While proponents of adaptive user interfaces tout potential performance gains, critics argue that adaptation's unpredictability may disorient users, causing more harm than good. We present a study that examines the relative effects of predictability and accuracy on the usability of adaptive UIs. Our results show that increasing predictability and accuracy led to strongly improved satisfaction. Increasing accuracy also resulted in improved performance and higher utilization of the adaptive interface. Contrary to our expectations, improvement in accuracy had a stronger effect on performance, utilization and some satisfaction ratings than the improvement in predictability.”
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Oliver, Nuria, Czerwinski, Mary, Smith, Greg and Roomp, Kristof (2008): RelAltTab: assisting users in switching windows. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2008. pp. 385-388. Available online
“We present RelAltTab, an enhanced ALT+TAB prototype that assists users in switching windows. Our approach uses semantic and temporal information to create a list of related windows to the window that the user is currently engaged in. The main assumption is that the user is more likely to switch to a related window than to any other window in the system. We propose two different user interfaces that present the related window list to the user. We describe in detail the techniques and user interfaces of the RelAltTab system, and present the results of one user study comparing our approach to the standard Windows ALT+TAB program.”
Copyrights may apply
Tan, Desney S., Gergle, Darren, Mandryk, Regan L., Inkpen, Kori, Kellar, Melanie, Hawkey, Kirstie and Czerwinski, Mary (2008): Using job-shop scheduling tasks for evaluating collocated collaboration. In Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12 (3) pp. 255-267
» 2007 «
Brush, A. J. Bernheim, Meyers, Brian R., Tan, Desney S. and Czerwinski, Mary (2007): Understanding memory triggers for task tracking. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 947-950. Available online
“Software can now track which computer applications and documents you use. This provides us with the potential to help end-users recall past activities for tasks such as status reporting. We describe findings from field observations of eight participants writing their status reports. We observed interesting trends, including the reliance on memory triggers, which were either retrieved from explicit self-reminders, from implicit breadcrumbs left while performing their tasks or directly from memory. Participants perceived spending relatively short amounts of time composing their status reports, suggesting that any technology solution must offer dramatic improvements over current practice.”
Copyrights may apply
Biehl, Jacob T., Czerwinski, Mary, Smith, Greg and Robertson, George G. (2007): FASTDash: a visual dashboard for fostering awareness in software teams. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 1313-1322. Available online
“Software developers spend significant time gaining and maintaining awareness of fellow developers' activities. FASTDash is a new interactive visualization that seeks to improve team activity awareness using a spatial representation of the shared code base that highlights team members' current activities. With FASTDash, a developer can quickly determine which team members have source files checked out, which files are being viewed, and what methods and classes are currently being changed. The visualization can be annotated, allowing programmers to supplement activity information with additional status details. It provides immediate awareness of potential conflict situations, such as two programmers editing the same source file. FASTDash was developed through user-centered design, including surveys, team interviews, and in situ observation. Results from a field study show that FASTDash improved team awareness, reduced reliance on shared artifacts, and increased project-related communication. Additionally, the team that participated in our field study continues to use FASTDash.”
Copyrights may apply
Lee, Bongshin, Robertson, George G., Czerwinski, Mary and Parr, Cynthia Sims (2007): CandidTree: Visualizing Structural Uncertainty in Similar Hierarchies. In: Baranauskas, Maria Cecília Calani, Palanque, Philippe A., Abascal, Julio and Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira (eds.) DEGAS 2007 - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Design and Evaluation of e-Government Applications and Services September 11th, 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. pp. 250-263. Available online
» 2006 «
Karlson, Amy K., Robertson, George G., Robbins, Daniel C., Czerwinski, Mary and Smith, Greg R. (2006): FaThumb: a facet-based interface for mobile search. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006. pp. 711-720. Available online
“In this paper we describe a novel approach for searching large data sets from a mobile phone. Existing interfaces for mobile search require keyword text entry and are not suited for browsing. Our alternative uses a hybrid model to de-emphasize tedious keyword entry in favor of iterative data filtering. We propose navigation and selection of hierarchical metadata (facet navigation), with incremental text entry to further narrow the results. We conducted a formative evaluation to understand the relative advantages of keyword entry versus facet navigation for both browse and search tasks on the phone. We found keyword entry to be more powerful when the name of the search target is known, while facet navigation is otherwise more effective and strongly preferred.”
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Matthews, Tara, Czerwinski, Mary, Robertson, George G. and Tan, Desney S. (2006): Clipping lists and change borders: improving multitasking efficiency with peripheral information design. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006. pp. 989-998. Available online
“Information workers often have to balance many tasks and interruptions. In this work, we explore peripheral display techniques that improve multitasking efficiency by helping users maintain task flow, know when to resume tasks, and more easily reacquire tasks. Specifically, we compare two types of abstraction that provide different task information: semantic content extraction, which displays only the most relevant content in a window, and change detection, which signals when a change has occurred in a window (all de-signed as modifications to Scalable Fabric [17]). Results from our user study suggest that semantic content extraction improves multitasking performance more so than either change detection or our base case of scaling. Results also show that semantic content extraction provides significant benefits to task flow, resumption timing, and reacquisition. We discuss the implication of these findings on the design of peripheral interfaces that support multitasking.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Fischer, Gerhard, Czerwinski, Mary, Resnick, Mitchel, Myers, Brad A., Candy, Linda, Edmonds, Ernest, Eisenberg, Michael, Giaccardi, Elisa, Hewett, Tom, Jennings, Pamela and Kules, Bill (2006): Creativity Support Tools: Report From a U.S. National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 20 (2) pp. 61-77
“Creativity support tools is a research topic with high risk but potentially very high payoff. The goal is to develop improved software and user interfaces that empower users to be not only more productive but also more innovative. Potential users include software and other engineers, diverse scientists, product and graphic designers, architects, educators, students, and many others. Enhanced interfaces could enable more effective searching of intellectual resources, improved collaboration among teams, and more rapid discovery processes. These advanced interfaces should also provide potent support in hypothesis formation, speedier evaluation of alternatives, improved understanding through visualization, and better dissemination of results. For creative endeavors that require composition of novel artifacts (e.g., computer programs, scientific papers, engineering diagrams, symphonies, artwork), enhanced interfaces could facilitate exploration of alternatives, prevent unproductive choices, and enable easy backtracking. This U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored workshop brought together 25 research leaders and graduate students to share experiences, identify opportunities, and formulate research challenges. Two key outcomes emerged: (a) encouragement to evaluate creativity support tools through multidimensional in-depth longitudinal case studies and (b) formulation of 12 principles for design of creativity support tools.”
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DeLine, Robert, Czerwinski, Mary, Meyers, Brian, Venolia, Gina, Drucker, Steven M. and Robertson, George G. (2006): Code Thumbnails: Using Spatial Memory to Navigate Source Code. In: VL-HCC 2006 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 4-8 September, 2006, Brighton, UK. pp. 11-18. Available online
Gajos, Krzysztof Z., Czerwinski, Mary, Tan, Desney S. and Weld, Daniel S. (2006): Exploring the design space for adaptive graphical user interfaces. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 201-208. Available online
Ramos, Gonzalo, Robertson, George G., Czerwinski, Mary, Tan, Desney S., Baudisch, Patrick, Hinckley, Ken and Agrawala, Maneesh (2006): Tumble! Splat! helping users access and manipulate occluded content in 2D drawings. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 428-435. Available online
Czerwinski, Mary, Gage, Douglas W., Gemmell, Jim, Marshall, Catherine C., Perez-Quinones, Manuel A., Skeels, Meredith M. and Catarci, Tiziana (2006): Digital memories in an era of ubiquitous computing and abundant storage. In Communications of the ACM, 49 (1) pp. 44-50
» 2005 «
Hutchings, Dugald Ralph, Stasko, John T. and Czerwinski, Mary (2005): Distributed display environments. In Interactions, 12 (6) pp. 50-53
Robertson, George G., Czerwinski, Mary and Churchill, John E. (2005): Visualization of mappings between schemas. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 431-439. Available online
“In this paper we describe a novel approach to the visualization of the mapping between two schemas. Current approaches to visually defining such a mapping fail when the schemas or maps become large. The new approach uses various information visualization techniques to simplify the view, making it possible for users to effectively deal with much larger schemas and maps. A user study verifies that the new approach is useful, usable, and effective. The primary contribution is a demonstration of novel ways to effectively present highly complex information.”
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Chellapilla, Kumar, Larson, Kevin, Simard, Patrice and Czerwinski, Mary (2005): Designing human friendly human interaction proofs (HIPs). In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 711-720. Available online
“HIPs, or Human Interactive Proofs, are challenges meant to be easily solved by humans, while remaining too hard to be economically solved by computers. HIPs are increasingly used to protect services against automatic script attacks. To be effective, a HIP must be difficult enough to discourage script attacks by raising the computation and/or development cost of breaking the HIP to an unprofitable level. At the same time, the HIP must be easy enough to solve in order to not discourage humans from using the service. Early HIP designs have successfully met these criteria [1]. However, the growing sophistication of attackers and correspondingly increasing profit incentives have rendered most of the currently deployed HIPs vulnerable to attack [2,7,12]. Yet, most companies have been reluctant to increase the difficulty of their HIPs for fear of making them too complex or unappealing to humans. The purpose of this study is to find the visual distortions that are most effective at foiling computer attacks without hindering humans. The contribution of this research is that we discovered that 1) automatically generating HIPs by varying particular distortion parameters renders HIPs that are too easy for computer hackers to break, yet humans still have difficulty recognizing them, and 2) it is possible to build segmentation-based HIPs that are extremely difficult and expensive for computers to solve, while remaining relatively easy for humans.”
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Lee, Bongshin, Czerwinski, Mary, Robertson, George G. and Bederson, Benjamin B. (2005): Understanding research trends in conferences using paperLens. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1969-1972. Available online
“PaperLens is a novel visualization that reveals trends, connections, and activity throughout a conference community. It tightly couples views across papers, authors, and references. PaperLens was developed to visualize 8 years (1995-2002) of InfoVis conference proceedings and was then extended to visualize 23 years (1982-2004) of the CHI conference proceedings. This paper describes how we analyzed the data and designed PaperLens. We also describe a user study to focus our redesign efforts along with the design changes we made to address usability issues. We summarize lessons learned in the process of design and scaling up to the larger set of CHI conference papers.”
Copyrights may apply
Hutchings, Dugald Ralph, Stasko, John T. and Czerwinski, Mary (2005): Distributed display environments. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 2117-2118. Available online
Tan, Desney S., Keyani, Pedram and Czerwinski, Mary (2005): Spy-resistant keyboard: more secure password entry on public touch screen displays. In: Proceedings of OZCHI05, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2005. pp. 1-10. Available online
“Current software interfaces for entering text on touch screen devices mimic existing mechanisms such as keyboard typing or handwriting. These techniques are poor for entering private text such as passwords since they allow observers to decipher what has been typed simply by looking over the typist's shoulder, an activity known as shoulder surfing. In this paper, we outline a general approach for designing security-sensitive onscreen virtual keyboards that allow users to enter private text without revealing it to observers. We present one instantiation, the Spy-Resistant Keyboard, and discuss design decisions leading to the development of this keyboard. We also describe the results of a user study exploring the usability and security of our interface. Results indicate that although users took longer to enter their passwords, using the Spy-Resistant Keyboard rather than a standard soft keyboard resulted in a significant increase in their ability to protect their passwords from a watchful observer.”
Copyrights may apply
DeLine, Robert, Czerwinski, Mary and Robertson, George G. (2005): Easing Program Comprehension by Sharing Navigation Data. In: VL-HCC 2005 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 21-24 September, 2005, Dallas, TX, USA. pp. 241-248. Available online
DeLine, Robert, Khella, Amir, Czerwinski, Mary and Robertson, George (2005): Towards understanding programs through wear-based filtering. In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Software Visualization 2005. pp. 183-192. Available online
“Large software projects often require a programmer to make changes to unfamiliar source code. This paper presents the results of a formative observational study of seven professional programmers who use a conventional development environment to update an unfamiliar implementation of a commonly known video game. We describe several usability problems they experience, including keeping oriented in the program's source text, maintaining the number and layout of open text documents and relying heavily on textual search for navigation. To reduce the cost of transferring knowledge about the program among developers, we propose the idea of wear-based filtering, a combination of computational wear and social filtering. The development environment collects interaction information, as with computational wear, and uses that information to direct the attention of subsequent users, as with social filtering. We present sketches of new visualizations that use wear-based filtering and demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with data drawn from our study.”
Copyrights may apply
» 2004 «
Czerwinski, Mary, Horvitz, Eric and Wilhite, Susan (2004): A diary study of task switching and interruptions. In: Dykstra-Erickson, Elizabeth and Tscheligi, Manfred (eds.) Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria. pp. 175-182. Available online
“We report on a diary study of the activities of information workers aimed at characterizing how people interleave multiple tasks amidst interruptions. The week-long study revealed the type and complexity of activities performed, the nature of the interruptions experienced, and the difficulty of shifting among numerous tasks. We present key findings from the diary study and discuss implications of the findings. Finally, we describe promising directions in the design of software tools for task management, motivated by the findings.”
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Czerwinski, Mary (2004): Bridging the gap from theory to practice: the path toward innovation in human-computer interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 2004. p. 1. Available online
“How do we break away from existing tools and techniques in HCI and truly innovate in a way that benefits the next generation of computer users? Today, too many of our technological designs and inventions are \"one off\" point designs, not building on or contributing to a theoretical foundation of understanding around human perception, cognition, social behavior and physical movement. Of course, these point designs can be successful in and of themselves, so why bother with theory and models? In order to mature as a field in a way that benefits users, it can be argued that we need to work more closely together and with an awareness of multiple disciplines, including not just the computer science and engineering arenas, but also psychology, sociology, and any field of human behavior. Of course, this could be a daunting task-how do we know that important improvements in user interface design can be obtained? I will present a series of examples of what I consider to be significant contributions to the field of HCI, each based on a multidisciplinarian, theory-driven approach. I hope to challenge the audience to creatively consider ways that their own work could be more theoretically motivated, and what it might take for more of us to move forward in that direction.”
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Bederson, Benjamin B., Clamage, Aaron, Czerwinski, Mary and Robertson, George G. (2004): DateLens: a fisheye calendar interface for PDAs. In Interactions, 11 (4) pp. 9-10
Bederson, Benjamin B., Clamage, Aaron, Czerwinski, Mary and Robertson, George G. (2004): DateLens: A fisheye calendar interface for PDAs. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 11 (1) pp. 90-119
“Calendar applications for small handheld devices are growing in popularity. This led us to develop DateLens, a novel calendar interface for PDAs designed to support complex tasks. It uses a fisheye representation coupled with compact overviews to give the big picture in a small space. The interface also gives users control over the visible time period, as well as supporting integrated search to discover patterns and outliers. Designed with device scalability in mind, DateLens currently runs on desktop computers as well as PDAs. Two user studies were conducted to examine the viability of DateLens as a replacement for traditional calendar visualizations. In the first study, non-PDA users performed complex tasks significantly faster with DateLens than with the Microsoft Pocket PC 2002TM calendar (using a PDA emulator). In addition, they rated DateLens as being easier to use than the default calendar application for a majority of the tasks. In the second study, the participants were expert Pocket PC users and the software was run on their own devices. Again, DateLens performed significantly faster for the complex tasks, and there were satisfaction differences favoring each calendar for different kinds of tasks. From these studies, it is clear that DateLens is superior for more complex tasks such as those associated with longer time periods. For daily event tracking, users familiar with the default Pocket PC calendar strongly preferred its daily view and behaviors.”
Copyrights may apply
Hutchings, Dugald Ralph, Smith, Greg, Meyers, Brian, Czerwinski, Mary and Robertson, George G. (2004): Display space usage and window management operation comparisons between single monitor and multiple monitor users. In: Costabile, Maria Francesca (ed.) AVI 2004 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 25-28, 2004, Gallipoli, Italy. pp. 32-39. Available online
Robertson, George G., Horvitz, Eric, Czerwinski, Mary, Baudisch, Patrick, Hutchings, Dugald Ralph, Meyers, Brian, Robbins, Daniel C. and Smith, Greg (2004): Scalable Fabric: flexible task management. In: Costabile, Maria Francesca (ed.) AVI 2004 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 25-28, 2004, Gallipoli, Italy. pp. 85-89. Available online
Lee, Bongshin, Czerwinski, Mary, Robertson, George G. and Bederson, Benjamin B. (2004): Understanding Eight Years of InfoVis Conferences Using PaperLens. In: InfoVis 2004 - 10th IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 10-12 October, 2004, Austin, TX, USA. . Available online
» 2003 «
Tan, Desney S., Czerwinski, Mary and Robertson, George G. (2003): Women go with the (optical) flow. In: Cockton, Gilbert and Korhonen, Panu (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. pp. 209-215.
McCrickard, D. Scott, Czerwinski, Mary and Bartram, Lyn (2003): Introduction: design and evaluation of notification user interfaces. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58 (5) pp. 509-514
“Notification systems attempt to deliver current, important information to
the computer screen in an efficient and effective manner. All notification
systems require that the user attends to them to at least some degree if they
are to succeed. Examples of notification systems include instant messaging
systems, system and user status updates, email alerts and news and stock
tickers. The benefits of notification systems are numerous, including rapid
availability of important information, access to nearly instantaneous
communication and heightened awareness of the availability of personal
contacts. While the popularity of these systems has skyrocketed in recent
years, the effects of incoming notifications on ongoing computing tasks have
been relatively unexplored. The investigation of the costs, benefits and the
optimal display of instant messages and all notifications in the context of
desktop or mobile computing tasks falls in the general arena of psychological
research on alerting and disruptions, but also requires research contributions
from design, computer science and information visualization. To date, much of
the psychological research on interruption leverages theoretical task
constructions. In this special issue, we focus on the nature of interruptions
such as messaging while computing and how to optimize the user experience.”
Copyrights may apply
Czerwinski, Mary, Smith, Greg, Regan, Tim, Meyers, Brian, Robertson, George G. and Starkweather, Gary (2003): Toward Characterizing the Productivity Benefits of Very Large Displays. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 9.
Baudisch, Patrick, Cutrell, Edward, Robbins, Dan, Czerwinski, Mary, Tandler, Peter, Bederson, Benjamin B. and Zierlinger, Alex (2003): Drag-and-Pop and Drag-and-Pick: Techniques for Accessing Remote Screen Content on Touch- and Pen-Operated Systems. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 65.
Tan, Desney S. and Czerwinski, Mary (2003): Effects of Visual Separation and Physical Discontinuities when Distributing Information across Multiple Displays. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 252.
Czerwinski, Mary (2003): Human-computer interaction for large display surfaces. In: HCC 2003 - IEEE Symposium on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments 28-31 October, 2003, Auckland, New Zealand. p. 3.
» 2002 «
Czerwinski, Mary, Tan, Desney S. and Robertson, George G. (2002): Women take a wider view. In: Terveen, Loren (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. 195-202.
Robertson, George G., Cameron, Kim, Czerwinski, Mary and Robbins, Daniel (2002): Polyarchy visualization: visualizing multiple intersecting hierarchies. In: Terveen, Loren (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. 423-430.
Czerwinski, Mary and Horvitz, Eric (2002): An Investigation of Memory for Daily Computing Events. In: Proceedings of the HCI02 Conference on People and Computers XVI 2002. pp. 229-246.
» 2001 «
Tan, Desney S., Robertson, George G. and Czerwinski, Mary (2001): Exploring 3D Navigation: Combining Speed-COupled Flying with Orbiting. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 418-425. Available online
“We present a task-based taxonomy of navigation techniques for 3D virtual environments, used to categorize existing techniques, drive exploration of the design space, and inspire new techniques. We briefly discuss several new techniques, and describe in detail one new techniques, Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting. This technique couples control of movement speed to camera height and tilt, allowing users to seamlessly transition between local environment-views and global overviews. Users can also orbit specific objects for inspection. Results from two competitive user studies suggest users performed better with Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting over alternatives, with performance also enhanced by a large display.”
Copyrights may apply
Dumais, Susan and Czerwinski, Mary (2001): Building Bridges from Theory to Practice. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 1358-1362.
Cutrell, Edward, Czerwinski, Mary and Horvitz, Eric (2001): Notification, Disruption, and Memory: Effects of Messaging Interruptions on Memory and Performance. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT01: Human-Computer Interaction 2001, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 263-269.
Wenyin, L., Dumais, Susan, Sun, Y., Zhang, H., Czerwinski, Mary and Field, B. (2001): Semi-Automatic Image Annotation. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT01: Human-Computer Interaction 2001, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 326-333.
LeeTiernan, S., Cutrell, Edward, Czerwinski, Mary and Hoffman, H. (2001): Effective Notification Systems Depend on User Trust. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT01: Human-Computer Interaction 2001, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 684-685.
» 2000 «
Turner, Thea, Szwillus, Gerd, Czerwinski, Mary, Peterno, Fabio and Pemberton, Steven (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2000 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 1-6, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands.
Robertson, George G., Dantzich, Maarten van, Robbins, Daniel, Czerwinski, Mary, Hinckley, Ken, Risden, Kirsten, Thiel, David and Gorokhovsky, Vadim (2000): The Task Gallery: A 3D Window Manager. In: Turner, Thea, Szwillus, Gerd, Czerwinski, Mary, Peterno, Fabio and Pemberton, Steven (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2000 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 1-6, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 494-501. Available online
“The Task Gallery is a window manager that uses interactive 3D graphics to provide direct support for task management and document comparison, lacking from many systems implementing the desktop metaphor. User tasks appear as artwork hung on the walls of a virtual art gallery, with the selected task on a stage. Multiple documents can be selected and displayed side-by-side using 3D space to provide uniform and intuitive scaling. The Task Gallery hosts any Windows application, using a novel redirection mechanism that routes input and output between the 3D environment and unmodified 2D Windows applications. User studies suggest that the Task Gallery helps with task management, is enjoyable to use, and that the 3D metaphor evokes spatial memory and cognition.”
Copyrights may apply
Chen, Chaomei and Czerwinski, Mary (2000): Empirical Evaluation of Information Visualizations: An Introduction. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53 (5) pp. 631-635
Risden, Kirsten, Czerwinski, Mary, Munzner, Tamara and Cook, Daniel B. (2000): An Initial Examination of Ease of Use for 2D and 3D Information Visualizations of Web Content. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53 (5) pp. 695-714
“We present a discussion and initial empirical investigation of user-interface designs for a set of three Web browsers. The target end-user population we identified were experienced software engineers who maintained large Web sites or portals. The user study demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of two conventional 2D browsers for this target user, as well as that of XML3D, a novel browser that integrates an interactive 3D hyperbolic graph view with a more traditional 2D list view of the data. A standard collapse/expand tree browser and a Web-based hierarchical categorization similar to Yahoo!, were competitively evaluated against XML3D. No reliable difference between the two 2D browsers was observed. However, the results showed clear differences between XML3D and the 2D user interfaces combined. With XML3D, participants performed search tasks within existing categories reliably faster with no decline in the quality of their responses. It was informally observed that integrating the ability to view the overall structure of the information space with the ability to easily assess local and global relationships was key to successful search performance. XML3D was the only tool of the three that efficiently showed the overall structure within one visualization. The XML3D browser accomplished this by combining a 3D graph layout view as well as an accompanying 2D list view. Users did opt to use the 2D user-interface components of XML3D during new category search tasks, and the XML3D performance advantage was no longer obtained in those conditions. In addition, there were no reliable differences in overall user satisfaction across the three user-interface designs. Since we observed subjects using the XML3D features differently depending on the kind of search task, future studies should explore optimal ways of integrating the use of novel focus+context visualizations and 2D lists for effective information retrieval. The contribution of this paper is that it includes empirical data to demonstrate where novel focus+context views might benefit experienced users over and above more conventional user-interface techniques, in addition to where design improvements are warranted.”
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Chen, Chaomei, Czerwinski, Mary and Macredie, Robert D. (2000): Individual differences in virtual environments - Introduction and overview. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 51 (6) pp. 499-507
» 1999 «
Czerwinski, Mary, Dumais, Susan, Robertson, George G., Dziadosz, Susan, Tiernan, Scott Lee and Dantzich, Maarten van (1999): Visualizing Implicit Queries for Information Management and Retrieval. In: Altom, Mark W. and Williams, Marian G. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 99 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. pp. 560-567. Available online
“In this paper, we describe the use of similarity metrics in a novel visual environment for storing and retrieving favorite web pages. The similarity metrics, called Implicit Queries, are used to automatically highlight stored web pages that are related to the currently selected web page. Two experiments explored how users manage their personal web information space with and without the Implicit Query highlighting and later retrieve their stored web pages. When storing and organizing web pages, users with Implicit Query highlighting generated slightly more categories. Implicit Queries also led to faster web page retrieval time, although the results were not statistically significant.”
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Czerwinski, Mary (1999): Research Methods for Next Generation HCI. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg (ed.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 1103-1107.
Czerwinski, Mary (1999): Trends in Future Web Designs. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg (ed.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 1223-1226.
Muller, Michael J. and Czerwinski, Mary (1999): Organizing Usability Work to Fit the Full Product Range. In Communications of the ACM, 42 (5) pp. 87-90
» 1998 «
Czerwinski, Mary and Larson, Kevin (1998): Business: Trends in Future Web Designs: What's Next for the HCI Professional?. In Interactions, 5 (6) p. 9
Larson, Kevin and Czerwinski, Mary (1998): Web Page Design: Implications of Memory, Structure and Scent for Information Retrieval. In: Karat, Clare-Marie, Lund, Arnold, Coutaz, Joëlle and Karat, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California. pp. 25-32. Available online
“Much is known about depth and breadth tradeoff issues in graphical user interface menu design. We describe an experiment to see if large breadth and decreased depth is preferable, both subjectively and via performance data, while attempting to design for optimal scent throughout different structures of a website. A study is reported which modified previous procedures for investigating depth/breadth tradeoffs in content design for the web. Results showed that, while increased depth did harm search performance on the web, a medium condition of depth and breadth outperformed the broadest, shallow web structure overall.”
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Risden, Kirsten, Czerwinski, Mary, Worley, Stephanie, Hamilton, Lynda, Kubiniec, Joe, Hoffman, Hunter, Mickel, Nancy and Loftus, Elizabeth (1998): Interactive Advertising: Patterns of Use and Effectiveness. In: Karat, Clare-Marie, Lund, Arnold, Coutaz, Joëlle and Karat, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California. pp. 219-224. Available online
“The number of people exploring the World Wide Web is growing dramatically. Many companies are interested in the potential of advertising on the web, but there is little research to guide their decision. The present study demonstrates the concept of a corporate sponsored website as a promising direction for web advertisers. Advertisements for products targeting 10-14 year-olds were presented as web games and inserted into a prototype website. For example, in one ad, players scored points by actively steering toward the advertised product with their web video-game car, while dodging undesirable obstacles on the road (sound effects included). For comparison, subjects also watched a TV ad for the same product embedded in a TV program. One day later, tests showed that web ads positively influenced how easily the advertised brand came to mind compared to TV ads and compared to no-ad controls. The effectiveness of interactive web ads for influencing consumers' memory in this preliminary study suggests that it merits more attention as a potentially viable medium for advertising. Factors that could contribute to the advantage for web ads are discussed.”
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Hinckley, Ken, Czerwinski, Mary and Sinclair, Mike (1998): Interaction and Modeling Techniques for Desktop Two-Handed Input. In: Mynatt, Elizabeth D. and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology November 01 - 04, 1998, San Francisco, California, United States. pp. 49-58. Available online
“We describe input devices and two-handed interaction techniques to support map navigation tasks. We discuss several design variations and user testing of two-handed navigation techniques, including puck and stylus input on a Wacom tablet, as well as a novel design incorporating a touchpad (for the nonpreferred hand) and a mouse (for the preferred hand). To support the latter technique, we introduce a new input device, the TouchMouse, which is a standard mouse augmented with a pair of one-bit touch sensors, one for the palm and one for the index finger. Finally, we propose several enhancements to Buxton's three-state model of graphical input and extend this model to encompass two-handed input transactions as well.”
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Robertson, George G., Czerwinski, Mary, Larson, Kevin, Robbins, Daniel, Thiel, David and Dantzich, Maarten van (1998): Data Mountain: Using Spatial Memory for Document Management. In: Mynatt, Elizabeth D. and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology November 01 - 04, 1998, San Francisco, California, United States. pp. 153-162. Available online
“Effective management of documents on computers has been a central user interface problem for many years. One common approach involves using 2D spatial layouts of icons representing the documents, particularly for information workspace tasks. This approach takes advantage of human 2D spatial cognition. More recently, several 3D spatial layouts have engaged 3D spatial cognition capabilities. Some have attempted to use spatial memory in 3D virtual environments. However, there has been no proof to date that spatial memory works the same way in 3D virtual environments as it does in the real world. We describe a new technique for document management called the Data Mountain, which allows users to place documents at arbitrary positions on an inclined plane in a 3D desktop virtual environment using a simple 2D interaction technique. We discuss how the design evolved in response to user feedback. We also describe a user study that shows that the Data Mountain does take advantage of spatial memory. Our study shows that the Data Mountain has statistically reliable advantages over the Microsoft Internet Explorer Favorites mechanism for managing documents of interest in an information workspace.”
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Chen, Chaomei and Czerwinski, Mary (1998): From Latent Semantics to Spatial Hypertext -- An Integrated Approach. In: Hypertext 98 - Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 20-24, 1998, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. pp. 77-86. Available online
“In this paper, we introduce an integrated approach to the development of spatial hypertext. This approach brings together several theories and techniques concerning semantic structures, and streamlines the transformation from implicit semantic structures to a semantic space rendered in virtual reality. Browsing and querying become natural, inherent, and compatible activities within the same semantic space. The overall design principle is based on the theory of cognitive maps. Techniques such as latent semantic indexing, Pathfinder network scaling, and virtual reality modelling are used in harmony. The value of this integrated approach is discussed based on initial results of a recent empirical study, which suggests that the spatial metaphor is intuitive and particularly useful when dealing with implicit information structures, or when a highly flexible and extensible virtual environment is required. Search strategies in association with the spatial hypertext and further work are also discussed.”
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» 1997 «
Robertson, George G., Czerwinski, Mary and Dantzich, Maarten van (1997): Immersion in Desktop Virtual Reality. In: Robertson, George G. and Schmandt, Chris (eds.) Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology October 14 - 17, 1997, Banff, Alberta, Canada. pp. 11-19. Available online
“This paper explores techniques for evaluating and improving immersion in Desktop Virtual Reality (VR). Three experiments are reported which extend findings on immersion in VR reported by Pausch et al. [9]. In the current experiments, a visual search paradigm was used to examine navigation in Desktop VR both with and without navigational aids. Pausch et al. found that non-head tracked users took significantly longer than predicted when the search target was absent, which was interpreted as indicative of a loss of sense of immersion. Our first experiment extended the Pausch et al. experiment to a desktop display. Our findings differ in that search times matched prediction when the target was absent, indicating that the Pausch et al. study does not transfer to Desktop VR. In the second and third experiments, our visual search task was performed while navigating a set of 3D hallways. We introduce a new navigation aid called Peripheral Lenses, intended to provide simulated peripheral vision. Informal studies suggested that Peripheral Lenses decrease search time, indicating an enhanced sense of immersion in Desktop VR. However, formal studies contradict that, demonstrating the importance of formal usability studies in the development of user interface software. We also gained evidence that visual attention findings transfer to Desktop VR.”
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Chen, Chaomei and Czerwinski, Mary (1997): Spatial ability and visual navigation: an Empirical Study. In New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 3 pp. 67-89
“In this paper, we describe an empirical study of individuals' spatial navigation strategies and a number of performance and preference measures with regard to the design of a novel 3D visualisation. The underlying semantic space of the user interface consists of a collection of papers from the three most recent ACM SIGCHI conference proceedings, visualised as a virtual reality network. This network was automatically constructed based on semantic similarities derived from latent semantic analysis. We studied the search strategies and general preferences of eleven subjects who used this system to find papers on various topics. The study has led to a number of interesting findings, which should be valuable for designers and evaluators of 3D user interfaces. The results highlight the importance of structural elements in the design of a semantically based user interface, because search strategies of users relied heavily on these mechanisms in the design. The results of this study also demonstrate that we are able to characterise and learn from users' search strategies in a visual environment strongly shaped by semantic relationships of the information content. Implications for user interface design based on users' psychological models of a semantic space are described.”
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» 1996 «
Sears, Andrew, Czerwinski, Mary, Dringus, Laurie P. and Thomas, Barbara Bernal (1996): Educating HCI Practitioners: Evaluating What Industry Needs and Academia. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 28 (4) pp. 26-28
» 1994 «
Czerwinski, Mary, Feldman, Evan M. and Cutrell, Edward (1994): The Influence of Stimulus Dimensions and Training on Visual Search Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1266-1270.
“Traditional studies of attention, training and visual search have focused on the use of separable dimensions (usually alphanumeric stimuli), and equating the number of items in consistent versus varied mapping training paradigms. However, the design of visual displays requires a heavy reliance upon configural and integral dimensions (stimuli that group). This set of studies examines the effects of configural dimensions (also using alphanumeric stimuli), as well as equating the number of training trials on specific targets between consistent versus varied mapping conditions. Predictions from extant theories of attention and visual search will be discussed where relevant. Results show that both factors have a large influence on the effects of training in visual search tasks. The influence of these variables needs to be incorporated into current theories of attention and visual search, especially as they are applied to the design of graphical user interfaces and visual displays.”
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» 1991 «
Czerwinski, Mary, Schumacher, R. and Duba, B. (1991): KARMA: Knowledge Acquisition, Retention and Maintenance Analysis. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (1) pp. 75-77
Czerwinski, Mary, Chrisman, Steve and Schumacher, Bob (1991): The Effects of Warnings and Display Similarity on Interruption in Multitasking Environments. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (4) pp. 38-39
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User-contributed publications
Here is a list of publications that have been submitted by the author himself/herself or a website visitor:
Patrick Baudisch, Mary Czerwinski, Dan R. Olsen: Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Seattle, WA, USA, October 23-26, 2005 ACM 2005
George G. Robertson, Mary Czerwinski, John E. Churchill: Visualization of mappings between schemas. CHI 2005: 431-439
Kumar Chellapilla, Kevin Larson, Patrice Y. Simard, Mary Czerwinski: Designing human friendly human interaction proofs (HIPs). CHI 2005: 711-720
Bongshin Lee, Mary Czerwinski, George G. Robertson, Benjamin B. Bederson: Understanding research trends in conferences using paperLens. CHI Extended Abstracts 2005: 1969-1972
Dugald Ralph Hutchings, John T. Stasko, Mary Czerwinski: Distributed display environments. CHI Extended Abstracts 2005: 2117-2118
Kumar Chellapilla, Kevin Larson, Patrice Y. Simard, Mary Czerwinski: Building Segmentation Based Human-Friendly Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs). HIP 2005: 1-26
Robert DeLine, Amir Khella, Mary Czerwinski, George G. Robertson: Towards understanding programs through wear-based filtering. SOFTVIS 2005: 183-192
Robert DeLine, Mary Czerwinski, George G. Robertson: Easing Program Comprehension by Sharing Navigation Data. VL/HCC 2005: 241-248
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Mar 21st, 2010
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