Publication statistics
Pub. period:1987-2012
Pub. count:14
Number of co-authors:29
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Walter W. Johnson:2Kevin B. Bennett:2Rik Warren:1 Productive colleagues
John M. Flach's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Christopher D. Wic..:75David Meister:22Thomas J. Smith:21
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John M. Flach
Publications by John M. Flach (bibliography)
Flach, John M., Hale, Christopher R., Hoffman, Robert R., Klein, Gary and Veinott, Beth (2012): Approaches to Cognitive Bias in Serious Games for Critical Thinking. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 272-276.
“This Panel discusses decision and learning theory and application in the design of serious games to train people for bias-free critical thinking, particularly in analytical domains. The theoretical understanding of cognitive bias will determine the shape of the cognitive work that is entrained by the games. Panelists will describe an approach to bias mitigation training that is premised on a notion that reasoning strategies can have heuristic value depending on circumstances.”
© All rights reserved Flach et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Bennett, Kevin B. and Flach, John M. (2012): Visual momentum redux. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 70 (6) pp. 399-414.
“Over 25 years ago Woods (1984) introduced the concept of visual momentum: the extent to which an interface supports a practitioner in transitioning between various information-seeking activities that are required for understanding and exploring work domains. Increasing visual momentum requires the consideration of a range of "cognitive couplings' that span all levels of the interface: between multiple screens, within individual screens, and within a display on a screen. Although the concept has been well received, we believe that its potential to improve the quality of human computer interaction may be under-appreciated. Our purpose in this review is to provide a better understanding of visual momentum: to provide concrete and diverse examples of its successful application, to review empirical findings, to refine and expand the original design techniques that were proposed, and to integrate diverse terms that appear across different research communities.”
© All rights reserved Bennett and Flach and/or Academic Press
McEwen, Timothy R., Elder, Nancy and Flach, John M. (2009): Lessons for Electronic Medical Records from Family Medical Practices. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 650-654.
“Motivated by the push towards the adoption of electronic medical record (EMR) systems, we conducted a series of observations, interviews, and patient record audits at four family medical practices to investigate the nature of record keeping in diagnostic testing processes. One lauded benefit of EMR is to reduce the number of steps required to process test results and reduce the number of errors. We found this to be the case. However, in offices with paper records, we found many instances where people helped create safety by correcting errors made at previous stages due to naturally occurring feedback loops that allowed for compensation. The EMR office faced unique challenges in this regard because of impoverished communication and feedback loops, both from the EMR system and support staff. It is important to appreciate the safety dynamics of paper based systems in the design of EMR systems and consider incorporating dynamics such as checks and redundancies into them.”
© All rights reserved McEwen et al. and/or their publisher
Flach, John M. and Holden, John G. (1998): The Reality of Experience: Gibson's Way. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7 (1) pp. 90-95.
Flach, John M. (1994): Ruminations on Mind, Matter, and What Matters. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 531-535.
“If psychology is the science of "mind" and physics is the science of "matter", then human factors is the science of "what matters". This claim is more than a simple observation about the scope of human factors (i.e., that it's scope overlaps both with psychology and physics). Rather, I will argue that the science of "what matters" requires an entirely different ontology than those which have traditionally provided the basis for psychology and physics. Two constructs will be central in the ontology of "what matters" -- affordance and information.”
© All rights reserved Flach and/or Human Factors Society
Smith, Thomas J., Flach, John M., Meister, David and Moray, Neville (1994): Human Factors and Design Factors: Two Sides of the Same Coin?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 541-543.
“This panel accompanies the symposium with the same title; the panelists are the symposium presenters. The rationale for offering both a symposium and a panel on the same topic rests upon the following considerations: (1) the nature and extent of interdependence between performance and design factors represents a defining issue for human factors science; and (2) the symposium and the panel together provide a comprehensive forum for addressing the topic, inasmuch as the symposium allows the presenters to offer their perspectives on the topic, and the panel facilitates audience input into the discussion.”
© All rights reserved Smith et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Garness, Sheila A., Flach, John M., Stanard, Terry and Warren, Rik (1994): The Basis for the Perception and Control of Altitude: Splay & Depression Angle Components of Optical Flow. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1275-1279.
“This study evaluated subjects ability to track a constant altitude as a function of the structure in the optical flow field. Optic flow was manipulated by using four different types of ground texture (splay angle, depression angle, random dot, and block textures) crossed with two global optical flow (GOF) rates (0 and 3 eyeheights/s). The subjects were asked to maintain a constant altitude while wind disturbances randomly perturbed them on vertical, lateral, and fore-aft axes. The critical independent variables were texture type and GOF rate. Texture type was a within-subjects variable while GOF rate was a between-subjects variable. The main dependent variables included RMS height error and the correlation between subjects stick activity and the three wind disturbances. For both dependent variables, an interaction was found in that the depression angle texture provided superior performance in a hover or 0 GOF rate condition. The splay angle texture provided a constant level of performance for both GOF rates, being superior to depression angle in the higher GOF rate. These results are consistent with Flach et al.'s (1992) hypothesis that the ability to pick-up altitude information from the optic flow field depends upon the amount of optical activity that is specific to changes in altitude (signal) rather than specific to changes in lateral or fore-aft position (noise). This hypothesis provides a higher order explanation for previous results on the control of altitude which had been thought to be inconsistent.”
© All rights reserved Garness et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Kaiser, Mary K., Johnson, Walter W., Andersen, George J., Andre, Anthony D., Banks, Martin S. and Flach, John M. (1993): Visual Cues for Vehicle Control. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1375-1377.
“Since Gibson's pioneering work in the 1950s, there has been increasing interest in describing the dynamic visual cues operators extract from the "out-the-window" scene to utilize in vehicular control. Despite this interest, we are still a long way from an adequate understanding of what optical information is utilized, and how the information is integrated into an active control strategy. There are a number of reasons for this apparent shortfalling. First, it is difficult to isolate a candidate optical cue; geometry dictates that several candidate cues will co-vary in any natural scene (e.g., edge rate and flow rate). The experimental isolation of an optical cue often results in visual scenes which are quite unnatural, creating the possibility that strategies used in the experimental setting will not generalize to operational settings. Also, much of the laboratory work has focused on demonstrating people's sensitivity to optical variables, utilizing passive verbal judgments rather than active control paradigms. Whereas the demonstration of sensitivity to an optical cue is a logically necessary step, such a demonstration is not sufficient to verify its utility in an active control task. Further, there is the need for an adequate description of the task demands, allowing a proper mapping between what the controller is trying to achieve and the information available to accomplish the task; no single cue (or set of cues) will be appropriate for all vehicular control tasks. Finally, given the robust and opportunistic nature of the human perceptual system, it is possible that the visual cues used for vehicle control will vary from individual to individual, or even within an individual depending on which cues are available and salient in the control environment. The participants in this panel are well versed in the challenges of studying visually based vehicular control. Their presentations will reflect the lessons learned in this field, as well as insights regarding how current and future research can better realize the promise of this domain.”
© All rights reserved Kaiser et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Flach, John M. and Bennett, Kevin B. (1992): Graphical Interfaces to Complex Systems: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 470-474.
“There seems to be a clear consensus that graphical interfaces provide an opportunity to integrate data from complex process in a way that can greatly enhance the problem solving ability of human operators in the future. However, this consensus is masked by a proliferation of terms to express this position in the basic and applied research literatures (e.g., "integrality," "configurality," "proximity-compatibility," "visual momentum," "direct manipulation," and "ecological interface"). While the subtle nuances that distinguish among these terms are of academic interest, designers have greater concern for the general principles that might be gleaned from across the subtle distinctions. Base on a thorough review of the basic and applied literature (Bennett&Flach, In press), we argue that there is one basic characteristic of graphical representations that is critical for supporting problem solving. A good graphical display is one whose geometric (space/time) constraints reflect the functional constraints in the process being represented. In this presentation, we will demonstrate what we mean by a "functional constraint" in a process and a "geometric constraint" in a display. We will demonstrate alternative mappings from "functional constraints" to "geometric constraints." We will also discuss the implications of these mappings for the type of processing (cognitive versus perceptual) required of the human operator.”
© All rights reserved Flach and Bennett and/or Human Factors Society
Moroney, William F., Flach, John M., Weller, Martha, Wickens, Christopher D., Moroney, Brian W. and Smolensky, Mark W. (1991): Use of Microcomputers in Teaching Human Factors in Aviation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 513-514.
Flach, John M. (1991): Manual Control Laboratory. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 515-517.
Hettinger, Lawrence J., Andersen, G. John, Bennett, C. Thomas, Flach, John M., Johnson, Walter W. and Riccio, Gary E. (1989): Visually Guided Control of Self Motion. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1468-1469.
“A workshop entitled "Visually Guided Control of Movement" was held at NASA Ames Research Center on June 26 - July 14, 1989. The workshop brought together individuals with diverse backgrounds related to the areas of the visual perception and control of motion. During the workshop, participants designed and conducted experiments using NASA Ames flight simulation research facilities. These studies contrasted participants' alternative theoretical approaches to the visual control of self motion. Panel members, drawn from the workshop's participants, will discuss their approaches to the study of the control of self motion and will present interpretations of the outcomes of the workshop.”
© All rights reserved Hettinger et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Flach, John M. (1988): Direct Manipulation, Direct Engagement, and Direct Perception: What's Directing What?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 1355-1358.
“The term "direct" has been used quite liberally in recent discussions of human performance and human-machine systems. Shneiderman (1983) discusses "direct manipulation"; Hutchins, Hollan and Norman (1986) discuss "direct engagement"; and Gibson (1979) "discusses" "direct perception". This paper will compare these different uses of the term "direct" and will examine the implications for interface design.”
© All rights reserved Flach and/or Human Factors Society
Flach, John M. and Grunzke, Paul M. (1987): Automatic Processing through the Back Door. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 1054-1056.
“This study examined performance in a consistent mapping visual search task in which subjects were required to make discriminations within the disjoint, target, and distractor sets as well as between the sets. The within set discrimination was variably mapped across blocks of trials. The results show strong practice effects consistent with the development of automatic processes.”
© All rights reserved Flach and Grunzke and/or Human Factors Society
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