John Bowers
Has also published under the name of:
"John M. Bowers" and "J. Bowers"
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Publications by John Bowers (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Gaver, William, Bowers, John, Kerridge, Tobie, Boucher, Andy and Jarvis, Nadine (2009): Anatomy of a failure: how we knew when our design went wrong, and what we learned from it. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 2213-2222. Available online
“In this paper, we describe the failure of a novel sensor-based system intended to evoke user interpretation and appropriation in domestic settings. We contrast participants' interactions in this case study with those observed during more successful deployments to identify 'symptoms of failure' under four themes: engagement, reference, accommodation, and surprise and insight. These themes provide a set of sensitivities or orientations that may complement traditional task-based approaches to evaluation as well as the more open-ended ones we describe here. Our system showed symptoms of failure under each of these themes. We examine the reasons for this at three levels: problems particular to the specific design hypothesis; problems relevant for input-output mapping more generally; and problems in the design process we used. We conclude by noting that, although interpretive systems such as the one we describe here may succeed in a myriad of different ways, it is reassuring to know that they can also fail, and fail incontrovertibly, yet instructively.”
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» 2008 «
Gaver, William W., Boucher, Andy, Law, Andy, Pennington, Sarah, Bowers, John, Beaver, Jacob, Humble, Jan, Kerridge, Tobie, Villar, Nicholas and Wilkie, Alex (2008): Threshold devices: looking out from the home. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 1429-1438. Available online
“Threshold devices present information gathered from the home's surroundings to give new views on the domestic situation. We built two prototypes of different threshold devices and studied them in field trials with participant households. The Local Barometer displays online text and images related to the home's locality depending on the local wind conditions to give an impression of the sociocultural surroundings. The Plane Tracker tracks aircraft passing overhead and imagines their flights onscreen to resource an understanding of the home's global links. Our studies indicated that the experiences they provided were compelling, that participants could and did interpret the devices in various ways, that their form designs were appropriate for domestic environments, that using ready-made information contributed to the richness of the experiences, and that situating the information they provided with respect to the home and its locality was important for the ways people engaged with them.”
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Colombino, Tommaso, Grasso, Antonietta, Martin, David, O'Neill, Jacki and Bowers, John (2008): Aesthetics, Digital Technology and Collaboration. In: Proceedings of the HCI08 Conference on People and Computers XXII 2008. pp. 199-200. Available online
“The workshop examines aesthetics-in-action through naturalistic studies focusing on the role of technology in artistic composition-production, performance, consumption, aimed at creating a body of knowledge to inform innovative technology design.”
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» 2007 «
Gaver, William W., Sengers, Phoebe, Kerridge, Tobie, Kaye, Joseph and Bowers, John (2007): Enhancing ubiquitous computing with user interpretation: field testing the home health horoscope. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 537-546. Available online
“Domestic ubiquitous computing systems often rely on inferences about activities in the home, but the open-ended, dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the home poses serious problems for such systems. In this paper, we propose that by shifting the responsibility for interpretation from the system to the user, we can build systems that interact with people at humanly meaningful levels, preserve privacy, and encourage engagement with suggested topics. We describe a system that embodies this hypothesis, using sensors and inferencing software to assess 'domestic wellbeing' and presenting the results to inhabitants through an output chosen for its ambiguity. In a three-month field study of the system, customised for a particular volunteer household, users engaged extensively with the system, discussing and challenging its outputs and responding to the particular topics it raised.”
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Gaver, William W., Bowers, John, Boucher, Andrew, Law, Andy, Pennington, Sarah and Walker, Brendan (2007): Electronic Furniture for the Curious Home: Assessing Ludic Designs in the Field. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 22 (1) pp. 119-152
“This article describes field trials of 3 electronic furniture prototypes designed to encourage ludic engagement in the home. The Drift Table shows slowly scrolling aerial photography controlled by the weight of the objects on its surface. The History Tablecloth creates slowly growing "halos" around things left on it. The Key Table measures the force with which people put things on it and tilts a picture frame to indicate their mood. The pieces were loaned to different households for periods of 1 to 3 months. Because they were designed for user appropriation, a hypothesis-testing paradigm is inappropriate for evaluating their success. The focus instead was on gathering rich, multilayered accounts of people's experience through ethnographic observations and documentary videos. The results helped assess the particular designs, draw lessons for ludic design more generally, and reflect on field methods for evaluating open-ended designs.”
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Liu, Xiuwen, Bowers, John and Mio, Washington (2007): Parametrization, alignment and shape of spherical surfaces. In: Ranchordas, Alpesh, Araújo, Helder and Vitrià, Jordi (eds.) VISAPP 2007 - Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications - Volume 1 March 8-11, 2007, Barcelona, Spain. pp. 199-206.
» 2006 «
Gaver, William W., Bowers, John, Boucher, Andy, Law, Andy, Pennington, Sarah and Villar, Nicholas (2006): The history tablecloth: illuminating domestic activity. In: Proceedings of DIS06: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 2006. pp. 199-208. Available online
“The History Tablecloth is a flexible substrate screen-printed with electroluminescent material forming a grid of lace-like elements. When objects are left on the table, cells beneath them light to form a halo that grows over a period of hours, highlighting the flow of objects in the home. The Tablecloth explores an approach to design that emphasises engaging, open-ended situations over defined utilitarian purposes. Long-term deployment of the History Tablecloth in a volunteer household revealed complex ways that people experienced and interacted with the Tablecloth. Beyond evoking reflection on the flow of objects over a particular table, the Tablecloth served as a ground for interpretative reflection about technology, an asset for social interaction, and an aesthetic object. Even behaviours we saw as system errors were interpreted by the users as interactively rich. Their experience highlights the subtlety of domestic ubiquitous computing, illustrating alternatives to traditional views of technology's domestic role.”
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» 2005 «
Bannon, Liam J., Benford, Steve, Bowers, John and Heath, Christian (2005): Hybrid design creates innovative museum experiences. In Communications of the ACM, 48 (3) pp. 62-65
» 2004 «
Winberg, Fredrik and Bowers, John (2004): Assembling the senses: towards the design of cooperative interfaces for visually impaired users. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW04 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2004. pp. 332-341. Available online
“The needs of blind and visually impaired users are seriously under-investigated in CSCW. We review work on assistive interfaces especially concerning how collaboration between sighted and blind users across different modalities might be supported. To examine commonly expressed design principles, we present a study where blind and sighted persons play a game to which the former has an auditory interface, the latter a visual one. Interaction analyses are presented highlighting features of interface design, talk and gesture which are important to the participants' abilities to collaborate. Informed by these analyses, we reconsider design principles for cooperative interfaces for the blind.”
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Benford, Steve, Seager, Will, Flintham, Martin, Anastasi, Rob, Rowland, Duncan, Humble, Jan, Stanton, Danae, Bowers, John, Tandavanitj, Nick, Adams, Matt, Row-Farr, Ju, Oldroyd, Amanda and Sutton, Jon (2004): The Error of Our Ways: The Experience of Self-Reported Position in a Location-Based Game. In: Davies, Nigel, Mynatt, Elizabeth D. and Siio, Itiro (eds.) UbiComp 2004 Ubiquitous Computing 6th International Conference September 7-10, 2004, Nottingham, UK. pp. 70-87. Available online
» 2003 «
Fraser, Mike, Stanton, Danae, Ng, K. H., Benford, Steve, Malley, C. O., Bowers, John, Taxen, G., Ferris, K. and Hindmarsh, Jon (2003): Assembling history: Achieving coherent experiences with diverse technologies. In: Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2003. pp. 179-198.
» 2001 «
Craven, Mike, Taylor, Ian, Drozd, Adam, Purbrick, Jim, Greenhalgh, Chris, Benford, Steve, Fraser, Mike, Bowers, John and Hoch, Michael (2001): Exploiting Interactivity, Influence, Space and Time to Explore Non-Linear Drama in Virtual Worlds. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 30-37. Available online
“We present four contrasting interfaces to allow multiple viewers to explore 3D recordings of dramas in on-line virtual worlds. The first is an on-line promenade performance to an audience of avatars. The second is a form of immersive cinema, with multiple simultaneous viewpoints. The third is a tabletop projection surface that allows viewers to select detailed views from a bird's-eye overview. The fourth is a linear television broadcast created by a director or editor. A comparison of these examples shows how a viewing audience can exploit four general resources - interactivity, influence, space, and time - to make sense of complex, non-linear virtual drama. These resources provide interaction designers with a general framework for defining the relationship between the audience and the 3D content.”
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Bowers, John (2001): Crossing the line: a field study of inhabited television. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 20 (2) pp. 127-140
“This paper reports on an ethnographic field study of 'Out Of This World' (OOTW, Benford et al. 1999) an experiment in 'inhabited television' combining broadcast technologies with a collaborative virtual environment in a live show. The study focuses on the work of producing OOTW and how personnel managed the manifold contingencies of working with complex technology. The use of a specially developed virtual camera control application is discussed together with the methods the director used for live editing views from cameras into a 'broadcast from virtual reality'. The challenges faced by the multiple professions involved (TV personnel, research scientists, actors) are documented and the viability of inhabited TV as a 'new medium' is assessed. Future technological refinements are briefly discussed along with some general implications for CSCW and 'media studies' of the work reported.”
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Drozd, Adam, Bowers, John, Benford, Steve, Greenhalgh, Chris and Fraser, Mike (2001): Collaboratively improvising magic: An approach to managing participation in an on-line drama. In: Ecscw 2001 - Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 16-20 September, 2001, Bonn, Germany. pp. 159-178.
Groth, K. and Bowers, John (2001): On finding things out: Situating organisational knowledge in CSCW. In: Ecscw 2001 - Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 16-20 September, 2001, Bonn, Germany. pp. 279-298.
Benford, Steve, Bowers, John, Chandler, Paul, Ciolfi, Luigina, Flintham, Martin, Fraser, Mike, Greenhalgh, Chris, Hall, Tony, Hellström, Sten-Olof, Izadi, Shahram, Rodden, Tom, Schnädelbach, Holger and Taylor, Ian (2001): Unearthing Virtual History: Using Diverse Interfaces to Reveal Hidden Virtual Worlds. In: Abowd, Gregory D., Brumitt, Barry and Shafer, Steven A. (eds.) Ubicomp 2001 Ubiquitous Computing - Third International Conference September 30 - October 2, 2001, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. pp. 225-231. Available online
» 2000 «
Bowers, John and Martin, David (2000): Machinery in the New Factories: Interaction and Technology in a Bank's Telephone Call Centre. In: Kellogg, Wendy A. and Whittaker, Steve (eds.) Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work 2000, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. pp. 49-58. Available online
“This paper presents analyses of calls to a bank's telephone call centre documenting the way calls are opened, closed, and how financial services are actioned. Throughout, how the social interaction between caller and operator is interleaved with the human-computer interaction between operator and the bank's accounts database is attended to. We show participants varying in their orientation to each other and to providing and receiving database information, and how these matters are influenced by the recent introduction of more active, intelligent technology. Implications for design of interactive technology in such settings and for the study of organisations in CSCW are offered.”
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» 1999 «
Benford, Steve, Greenhalgh, Chris, Craven, Mike, Walker, Graham, Regan, Tim, Morphett, Jason, Wyver, John and Bowers, John (1999): Broadcasting on-line social interaction as inhabited television. In: Bødker, Susanne, Kyng, Morten and Schmidt, Kjeld (eds.) ECSCW 99 - Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 12-16 September, 1999, Copenhagen, Denmark. p. 179.
Bowers, John and Martin, David (1999): Informing collaborative information visualisation through an ethnography of ambulance control. In: Bødker, Susanne, Kyng, Morten and Schmidt, Kjeld (eds.) ECSCW 99 - Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 12-16 September, 1999, Copenhagen, Denmark. p. 311.
Viller, Stephen, Bowers, John and Rodden, Tom (1999): Human Factors in Requirements Engineering: A Survey of Human Sciences Literature Relevant to the Improvement of Dependable Systems Development Processes. In Interacting with Computers, 11 (6) pp. 665-698
“Requirements engineering (RE) is an inherently social process, involving the contribution of individuals working in an organizational context. Further, failures in the RE process will potentially lead to systematic failures in the products that are produced as a result. Consequently, the RE process for dependable systems development should itself be considered as a dependable process, and therefore subject to greater scrutiny for vulnerabilities to error. Research on human error has typically focused on the work of individual actors from a cognitive perspective. This paper presents a survey which broadens the view on what contributes to human error by also examining work from the social and organizational literature. This review was conducted to inform efforts to improve the systems development process for dependable systems, and in particular their requirements engineering process.”
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» 1997 «
Sandor, Ovidiu, Bogdan, Christian and Bowers, John (1997): Aether: An Awareness Engine for CSCW. In: Hughes, John F., Prinz, Wolfgang and Schmidt, Kjeld (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 7-11 September, 1997, Lancaster, UK. pp. 221-236.
Martin, David, Bowers, John and Wastell, David (1997): The Interactional Affordances of Technology: An Ethnography of Human-Computer Interaction in an Ambulance Control Centre. In: Thimbleby, Harold, O'Conaill, Brid and Thomas, Peter J. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers XII August, 1997, Bristol, England, UK. pp. 263-281.
“This paper reports an ethnography of ambulance dispatch work in a large UK metropolitan region. The interplay between control centre ecology, usage of a computerised dispatch system, and cooperative work of control personnel is analysed. The methods by which a 'working division of labour' is sustained to effectively manage dispatch in the face of high workload and manifold contingency are explicated, and contrasted with methods employed by workers in other control room settings known from the literature. The implications of the study for system improvement and for several emphases in HCI research (including discussions of 'affordances') are explored.”
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» 1996 «
Bowers, John, Pycock, James and O'Brien, Jon (1996): Talk and Embodiment in Collaborative Virtual Environments. In: Tauber, Michael J., Bellotti, Victoria, Jeffries, Robin, Mackinlay, Jock D. and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 96 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 14-18, 1996, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 58-65. Available online
“This paper presents some qualitative, interpretative analyses of social interaction in an internationally distributed, real-time, multi-party meeting held within a collaborative virtual environment (CVE). The analyses reveal some systematic problems with turn taking and participation in such environments. We also examine how the simple polygonal shapes by means of which users were represented and embodied in the environment are deployed in social interaction. Strikingly, some familiar coordinations of body movement are observed even though such embodiments are very minimal shapes. The paper concludes with some suggestions for technical development, derived from the empirical analyses, which might enhance interactivity in virtual worlds for collaboration and cooperative work.”
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Pycock, James and Bowers, John (1996): Getting Others to Get It Right: An Ethnography of Design Work in the Fashion Industry. In: Olson, Gary M., Olson, Judith S. and Ackerman, Mark S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work November 16 - 20, 1996, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. pp. 219-228. Available online
“This paper reports an ethnographic study of design work in the fashion industry. Contrary to many images of fashion design, in this setting, it is essentially tied to organizational and inter-organizational coordination, and the demands of manufacture and supply chain management. Relatively little design work involves artistic drawing, much requires retrieval from databases, data analysis, information gathering and matters which members themselves call 'technological'. Experiences collaborating with developers and the relevance of advanced 3D design tools and Virtual Reality for CSCW are considered on the basis of these findings and in the light of debates over ethnography in system development.”
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Bowers, John, O'Brien, Jon and Pycock, James (1996): Practically Accomplishing Immersion: Cooperation In and For Virtual Environments. In: Olson, Gary M., Olson, Judith S. and Ackerman, Mark S. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work November 16 - 20, 1996, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. pp. 380-389. Available online
“Collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) employ virtual reality technology to support cooperative work. Building on ethnographic and interaction analyses of CVEs in use, we argue that many and varied activities are required to set up, maintain and troubleshoot CVEs. These activities cross-over between virtual worlds and the real, physical environments which meeting participants inhabit. Thus, an understanding of CVEs must attend to the relations between cooperation within a CVE and for it to be established as an arena for intelligible social action. These findings suggest a social scientifically informed respecification of what it is to be 'immersed' in a CVE.”
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» 1995 «
Benford, Steve, Bowers, John, Fahlen, Lennart E., Greenhalgh, Chris and Snowdon, David N. (1995): User Embodiment in Collaborative Virtual Environments. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 242-249. Available online
“This paper explores the issue of user embodiment within collaborative virtual environments. By user embodiment we mean the provision of users with appropriate body images so as to represent them to others and also to themselves. By collaborative virtual environments we mean multi-user virtual reality systems which explicitly support co-operative work (although we argue that the results of our exploration may also be applied to other kinds of collaborative system). The main part of the paper identifies a list of embodiment design issues including: presence, location, identity, activity, availability, history of activity, viewpoint, actionpoint, gesture, facial expression, voluntary versus involuntary expression, degree of presence, reflecting capabilities, physical properties, active bodies, time and change, manipulating your view of others, representation across multiple media, autonomous and distributed body parts, truthfulness and efficiency. Following this, we show how these issues are reflected in our own DIVE and MASSIVE prototype systems and also show how they can be used to analyse several other existing collaborative systems.”
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Bowers, John, Button, Graham and Sharrock, Wes (1995): Workflow from Within and Without: Technology and Cooperative Work on the Print Industry Shopfloor. In: Marmolin, Hans, Sundblad, Yngve and Schmidt, Kjeld (eds.) ECSCW 95 - Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 11-15 September, 1995, Stockholm, Sweden. pp. 51-66.
“This paper reports fieldwork from an organization in the print industry, examining a workflow system introduced to the shopfloor. We detail the indigenous methods by which members order their work, contrast this with the order provided by the system, and describe how members have attempted to accommodate the two. Although it disrupted shopfloor work, the system's use was a contractural requirement on the organization to make its services accountable. This suggests workflow systems can often be seen as technologies for organizational ordering and accountability. We conclude that CSCW requirements should acknowledge such exigencies and the organizational status of workflow technologies.”
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Benford, Steve, Bowers, John, Fahlen, Lennart E., Greenhalgh, Chris, Mariani, John A. and Rodden, Tom (1995): Networked Virtual Reality and Cooperative Work. In Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 4 (4) pp. 364-386
Bowers, John (1995): Making It Work: A Field Study of a "CSCW Network. In The Information Society, 11 (3)
» 1994 «
Bowers, John and Pycock, James (1994): Talking Through Design: Requirements and Resistance in Cooperative Prototyping. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 299-305. Available online
“Some analyses are presented of talk between designers and a potential user in a participatory design session where a prototype application was worked with to determine future requirements. We explore the ways in which design suggestions are formulated and argued for, and how requirements emerge as a negotiated product of interaction. On this basis, we re-examine user participation in design and the relationship between prototyping and user requirements. We conclude by offering a notion (gradients of resistance in design space) to help understanding the interplay of the social and the technical in design.”
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Bowers, John (1994): The Work to Make a Network Work: Studying CSCW in Action. In: Smith, John B., Smith, F. Don and Malone, Thomas W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work October 22 - 26, 1994, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. pp. 287-298. Available online
“This paper reports on a field study of the procurement, implementation and use of a local area network devoted to running CSCW-related applications in an organization within the U.K.'s central government. In this particular case, the network ran into a number of difficulties, was resisted by its potential users for a variety of reasons, was faced with being withdrawn from service on a number of occasions and (at the time of writing) remains only partly used. The study points to the kinds of problems that a project to introduce computer support for cooperative work to an actual organization is likely to face and a series of concepts are offered to help manage the complexity of these problems. In so doing, this paper adds to and extends previous studies of CSCW tools in action but also argues that experience from the field should be used to re-organise the research agenda of CSCW.”
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» 1993 «
Bowers, John and Rodden, Tom (1993): Exploding the Interface: Experiences of a CSCW Network. In: Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 255-262. Available online
“The development of human computer interaction has been dominated by the interface both as a design concept and as an artifact of computer systems. However, recently researchers have been re-examining the role of the interface in the user's interaction with the computer. This paper further examines the notion of the interface in light of the experiences of the authors in establishing a network to support cooperative work. The authors argue that the concept of the single interface which provides a focus for interaction with a computer system is no longer tenable and that richer conceptions of the inter-relationships between users and computer systems are needed.”
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» 1989 «
Hennessy, P. A., Benford, Steve and Bowers, John (1989): Modelling group communication structures: Analysing four European projects. In: EC-CSCW 89 - Proceedings of the First European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 13-15 September, 1989, Gatwick, London. pp. 406-420.
“This paper was first published in the Singapore International Conference on Networks '89, pages 56-61. It describes the COSMOS, AMIGO MHS+, AMIGO Advanced, and MacAll II models of group communication, and compares them from four key perspectives. The need for an integrated approach to modelling group working is stated, and features that should be included in any model are identified.”
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» 1988 «
Bowers, John and Churcher, John (1988): Local and Global Structuring of Computer Mediated Communication: Developing Linguistic Perspectives on CSCW in COSMOS. In: Greif, Irene (ed.) Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work September 26 - 28, 1988, Portland, Oregon, United States. pp. 125-139.
“This paper is concerned with the development of a language/action perspective in the Cosmos project. We emphasise the importance of seeing cooperative work in terms of participants' communicative actions. In contrast to some explorations of speech act theory, we argue that communicative actions should be seen as essentially embedded in dialogical contexts. In particular, we attempt to show the relevance of concepts derived from the analysis of actually occurring conversations, for computer mediated communication in general and cooperative work in particular. We distinguish between local and global structuring of communication and argue that many group working situations combine both sorts. These observations have influenced our work in the Cosmos project on the design of a structure definition language (SDL) by means of which users can configure their computer mediated communication environment. We describe SDL and show how its interpretation is influenced by our conversation analytic approach. We illustrate our arguments with an example of cooperative document preparation.”
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» 1986 «
Hitch, G. J., Sutcliffe, Alistair, Bowers, John and Eccles, Lucy M. (1986): Empirical Evaluation of Map Interfaces: A Preliminary Study. In: Harrison, Michael D. and Monk, Andrew (eds.) Proceedings of the Second Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers II August 23-26, 1986, University of York, UK. pp. 565-585.
“The use of spatial maps as human computer interfaces has been described by Sutcliffe (1985) who demonstrated, using the keystroke model of human performance (Card, Moran and Newell, 1980), that maps should have an operational advantage over menus. This paper reports an empirical evaluation of the use of menu and map interfaces to retrieve information from a hierarchically organized geographical database. Two task variables were manipulated; amount of practice and the provision of retrieval cues in the search query. The importance of the compatibility between the physical layout of the map and the organization of the user's knowledge was investigated by comparing performance with a "geographical" and a "random" map Search was slower and more error prone with a menu interface at all stages of practice, the advantage to map interfaces being greatest when there were no retrieval cues to assist search. The geographical map was no more efficient than the random one when users were totally naive; however, it became the more efficient of the two as a result of practice. These findings are discussed in relation to limitations on the practical utility of the keystroke model in predictive evaluation, and in terms of the ease and flexibility of user search processes guided by map interfaces.”
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Mar 18th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
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