Gilbert CocktonMA (Cantab) PGCE PhD CITP FBCS FRSA
Has also published under the name of:
"G. Cockton"
Current place of employment:
Northumbria UniversityProfessor, School of Design, NESTA Fellow 2005-08 (Worth-Centred Design)
Publications by Gilbert Cockton (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Cockton, Gilbert (2009): Getting there: six meta-principles and interaction design. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 2223-2232. Available online
“Principled knowledge is a mark of any established disciplinary practice. Its derivation and validation of varies across disciplines, but HCI has tended towards posthoc ('a posteriori') syntheses. We present an alternative a priori approach that is relatively compact and open to inspection. We use John Heskett's position on the origins of design outcomes to derive six metaprinciples for all design processes: receptiveness, expressivity, committedness, credibility, inclusiveness and improvability. Although very abstract, these meta-principles generate critical insights into existing HCI approaches, identifying gaps in suitability and coverage. Practical value is increased by progressive instantiation of meta-principles to create first craft-specific, and ultimately project-specific, Interaction Design principles. A worth-centred approach is adopted to illustrate progressive instantiation towards a framework of adapted and novel HCI approaches. The internal coherence of the six metaprinciples is shown to provide direct effective support for synergistic progressive instantiation.”
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Gnanayutham, Paul and Cockton, Gilbert (2009): Adaptive personalisation for researcher-independent brain body interface usage. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 3003-3018. Available online
“In this case study, we report what we believe to be the first prolonged in-situ use of a brain-body interface for rehabilitation of individuals with severe neurological impairment due to traumatic brain injury with no development researchers present. We attribute this success to the development of an adaptive cursor acceleration algorithm based on screen tiling, which we combined with an adaptable user interface to achieve inclusive design through personalisation for each individual. A successful evaluation of this approach encouraged us to leave our Brain-Body Interface in the care settings of our evaluation participants with traumatic brain injury, where it was used with support from health care professionals and other members of participants' care circles.”
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» 2008 «
Cockton, Gilbert (2008): Revisiting usability's three key principles. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 2473-2484. Available online
“The foundations of much HCI research and practice were elaborated over 20 years ago as three key principles by Gould and Lewis [7]: early focus on users and tasks; empirical measurement; and iterative design. Close reading of this seminal paper and subsequent versions indicates that these principles evolved, and that success in establishing them within software development involved a heady mix of power and destiny. As HCI's fourth decade approaches, we re-examine the origins and status of Gould and Lewis' principles, and argue that is time to move on, not least because the role of the principles in reported case studies is unconvincing. Few, if any, examples of successful application of the first or second principles are offered, and examples of the third tell us little about the nature of successful iteration. More credible, better grounded and more appropriate principles are needed. We need not so much to start again, but to start for the first time, and argue from first principles for apt principles for designing.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (2008): Sketch worth, catch dreams, be fruity. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 2579-2582. Available online
“This Design Theatre uses method acting: we act out a method. It is didactic theatre: we must sketch designing, not just designs. We act out a sketching process to make maps that we can later act on.”
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Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert, Churchill, Elizabeth F., Kujala, Sari, Henderson, Austin and Hammontree, Monty (2008): Values, value and worth: their relationship to HCI?. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3933-3936. Available online
“This workshop explores the territory of 'value-centered HCI' with the intention of freeing us from the tricky complexity of this topic and the multiple meanings of the words 'value' and 'values'.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (2008): Designing worth -- connecting preferred means to desired ends. In Interactions, 15 (4) pp. 54-57
Cockton, Gilbert (2008): Working spheres or engagements: Implications for designing?. In Interacting with Computers, 20 (2) pp. 279-286
“At the CHI 2006 conference, one of the most talked about papers was Implications for Design [Dourish, P., 2006. Implications for design. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 541-550], which discussed how ethnographic contributions to HCI should be evaluated. It provided a timely context for considering González [González, V., 2006. The Nature of Managing Multiple Activities in the Workplace. Doctoral dissertation in Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine] doctoral dissertation on working spheres or engagements. This commentary thus gives equal attention to both, since Dourish's position is critical to giving González's a "fair hearing" as an ethnographic contribution for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). However, to fully explore the implications for designing of working spheres/engagements, we must also adopt an understanding of contemporary design processes which is far richer than design teams being given insights, ideas and recommendations from ethnographers, usability evaluators and other 'independent' experts. The primary goal in these processes is to understand user value, business value, and value for non-commercial sponsors. Understanding activities is a secondary concern.”
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Monahan, Kelly, Lahteenmaki, Mia, Mcdonald, Sharon and Cockton, Gilbert (2008): An Investigation into the use of Field Methods in the Design and Evaluation of Interactive Systems. In: Proceedings of the HCI08 Conference on People and Computers XXII 2008. pp. 99-108. Available online
“This paper reports the results of an international web-based survey on the use of field studies in the design and evaluation of interactive systems, which was conducted between December 2006 and February 2007. The results suggest that the advantages and disadvantages of field methods are generally well understood, but guidance is needed in their application and use. Field studies were most frequently used for understanding context, and respondents preferred a more varied approach to method use rather than following a defined methodology such as Contextual Design. Observations were rated as the most effective technique overall, although interviews appeared to be more frequently used. Significant areas of further improvement for field methods were identified as improvements in data collection/analysis tools and improvements in adaptability of methods.”
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» 2007 «
Cockton, Gilbert, Lavery, Darryn and Woolrych, Alan (2007): Inspection-Based Evaluations. In: Sears, Andrew and Jacko, Julie A. "The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications (2nd Edition)". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates pp. 1171-1190
Law, Effie Lai-Chong, Hvannberg, Ebba Thora and Cockton, Gilbert (2007): Maturing Usability: Quality in Software, Interaction and Value. London, UK, Springer
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Qirem, Fouad, Cockton, Gilbert and Loufti, Mohamed (2007): Cultural Differences in Severity and Impact of User Frustration. In: Evers, Vanessa, Sturm, Christian, Rocha, Mario Alberto Moreno, Martínez, Edgar Cambranes and Mandl, Thomas (eds.) Designing for Global Markets 8 - IWIPS 2007 - Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Internationalisation of Products and Systems 28-30 June, 2007, Merida, Mexico. pp. 9-18.
» 2006 «
Cockton, Gilbert (2006): Designing worth is worth designing. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2006. pp. 165-174. Available online
“Value is a unifying concept for design. The intended value of digital artefacts provides a focus for field research, design and evaluation, as well as common ground with project sponsors, future users, and other stakeholders. The challenge lies in operationalising value to create a well-defined, well-understood and manageable development process. This requires a clear definition and strong understanding of the nature of value as a human motivator. It further requires this understanding to be transformed into methods and techniques within a development framework that supports a focus on value from the initial identification of product opportunities to the installation and operation of digital products and services. This paper revisits the logic and evolution of value-centred design, and then renames it to the near synonym of worth-centred to avoid confusion (especially 'value' vs. 'values') and distracting associations of the word 'value'. It locates worth in arenas of individual and collective discourses which scope different human perspectives on value. Finally, it relates worth to an evolving development framework.”
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Mcdonald, Sharon, Monahan, Kelly and Cockton, Gilbert (2006): Modified contextual design as a field evaluation method. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2006. pp. 437-440. Available online
“Downstream utility is a critical success factor for usability evaluation methods, in terms of the extent to which they can deliver value. In this paper we argue that field methods can significantly improve downstream utility through the added value they provide in terms of the range of usability problems they uncover and the contextual information they yield on user difficulties and their causal explanations. By way of an example we describe our experience of applying an adaptation of Rapid Contextual Design called Rapid Contextual Evaluation in a small scale field evaluation of a course administration system.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (2006): Focus, Fit, and Fervor: Future Factors Beyond Play With the Interplay. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 21 (2) pp. 239-250
“This special issue advances our understanding and exploitation of evaluation methods. It continues to move studies from methods to evaluators and their customers. Thoughtful studies show when and why methods have specific impacts, supporting a focus on ways to better target method use. It is also the case that a focus on how evaluation customers use usability results reveals the fit between methods and customers. However, evaluation and its influence on redesign is not solely a matter of evaluators and designers or developers. Evaluation and redesign are activities within broader system development contexts. Improvements need commitment and support from management. Organizational fervor for user-centered design is key to effective evaluation. Without management support, usability evaluation cannot be well planned, properly conducted, or effectively exploited, leaving usability specialists to just play with the interplay between design and evaluation. This article reviews contributions in this special issue, noting where they address specific factors in the interplay between design and evaluation and identifying factors that require more attention in future research.”
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» 2005 «
Gnanayutham, Paul, Bloor, Chris and Cockton, Gilbert (2005): Discrete acceleration and personalised tiling as brain?body interface paradigms for neurorehabilitation. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 261-270. Available online
“We present two studies that have advanced the design of brain-body interfaces for use in the rehabilitation of individuals with severe neurological impairment due to traumatic brain injury. We first developed and evaluated an adaptive cursor acceleration algorithm based on screen areas. This improved the initial design, but was too inflexible to let users make the most of their highly varied abilities. Only some individuals were well served by this adaptive interface. We therefore developed and evaluated an approach based on personalized tile layouts. The rationales for both designs are presented, along with details of their implementation. Evaluation studies for each are reported, which show that we have extended the user population who can use our interfaces relative to previous studies. We have also extended the usable functionality for some of our user group. We thus claim that personalized tiling with discrete acceleration has allowed us to extend the usable functionality of brain-body interfaces to a wider population with traumatic brain injury, thus creating new options for neurorehabiliation.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (2005): A development framework for value-centred design. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1292-1295. Available online
“HCI's focus has shifted from the system, via the user, to the context of use. All are necessary but not sufficient for effective interactive systems design, which requires a 'fourth' value-centred focus. System-, user- and context-centred HCI must be coordinated within a value?centred framework with four main processes: opportunity identification, design, evaluation and iteration. The latter two are separate, since iteration requires skills and knowledge beyond those typically available to evaluators. Value-centred development adds new activities and artifacts to existing development methodologies. Opportunity identification has the goal of stating the intended value for a digital product or service. Value delivery scenarios refocus design on value in the world, as does value impact analysis for evaluation. The co?ordination of existing and new HCI activities within a value-centred framework is outlined using examples from an ongoing design project.”
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Jones, Susan J. and Cockton, Gilbert (2005): Adding Culture to Context: Extending the Boundaries in Multimedia Design for Senior Management Education. In: ICALT 2005 - Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies 05-08 July, 2005, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. pp. 119-121. Available online
» 2004 «
Cockton, Gilbert (2004): Value-centred HCI. In: Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction October 23-27, 2004, Tampere, Finland. pp. 149-160. Available online
“HCI is misdefined. We need to redefine it. HCI is misfocused. We need to refocus it. HCI has a window of opportunity to recreate itself as a design discipline. It must focus on the intention of gifted design, which is to improve the world by delivering new sources of value. A focus on value creates a paradoxical discipline that fuses subjectivity and objectivity in a single process. HCI must be objectively systematic and reliable in the pursuit of subjective value. Traditional disciplines have delivered truth. The goal of HCI is to deliver value. In my invited presentation, I will outline why we can and must change within HCI, where we are now (and how we got there), what I believe we should change to. I close with a research agenda for value-centred HCI.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (2004): Doing to Be: Multiple Routes to Affective Interaction. In Interacting with Computers, 16 (4) pp. 683-691
Jones, Susan and Cockton, Gilbert (2004): Tightly Coupling Multimedia with Context: Strategies for Exploiting Multi Modal Learning in Complex Management Topics. In: Looi, Chee-Kit, Sutinen, Erkki, Sampson, Demetrios G., Aedo, Ignacio, Uden, Lorna and Kähkönen, Esko (eds.) ICALT 2004 - Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies 30 August - 1 September, 2004, Joensuu, Finland. .
Gnanayutham, Paul, Bloor, Chris and Cockton, Gilbert (2004): Soft Keyboard for the Disabled. In: Klaus, Joachim, Miesenberger, Klaus, Zagler, Wolfgang L. and Burger, Dominique (eds.) ICCHP 2004 - Computers Helping People with Special Needs - 9th International Conference July 7-9, 2004, Paris, France. pp. 999-1002. Available online
» 2003 «
Cockton, Gilbert and Korhonen, Panu (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Cockton, Gilbert, Lavery, Darryn and Woolrych, Alan (2003): Inspection-based evaluations. In: A.Jacko, Julie and Sears, Andrew "The human-computer interaction handbook: fundamentals, evolving technologies and emerging applications". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates pp. 1118-1138
Gnanayutham, P., Bloor, Chris and Cockton, Gilbert (2003): Artificial Intelligence to Enhance a Brain Computer Interface. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 1397-1401.
McEwan, Tom, Macdonald, Nico and Cockton, Gilbert (2003): The British Human-Computer Interaction Group. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 1087.
Cockton, Gilbert, Woolrych, A., Hall, L. and Hindmarch, M. (2003): Changing Analysts' Tunes: The Surprising Impact of a New Instrument for Usability Inspection Method Assessment. In: Proceedings of the HCI03 Conference on People and Computers XVII 2003. pp. 145-162.
» 2002 «
Cockton, Gilbert and Woolrych, Alan (2002): Sale must end: should discount methods be cleared off HCI's shelves?. In Interactions, 9 (5) pp. 13-18
Cockton, Gilbert (2002): From doing to being: bringing emotion into interaction. In Interacting with Computers, 14 (2) pp. 89-92
Doherty, Eamon, Cockton, Gilbert, Bloor, Chris, Rizzo, Joann, Blondina, Bruce and Davis, Bruce (2002): Yes/No or Maybe -- further evaluation of an interface for brain-injured individuals. In Interacting with Computers, 14 (4) pp. 341-358
“Brain-body interfaces (BBIs) have been shown through a number of studies to be useful assistive technology devices for recreation and communication. However, severely motor impaired persons with no other means of interacting with their environment have had difficulties using the standard communication software for the Cyberlink, the commercially available BBI device which we used in our studies. We have therefore developed a simple Yes/No program, drawing on a range of design and evaluation approaches from Human-Computer Interaction research. This paper presents the first extensive evaluation of this program. Its evaluation combines formal assessments with observations from users, carers and technology and mental health professionals who are involved in the research. Our conclusions are that the performance of severely impaired individuals cannot be readily separated from that of novice unimpaired users, that worthwhile results can be achieved with the Yes/No program, but at the moment the cost of using a Cyberlink is too high for most assistive technology contexts. However, for severely impaired individuals, Cyberlink use may be the only form of recreation and communication available to them, and thus the current limitations of the technology are acceptable for this user population.”
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» 2001 «
Doherty, Eamon, Cockton, Gilbert, Bloor, Chris and Benigno, Dennis (2001): Improving the Performance of the Cyberlink Mental Interface with "Yes / No Program. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 69-76. Available online
“We summarise the results of the first studies to investigate the Cyberlink brain body interface as an assistive technology. Three phases of studies and a contextual inquiry were performed with a range of users. A focus group was formed from brain-injured users with locked-in syndrome who have no other method of communication or control of a computer than the Cyberlink. Versions of a Yes/No program were then created to allow communication and have achieved some success with the focus group. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how this program has been improved and what steps need to be taken to create communication programs for persons with severe motor impairment. As a result of our experiences, we have been able to develop a set of design guidelines for brain-body interface operated Yes/No programs. These are presented and justified on the basis of our experiences. We also raise some general issues for assistive technologies of this nature.”
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Cockton, Gilbert and Woolrych, A. (2001): Understanding Inspection Methods: Lessons from an Assessment of Heuristic Evaluation. In: Proceedings of the HCI01 Conference on People and Computers XV 2001. pp. 171-192.
» 2000 «
Doherty, Eamon, Cockton, Gilbert, Bloor, Chris and Benigno, Dennis (2000): Mixing Oil and Water: Transcending Method Boundaries in Assistive Technology for Traumatic Brain Injury. In: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2000. pp. 110-117. Available online
“A prototype assistive technology for traumatic brain injury has been developed using a combination of formative experiments and contextual design. Both approaches have proved to be essential to the development of a simple communication program using a brain-body interface device. We describe the combination of these methods and their separate and joint contributions to the evolution and evaluation of an assistive technology. Our experience suggests that failure to use either research method in assistive technology development would result in critical oversights in design and evaluation.”
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» 1999 «
Cockton, Gilbert and Lavery, Darryn (1999): A Framework for Usability Problem Extraction. In: Angela.Sasse, M. and Johnson, Chris (eds.) Proceedings of Interact 99 1999, Edinburgh. .
Cockton, Gilbert (1999): Workshop on Technical Feasibility: Initial Lessons from an IFIP WG2.7 Virtual University Case Study. In: Chatty, Stephane and Dewan, Prasun (eds.) Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, IFIP TC2/TC13 WG2.7/WG13.4 Seventh Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction September 14-18, 1999, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. pp. 339-350.
» 1997 «
Lavery, Darryn, Cockton, Gilbert and Atklnson, Malcolm P. (1997): Comparison of Evaluation Methods Using Structured Usability Problem Reports. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 16 (4) pp. 246-266
“Recent HCI research has produced analytic evaluation techniques which claim to predict potential usability problems for an interactive system. Validation of these methods has involved matching predicted problems against usability problems found during empirical user testing. This paper shows that the matching of predicted and actual problems requires careful attention, and that current approaches lack rigour or generality. Requirements for more rigorous and general matching procedures are presented. A solution to one key requirement is presented: a new report structure for usability problems. It is designed to improve the quality of matches made between usability problems found during empirical user testing and problems predicted by analytic methods. The use of this report format is placed within its design research context, an ongoing project on domain-specific methods for software visualizations.”
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Lavery, Darryn and Cockton, Gilbert (1997): Representing Predicted and Actual Usability Problems. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Representations in Interactive Software Development 1997, QMW College, London. pp. 97-108.
» 1996 «
Lavery, Darryn and Cockton, Gilbert (1996): Iterative Development of Early Usability Evaluation Methods for Software Visualizations. In: Gray, Wayne D., Boehm-Davis, Deborah A. and Spohrer, James C. (eds.) Empirical Studies of Programmers - Sixth Workshop January 5-7, 1996, 1996, Alexandria, Virginia. pp. 275-276.
Gram, Christian and Cockton, Gilbert (eds.) (1996): Design Principles for Interactive Software. Chapman and Hall
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Cockton, Gilbert (1996): Using the human context in interactive systems development. In: Bass, Leonard J. and Unger, Claus (eds.) Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG2.7 Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction August, 1996, Yellowstone Park, USA. pp. 339-347.
» 1995 «
Cockton, Gilbert, Clarke, Steven and Gray, Philip D. (1995): Theories of Context Influence the System Abstractions Used to Design Interactive Systems. In: Kirby, M. A. R., Dix, Alan J. and Finlay, Janet E. (eds.) Proceedings of the Tenth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers X August, 1995, Huddersfield, UK. pp. 387-405.
“There can be many relationships between theories of context and design choices in interactive systems development. More specifically, a theory of context may bias development towards certain classes of design option. We illustrate this by examining Bodker's activity theory analysis of footnote insertion in Microsoft Word. Bodker's focus on activity and her 'handling' aspects of interaction seems to restrict her design options to dialogue features. We present a different, domain-oriented analysis of footnotes in Microsoft Word that focuses design on options for word processor functionality. The differences need to be understood. A conjecture is posed and elaborated. This conjecture suggests that there are unavoidably biased interactions between contextual information and design spaces. The challenge for designers is to exploit these biases rather than to eliminate them. We propose that this can be achieved within a tool-based development process where context and designs are given explicit comprehensive layered representations; and are explicitly linked via design rationales. Without such representations and links, the use of context will be unsystematic, variable in its effectiveness, concentrated in the early stages of development, lost to the longest life cycle phase of operation and maintenance, and (worst of all) beyond assessment.”
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Sutcliffe, Alistair, Bass, Len, Cockton, Gilbert, Monk, Andrew and Newman, Ian (1995): Methods, Models and Architectures for Graphical User Interface Design. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 27 (4) pp. 46-49
» 1994 «
Cockton, Gilbert, Draper, Steven and Weir, George R. S. (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers IX August 23-26, 1994, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
Cockton, Gilbert (1994): International Perspectives: Multinational or International: Menagerie or Melting Pot?. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 26 (1) pp. 4-6
Carroll, John M., Veer, Gerrit van der, Hammond, Judith H., Schneider-Hufschmidt, Matthias, Risak, Veith A. and Cockton, Gilbert (1994): World-wide CHI: Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom in the Global Zoo. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 26 (4) pp. 4-9
» 1992 «
Patterson, John W. and Cockton, Gilbert (1992): Composing Hierarchically Structured Images. In Comput. Graph. Forum, 11 (3) pp. 311-320
» 1991 «
Cockton, Gilbert (1991): Human Factors and Structured Software Development: The Importance of Software Structure. In: Diaper, Dan and Hammond, Nick (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VI August 20-23, 1991, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 57-72.
“This paper reviews current Software Engineering practice and User Interface Management research on internal software structure. It argues that existing analytical categories in Software Engineering do not expose the structural properties emphasised by recent developments in User Interface Management. New analytical categories are introduced, and it is shown that there are direct connections between these categories and important HCI goals such as flexibility, consistency and task fit. HCI goals are thus relevant to the internal structure of software, and not just to the inputs, methods and techniques of the design and testing stages of software development methodologies.”
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» 1990 «
Diaper, Dan, Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 90 - 3rd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 27-31, 1990, Cambridge, UK.
Cockton, Gilbert (1990): Has Done Better -- The Efforts of the '80s in HCI. In: Diaper, Dan, Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 90 - 3rd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 27-31, 1990, Cambridge, UK. pp. xix-xxvi.
“Readers who begin with this introduction and read systematically through all the papers in order will be taken from psychology and mathematics, via design, prototyping, evaluation, interaction techniques and styles, system construction tools and interactive technologies (with real examples all the way) to specific case studies in knowledge-based systems, computer-supported co-operative work, tutoring systems, hypertext journals, aircraft maintenance systems, software engineering and programming. Even though there are uncovered topics and perspectives in these proceedings, the richness of HCI as an area of study and practice should be apparent.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (1990): Lean Cuisine: No Sauces, No Courses!. In Interacting with Computers, 2 (2) pp. 205-216
“Apperley and Spence's Lean Cuisine is presented as a notation for early menu design, based on idealised definition of a meneme. This presentation is misleading. Rather, Lean Cuisine addresses one part of the design on the intended conceptual model for a system. Lean Cuisine is unnecessarily constrained by the arbitrary narrowing of what a meneme can be. The meneme and menu rationale behind Lean Cuisine is examined, and rejected in favour of an empirical requirements-bases approach. An architectural context is used to re-present the Lean Cuisine technique as an application modelling abstraction.”
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» 1988 «
Cockton, Gilbert (1988): Generative Transition Networks: A New Communication Control Abstraction. In: Jones, Dylan M. and Winder, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers IV August 5-9, 1988, University of Manchester, UK. pp. 509-527.
“The sequences of operations which are possible in the use of an interactive system can be modelled with different formal structures. Human factors and software engineering both set requirements for the design or selection of these formal structures. This paper surveys the requirements for operation sequence specification techniques for User Interface Management Systems, dialogue specification and early evaluation. To date, most formal structures have been selected from control models developed for other aspects of system specification. These selections have failed to satisfy all requirements equally. A new formal structure, the Generative Transition Network is presented which has been designed to satisfy known requirements without bias.”
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» 1987 «
Cockton, Gilbert (1987): Some Critical Remarks on Abstractions for Adaptable Dialogue Managers. In: Carroll, John M. and Tanner, Peter P. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 87 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-9, 1987, Toronto, Canada. pp. 325-343.
“This paper explores the relation between formal abstraction and ease of adaptation for human-computer dialogues. One analysis distinguishes differences in the timing, method and agent of adaptation. A second develops a flexibility heuristic based on formal concepts. These two analyses form the basis of a focussed survey of current abstractions for modelling interaction techniques, display dynamics and within-session adaptation of dialogue sequences. The general requirements for ease of adaptation by both people and computers are used to assess the role of formal methods in achieving a higher standard of adaptability in human-computer dialogues.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (1987): A New Model for Separable Interactive Systems. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jorg and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 87 - 2nd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 1-4, 1987, Stuttgart, Germany. pp. 1033-1038.
“Separating the user interface from the 'rest of the application' is a key goal in interactive systems design. The required separation goes beyond software modularity and entails user interfaces and application functions which are both unconstrained by each other's design features. Yet two components which know nothing of each other cannot communicate without an intermediary. A two component interactive system must compromise on separability. A new three component model is presented. A linkage component passes user interface information to application functions and returns application function results to the user interface. The second component, the user interface can have a truly generic core. Reconfiguration requires no direct knowledge of application functions. The third component, the non-interactive core, provides the application's functionality. Inter-component relationships are explored to identify user interface features which constrain non-interactive core design and vice-versa.”
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Cockton, Gilbert (1987): Some Critical Remarks on Abstractions for Adaptable Dialogue Managers. In: Diaper, Dan and Winder, Russel (eds.) Proceedings of the Third Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers III August 7-11, 1987, University of Exeter, UK. pp. 325-343.
“This paper explores the relation between formal abstraction and ease of adaptation for human-computer dialogues. One analysis distinguishes differences in the timing, method and agent of adaptation. A second develops a flexibility heuristic based on formal concepts. These two analyses form the basis of a focussed survey of current abstractions for modelling interaction techniques, display dynamics and within-session adaptation of dialogue sequences. The general requirements for ease of adaptation by both people and computers are used to assess the role of formal methods in achieving a higher standard of adaptability in human-computer dialogues.”
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» 1986 «
Cockton, Gilbert (1986): Where Do We Draw the Line? -- Derivation and Evaluation of User Interface Software Separation Rules. In: Harrison, Michael D. and Monk, Andrew (eds.) Proceedings of the Second Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers II August 23-26, 1986, University of York, UK. pp. 417-431.
“The potential benefits of separating the user interface from the rest of the application are well known. Dialogue design tools, especially omnicompetent User Interface Management Systems (UIMS), are not viable if separation is impossible. Current characterisations of the separated agents are vague veneers. Some UIMS designers offer no definitions. Sound criticisms of the nature, practicality and possibility of user interface separation are commonplace. A Patterned Transition System (PTS) formalism is presented. It allows rigorous definition of separation as isolation. A decision procedure exists which states whether two subsystems are isolated. This proves separation is possible. However isolated subsystems cannot communicate. Communication must be restored by a further separate unisolated subsystem called a linkage. Properties required for a subsystem to be a linkage for two isolated subsystems are presented. The costs of linking isolated systems is measurable. A linkage also embodies attributes of the relationship between two linked subsystems, ending dilemmas on application dependent dialogue functions.”
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» 1985 «
Cockton, Gilbert (1985): Three Transition Network Dialogue Management Systems. In: Johnson, Peter and Cook, Stephen (eds.) Proceedings of the Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers I August 17-20, 1985, University of East Anglia. pp. 138-147.
“A Dialogue Management System has to be programmed and must therefore be able to construct and sequence actions. The control model adopted must be based on a specified formalism. A minimal Transition Network formalism for dialogue is presented and it is shown that, when examined with reference to this formalism, the three Transition Network Dialogue Management Systems are weakened by unjustified restrictions.”
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Mar 19th, 2010
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24 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Gilbert Cockton's author page.10 Sep 2009: Updated the picture of Gilbert Cockton06 Sep 2009: Page was edited
23 Jul 2009: Author was edited
21 Jul 2009: Author was edited
12 Jul 2009: Author was edited
17 Jun 2009: Author was edited
17 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
03 Jun 2009: Author was edited
03 Jun 2009: Author was edited
03 Jun 2009: Author was edited
01 Jun 2009: Author was edited
26 May 2009: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)
18 May 2009: Page was edited
09 May 2009: Author was edited
09 May 2009: Author was edited
29 Apr 2009: Updated the picture of Gilbert Cockton
22 Aug 2008: Page was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
24 Apr 2008: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)
06 Nov 2007: Author was edited (approved by an editor)
26 Jul 2007: Author was edited
26 Jul 2007: Author was edited
26 Jul 2007: Author was edited
24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
29 Jun 2007: Author was edited
29 Jun 2007: Author was edited
28 Jun 2007: Author was added to the bibliography
27 Jun 2007: Author was edited
27 Jun 2007: Author was edited
24 Jun 2007: Author was edited
24 Jun 2007: Author was edited
24 Jun 2007: Author was edited
22 Jun 2007: Author was edited
22 Jun 2007: Author was edited
22 Jun 2007: Author was edited
22 Jun 2007: Author was edited
19 Jun 2007: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)
17 Jun 2007: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)
17 Jun 2007: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)
28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography
