Gavriel Salvendy
Has also published under the name of:
"G. Salvendy" and "Gabriel Salvendy"
Personal Homepage:
ie.tsinghua.edu.cn/~Salvendy
About the author:
No description available of Gavriel Salvendy...
Publications by Gavriel Salvendy (bibliography)
» 2008 «
Liao, H., Proctor, R. W. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2008): Content preparation for cross-cultural e-commerce: a review and a model. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 27 (1) pp. 43-61
“Content preparation is an important stage in e-commerce website development. It is critical to present appropriate information content to facilitate consumers' decision-making. In the international e-commerce setting, to better serve users from different countries, their different information preferences must be accommodated by taking cultural differences between countries into consideration in content preparation. After examining relevant literature, this paper proposes a conceptual model on content preparation for cross-cultural e-commerce. The model explores cultural effects on information processing of consumers by taking into account both normative effects and psychological effects. Tentative conclusions about cultural differences that need to be accommodated in content preparation are also offered.”
Copyrights may apply
Oldenburger, Kristen, Lehto, Xinran, Feinberg, Richard, Lehto, Mark and Salvendy, Gavriel (2008): Critical purchasing incidents in e-business. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 27 (1) pp. 63-77
“This research utilized the critical incident technique (CIT) to identify factors influencing customer satisfaction and retention of customers participating in e-commerce transactions. Customers were asked in telephone interviews to discuss both particularly satisfying and dissatisfying (or critical) incidents they had experienced when using web sites to conduct transactions. Each customer also provided demographic information, rated their satisfaction with the experience and ecommerce provider, and was asked how often they purchased products from the provider prior to and after the incident. Analysis revealed 662 citations by customers of items contributing to either positive or negative experiences. Exploratory text-mining analysis revealed that the majority of positive items pertained to the transaction”
Copyrights may apply
Park, Taezoon, Shenoy, Rashmi and Salvendy, Gavriel (2008): Effective advertising on mobile phones: a literature review and presentation of results from 53 case studies. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 27 (5) pp. 355-373
“The attempts of using the wireless network as a new advertising media are rapidly increasing. This paper proposes a framework for understanding the characteristics of advertising through mobile phones. The paper discusses the traits of online advertisements and comparison to other advertising media. It also presents the overview of different conceptual models for advertising and suggests a conceptual model for mobile phone advertising. A review is presented on the factors affecting the effect of mobile advertising and three groups of factors are suggested; advertisement; audience; and environment. A total number of 53 case studies is collected and categorised based on product category, business object, target audience and advertisement type. Four observations are made from the case studies in the viewpoint of the three factor framework.”
Copyrights may apply
Jun, Esther, Liao, Huafei, Savoy, April, Zeng, Liang and Salvendy, Gavriel (2008): Norman, D. (2007). The Design of Future Things -- New York: Basic Books. 231 pages, US $27.50 (ISBN: 978-0-465-00227-6). In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24 (5) pp. 520-521
Jeong, K., Jang, S., Chae, J., Cho, G. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2008): Use of Decision Support for Clothing Products on the Web Results in No Difference in Perception of Tactile Sensation Than Actually Touching the Material. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24 (8) pp. 794-808
“The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of decision support through visualization to increase tactile sensations (physical sensations) of clothing products. Gap and Anthropologie e-commerce Web sites were selected, and 160 participants (80 for Gap and 80 for Anthropologie) took part in this study. For each brand, the 80 participants were divided into two groups. One group assessed the material based on the information presented on the current clothing Web site. The other group had additional visual information on the nature of the clothing material. Both groups completed a -6 item questionnaire on their perception of the clothing material. After this, both groups touched the actual clothing material and rated its characteristics. There was no statistical difference in the material perception for the experimental group between using the Web site with decision support and actually touching the material, whereas for the control group there was a significant difference between them.”
Copyrights may apply
» 2007 «
Smith, Michael and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Human Interface, Part I, HCII 2007. Heidelberg, Springer LNCS 4557
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk 
Ling, Chen, Hwang, Wonil and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): A survey of what customers want in a cell phone design. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 26 (2) pp. 149-163
“The cell phone is an information appliance that has been widely used. It provides instant access to information and makes people more 'connected'. The objective of our study is to investigate the relationship among the design features of the cell phone and identify the most important design features and design factors. In our survey study, we asked 1,006 college students using a 7-point Likert scale structured questionnaire to evaluate their preference of the design features and overall satisfaction of their current cell phone. Nine design factors were derived. Ten cell phone design features and five design factors that significantly impact a user's satisfaction were identified. The most important design features are: the physical appearance, size and menu organisation, which together account for 42% of the total variance of a user's overall satisfaction.”
Copyrights may apply
Ling, Chen and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Optimizing Heuristic Evaluation Process in E-Commerce: Use of the Taguchi Method. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 22 (3) pp. 271-287
“The heuristic evaluation method, a commonly used usability evaluation method, suffers from variability in evaluation results (Nielsen, 1993). Taguchi's quality-control method was applied to the heuristic evaluation process, and the robust condition of conducting heuristic evaluation that was insensitive to differences in an evaluator's cognitive styles was derived. Three control factors -- task type, heuristic set, and evaluation mode -- were used in the Taguchi analysis. The noise factor studied was the evaluator's cognitive style. The result of Taguchi analysis showed that if evaluators conducted the evaluations in pairs with the help of e-commerce-specific heuristics, the variability in the result caused by the noise factor was the minimum. The optimized evaluation process produced a 17.6% improvement in evaluation effectiveness over the traditional heuristic evaluation method (Nielsen, 1994) and reduced the variance among the participant's evaluation effectiveness at the same time.”
Copyrights may apply
Liu, Yan and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Design and evaluation of visualization support to facilitate decision trees classification. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65 (2) pp. 95-110
“The loosely coupled relationships between visualization and analytical data mining (DM) techniques represent the majority of the current state of art in visual data mining; DM modeling is typically an automatic process with very limited forms of guidance from users. A conceptual model of the visualization support to DM modeling process and a novel interactive visual decision tree (IVDT) classification process have been proposed in this paper, with the aim of exploring humans' pattern recognition ability and domain knowledge to facilitate the knowledge discovery process. An IVDT for categorical input attributes has been developed and experimented on 20 subjects to test three hypotheses regarding its potential advantages. The experimental results suggested that, compared to the automatic modeling process as typically applied in current decision tree modeling tools, IVDT process can improve the effectiveness of modeling in terms of producing trees with relatively high classification accuracies and small sizes, enhance users' understanding of the algorithm, and give them greater satisfaction with the task.”
Copyrights may apply
Ozok, A. Ant, Oldenburger, Kristen and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Impact of Consistency in Customer Relationship Management on E-Commerce Shopper Preferences. In Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 17 (4) pp. 283-309
“Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in e-commerce is concerned with retaining the existing customers on a long-term basis, motivating them to come back to shop for more and to talk positively to their peers about the products and services provided. Fourteen items have been identified in a developed questionnaire to measure CRM factors in consistency of customer treatment. They are consistencies of: price-quoting, steps to execute a transaction, design of the shopping Web page, site navigation, promotions offered, indication of in-stock products, product variety, alternative product suggestions, fraud protection, presented guarantees involving the product, fairness of the site, help offered, return policies, and personal information. To determine the validity of the items, 100 e-commerce experts from academia were presented the questionnaire and asked to rate the importance of the individual items. The developed tool had a Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency value of 0.81. A multivariate analysis was conducted to cluster the aspects of consistency in CRM. For this purpose, two factors were identified: Technical and Customer Treatment Factors. The individual Cronbach's Alpha values were 0.84 for Treatment Factor and 0.74 for Technical Factor. The analysis indicated that the Technical Factor included the consistencies of shopping steps, site design, and navigation, while the Customer Treatment Factor included the consistencies of promotions, in-stock indication, product variety, fraud protection, presented guarantees, customer fairness, and return policies. Based on the analysis, 10 guidelines for Consistency in CRM were produced. The guidelines can be applied to Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce sites as part of their CRM policy.”
Copyrights may apply
Savoy, A. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Effectiveness of Content Preparation in Information Technology Operations: Synopsis of a Working Paper. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part I July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 624-631. Available online
Hwang, Wonil and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): What Makes Evaluators to Find More Usability Problems?: A Meta-analysis for Individual Detection Rates. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part I July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 499-507. Available online
Cho, G., Jang, S., Chae, J., Jeong, K. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Textile Touch Visualization for Clothing E-Business. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part II July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 1061-1069. Available online
Park, Taezoon, Hwang, Wonil and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): To Effective Multi-modal Design for Ringtones, Ringback Tones and Vibration of Cell Phones. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part II July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 429-437. Available online
Gao, Qin, Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Provide Context-Aware Advertisements with Interactivity. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part IV 2007. pp. 22-31. Available online
Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (eds.) Symposium on Human Interface 2007 - Part I July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China.
Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (eds.) Symposium on Human Interface 2007 - Part II July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China.
Niu, Jianwei, Li, Zhizhong and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Mathematical Methods for Shape Analysis and form Comparison in 3D Anthropometry: A Literature Review. In: Duffy, Vincent G. (ed.) ICDHM 2007 - First International Conference on Digital Human Modeling July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 161-170. Available online
Niu, Jianwei, Li, Zhizhong and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): A Case Study of Multi-resolution Representation of Heads. In: Duffy, Vincent G. (ed.) ICDHM 2007 - First International Conference on Digital Human Modeling July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 171-178. Available online
Xu, Song, Li, Zhizhong and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Function for Three-Dimensional Virtual Auditory Display: A Review. In: Shumaker, Randall (ed.) ICVR 2007 - Virtual Reality - Second International Conference - Part 1 July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 397-407. Available online
Guo, Yinni and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Factor Structure of Content Preparation for E-Business Web Sites: A Survey Results of Industrial Employees in P.R. China. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part I July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 784-795. Available online
Zhang, Ting, Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Developing Instrument for Handset Usability Evaluation: A Survey Study. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part I July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 662-671. Available online
Liu, Yan and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): Interactive Visual Decision Tree Classification. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part II July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 92-105. Available online
Huang, Ding-Long, Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick and Salvendy, Gavriel (2007): A Survey of Factors Influencing People's Perception of Information Security. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part IV 2007. pp. 906-915. Available online
» 2006 «
Hwang, W., Jung, H.-S. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2006): Internationalisation of e-commerce: a comparison of online shopping preferences among Korean, Turkish and US populations. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 25 (1) pp. 3-18
“International e-commerce has been developed as an efficient means of global transaction, and it may be further improved, especially in B2C, if adapted to the conditions of local markets, such as economy, infrastructure and culture. To obtain the insight in the internationalisation of e-commerce, we investigated online shopping preferences in three nations -- the US (well developed in e-commerce), Korea (fast growing with good infrastructure) and Turkey (developing with good potentials). A survey of 205 Korean university students was conducted, and its results were compared with the results of Turkish and US surveys in Lightner et al. (2002). We found significant cross-national differences in online shopping preferences, especially in information accuracy, security and product-price comparison, and discussed those differences in terms of economic, infrastructural and cultural factors. Several practical guidelines were provided for website design in the Korean online market.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel (2006): Editorial. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 20 (1) p. 1
Liu, Yan and Salvendy, Gavriel (2006): Design and Evaluation of Visualization Support to Facilitate Association Rules Modeling. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 21 (1) pp. 15-38
“Association rules mining is a popular data mining modeling tool. It discovers interesting associations or correlation relationships among a large set of data items, showing attribute values that occur frequently together in a given dataset. Despite their great potential benefit, current association rules modeling tools are far from optimal. This article studies how visualization techniques can be applied to facilitate the association rules modeling process, particularly what visualization elements should be incorporated and how they can be displayed. Original designs for visualization of rules, integration of data and rule visualizations, and visualization of rule derivation process for supporting interactive visual association rules modeling are proposed in this research. Experimental results indicated that, compared to an automatic association rules modeling process, the proposed interactive visual association rules modeling can significantly improve the effectiveness of modeling, enhance understanding of the applied algorithm, and bring users greater satisfaction with the task. The proposed integration of data and rule visualizations can significantly facilitate understanding rules compared to their nonintegrated counterpart.”
Copyrights may apply
Ling, Chen, Hwang, Wonil and Salvendy, Gavriel (2006): Diversified users' satisfaction with advanced mobile phone features. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 5 (2) pp. 239-249
“Mobile phones are widely used all over the world, and with their increasing number of value-added features, they are becoming far more than a mere mobile voice communication device. Rather, they provide a powerful platform for accessing information universally. This paper reports a study which scrutinized users' preference levels with five new mobile phone design features facilitating universal information access through mobile phones: camera, colour screen, voice-activated dialling, Internet browsing, and wireless connectivity (e.g. Bluetooth, infrared, etc.). The survey study involved college students and investigated the degree to which each of the above features impacts the users' overall satisfaction and enhances the potential of mobile phones to contribute to different aspects of universal access. Our results show that colour screen, voice-activated dialling, and Internet browsing feature can strongly predict users' satisfaction level, and their preference levels together account for 22.7% of the variance of the users' overall satisfaction. Users' satisfaction levels are significantly different between models with colour screen feature and those without, and models with Internet browsing features and those without. Since mobile phone design needs to accommodate the needs and preferences of diversified user groups, the performed study also investigated the difference in users' preference levels of the five new features for different ethnic groups, and difference in mobile phone owned by different genders. The result indicates that Asian female users in the U.S. market have higher preference level on colour screen feature than Caucasian female users. Significantly higher percentage of male users own phones with camera, Internet browsing, and wireless connectivity features than female users. The empirical study reported in this paper provides a comprehensive picture of how new design features can enhance the mobile phone as a universal access device, and what impact they have brought about. It can also help manufacturers adopt a universal design perspective in view of the differences in preference levels of users with different ethnicity and genders.”
Copyrights may apply
» 2005 «
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2005): Editorial. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 19 (1) p. 1
» 2004 «
Wei, June and Salvendy, Gavriel (2004): The cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design: review and reappraisal. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 23 (4) pp. 273-299
“This paper reviews and reappraises the current research on the cognitive task analysis methodology for job or task design and analysis. Specifically, it classifies the current cognitive task analysis methods for job or task design and analysis, sorts out commonalities and differences among all these cognitive task analysis methodology for job and task design and analysis by conducting pros and cons comparisons, and provides guidelines in selecting cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design and analysis. Moreover, based on the current literature review, a validated human-centered information-processing model for cognitive task performance was developed based on human information processing theory. This new model focuses on identifying all cognitive aspects of human performance in technical work, with the goal of assisting job (re)design to increase human job performance.”
Copyrights may apply
» 2003 «
Ma, Lingfeng and Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): Graphical Web directory for Web search. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 22 (2) pp. 71-77
“This study addresses graphical Web directory, a new way to present hierarchical structure of Web directory. An analysis of the characteristics and problems of current Web directories is presented. The feature graphical Web directory for supporting information processing and decision making in Web directory browsing in Web search is proposed to improve users' performance and satisfaction. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the proposed feature. The results of the experiment indicated that (a) the enhancement of this feature improved users' initial and overall search”
Copyrights may apply
Song, Guangfeng and Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): A framework for reuse of user experience in Web browsing. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 22 (2) pp. 79-90
“This paper examines aspects affecting user behaviours in Web browsing with a discussion of existing models for both the computer and human aspects of Web browsing. Problems in Web information retrieval are analysed and studies related to the reuse of user experience in Web browsing are reviewed. An object-oriented model for user behaviours in Web browsing is proposed in which both the information from the Web and the information retained by users are modelled as objects. Thus, user actions on the Web are described as a graph of objects or transformations from one object to another. A framework for reuse of user experience is provided. The possible methods of reusing Web browsing experience are described for the scenario of reusing by oneself (history mechanism, prediction) or reusing by others (collaborative filtering, instructions).”
Copyrights may apply
Ozok, A. Ant and Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): The effect of language inconsistency on performance and satisfaction in using the Web: results from three experiments. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 22 (3) pp. 155-163
“The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of linguistic inconsistency on performance and satisfaction on the Web. Three experiments were conducted, and the Interface Consistency Testing Questionnaire (Ozok and Salvendy 2001) was used in all three experiments to measure consistency levels. The three experiments using a total of 100 subjects evaluated the effects of direct manipulation, text-based, and hybrid interfaces with linguistic consistency and inconsistency on performance and satisfaction of the Web user. The experimental results indicated that both direct manipulation and text-based interfaces with linguistic consistency reduced performance time and error rates in comparison to inconsistent linguistics interfaces. Specifically in Reading Comprehension Tasks, subjects committed significantly fewer comprehension errors in consistent language interfaces than in inconsistent language interfaces.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): Book Review. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 15 (3) p. 487
Horn, Daniel, Feinberg, R. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): Customer Relationship Management in E-business. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 1213-1217.
Ozok, A. Ant, Salvendy, Gavriel and Oldenburger, K. (2003): How to Treat Your Customers: Guidelines for Consistency in E-Commerce. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 1288-1292.
Fang, Xiaowen and Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): Customer-centered rules for design of e-commerce Web sites. In Communications of the ACM, 46 (12) pp. 332-336
Proctor, Robert W., Vu, Kim-Phuong L., Najjar, Lawrence J., Vaughan, Misha W. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2003): Content preparation and management for e-commerce Web sites. In Communications of the ACM, 46 (12) pp. 289-299
» 2002 «
Fu, Limin, Salvendy, Gavriel and Turley, Lori (2002): Effectiveness of user testing and heuristic evaluation as a function of performance classification. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 (2) pp. 137-143
“For different levels of user performance, different types of information are processed and users will make different types of errors. Based on the error's immediate cause and the information being processed, usability problems can be classified into three categories. They are usability problems associated with skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based levels of performance. In this paper, a user interface for a Web-based software program was evaluated with two usability evaluation methods, user testing and heuristic evaluation. The experiment discovered that the heuristic evaluation with human factor experts is more effective than user testing in identifying usability problems associated with skill-based and rule-based levels of performance. User testing is more effective than heuristic evaluation in finding usability problems associated with the knowledge-based level of performance. The practical application of this research is also discussed in the paper.”
Copyrights may apply
Ji, Yong Gu and Salvendy, Gavriel (2002): Development and validation of user-adaptive navigation and information retrieval tools for an intranet portal organizational memory information system. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 (2) pp. 145-154
“Based on previous research and properties of organizational memory, a conceptual model for navigation and retrieval functions in an Intranet portal organizational memory information system was proposed, and two human-centred features (memory structure map and history-based tool) were developed to support user's navigation and retrieval in a well-known organizational memory. To test two hypotheses concerning the validity of the conceptual model and two human-centred features, an experiment was conducted with 30 subjects. Testing of the two hypotheses indicated the following: (1) the memory structure map's users showed 29% better performance in navigation, and (2) the history-based tool's users outperformed by 34% in identifying information. The results of the study suggest that a conceptual model and two human-centred features could be used in an user-adaptive interface design to improve user's performance in an intranet portal organizational memory information system.”
Copyrights may apply
Lightner, Nancy J., Yenisey, Mehmet M., Ozok, A. Ant and Salvendy, Gavriel (2002): Shopping behaviour and preferences in e-commerce of Turkish and American university students: implications from cross-cultural design. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 21 (6) pp. 373-385
“With internationalization of commerce and business and with increased use of e-business and e-commerce, it is important to ensure that these systems can be effectively utilized across cultural boundaries. To increase effectiveness, appropriate changes and modifications in the systems may be required. With this in mind, a survey of 300 Turkish university students was undertaken to assess their on-line shopping and behaviour preferences, and these were compared with the results derived from 64 US university students. The results provide guidelines for specific design of features for the Turkish population that may not be necessary for the US population.”
Copyrights may apply
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2002): Editorial. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 14 (3) p. 279
Liu, Baili, Francis, Gregory and Salvendy, Gavriel (2002): Applying models of visual search to menu design. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 56 (3) pp. 307-330
“The Guided Search (GS) model, a quantitative model of visual search, was
used to develop menu designs in a four-step process. First, a GS simulation
model was defined for a menu search task. Second, model parameters were
estimated to provide the best fit between model predictions and experimental
data. Third, an optimization algorithm was used to identify the menu design
that minimized model predicted search times based on predefined search
frequencies of different menu items. Fourth, the design was tested. The results
indicate that the GS model has the potential to be part of a system for
predicting or automating the design of menus.”
Copyrights may apply
Ji, Yong Gu and Salvendy, Gavriel (2002): A metadata filter for intranet portal organizational memory information systems. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 56 (5) pp. 525-537
“An intranet portal is proposed as an information infrastructure to support
organizational learning. Specifically, an agent-like metadata filter for easy
information/knowledge retrieval in the intranet portal is suggested and tested.
The metadata filter preserves the context of digital objects and presents an
uncluttered window by controlling the metadata elements. An experiment using 20
participants examined whether the metadata filter reduces search and retrieval
performance time (the dependent variable). The main results indicate that the”
Copyrights may apply
» 2001 «
Fang, Xiaowen and Salvendy, Gavriel (2001): A personal perspective on behaviour and information technology: a 20-year progress and future trend. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 20 (5) pp. 357-366
“This article reviews the studies on human aspects of information technology undertaken by Salvendy and his colleagues in the past two decades. By looking into the evolution of these studies, the article discusses that technology has been driving this discipline. The future of this field is envisioned.”
Copyrights may apply
Ozok, A. Ant and Salvendy, Gavriel (2001): How consistent is your web design?. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 20 (6) pp. 433-447
“Previous studies have indicated that when interfaces are designed consistently with regards to structure and physical attributes, higher performance and lower error rates are achieved than when interfaces are designed inconsistently. The objective of the current study was to develop a methodology to measure all aspects of computer interface consistency and assess the impact of linguistic inconsistency of interface design on user performance. Based on the background literature, seven factors were identified as affecting overall consistency. Based on this identification, a structured questionnaire of 125 items was developed and a factor analysis was conducted which reduced the number of items in the questionnaire to 94 and identified the following nine factors which contribute to consistency: text structure, general text features, information representation, lexical categories, meaning, user knowledge, text content, communicational attributes and physical attributes. A series of four experiments were conducted with 140 subjects using four different tasks and eight different interface types. The internal reliability of the questionnaire was 0.81, and the inter-rater reliability was 0.75. The instrument effectively identified all of the inconsistencies in interface designs. The instrument can be utilized both as an evaluation and as a design tool for Web-based interfaces.”
Copyrights may apply
Ji, Y. G. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2001): Development and Validation of Intranet Portal Organizational Memory Information System for Improving Organizational Learning. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 301-305.
Smith, M. J., Salvendy, Gavriel, Harris, D. and Koubek, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the Human-Computer Interaction International Conference 2001.
» 2000 «
Fang, Xiaowen and Salvendy, Gavriel (2000): Keyword Comparison: A User-Centered Feature for Improving Web Search Tools. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52 (5) pp. 915-931
“Current web search tools are examined. Human cognitive limitations in working memory, text processing and comprehension, problem solving, and decision-making in a search process are analysed. Based on the literature review, a user-centered feature, keyword comparison, was proposed to help users review the search results and extract useful information. Experimental search engines and browsers were developed using Visual Basic, Java and Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programming languages. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of this feature. The dependent variables were the number of relevant web sites identified during the 1-hour period and satisfaction. The independent variable was the interface type of the search tools. A between-subject t -test experimental design was utilized with 20 subjects. Testing of the hypothesis, by contrasting the user-centered feature against the current search engine, indicated that feature keyword comparison improved users' search performance by 77% and satisfaction in using the feature by 35%.”
Copyrights may apply
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (2000): Editorial. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 12 (3) p. 279
Salvendy, Gavriel (2000): The Human Factors of the Information Society. In: Emiliani, Pier Luigi and Stephanidis, Constantine (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All October 25-26, 2000, Florence, Italy. p. 1. Available online
“With the rapid introduction of highly sophisticated computers, (tele-)communications, service and manufacturing systems, a major shift has occurred in the way people use technology and work with it. Information Society Technologies are omnipresent not only in the workplace, but also in a variety of everyday life activities. The technological paradigm is gradually evolving towards interaction-intensive, collaboration intensive, group-centred, distributed (across the Global Internet) computing. This evolution creates new challenges for Human-Computer Interaction, and for the Human Factors field in particular. The latter is faced with the requirements posed by the diversification of target user groups, and the consequent shift from systems designed for professionals to systems designed for everyone, the proliferation of technological platforms and the appearance of a variety of different devices, and, finally, the shift from desktop based access to computer systems to ubiquitous access. Clearly, these challenges necessitate a systematic and well-structured engineering approach to Human-Computer Interaction, capable of studying, modeling and understanding context, of evaluating adaptable and adaptive behaviors of interactive systems, of understanding different user categories and their physical / cognitive / communicative / perceptual characteristics. In this context, Human Factors have several contributions to make towards the design of universally accessible and usable Information Society Technologies. Firstly, the rigorous experimental approach typical of Human Factors evaluation can constitute a solid base for capturing and understanding user requirements. Secondly, high-level principles and design guidelines, such as human-centred design, can inform the design process of such technologies. Some of these guidelines are explicitly focused on delivering access for disabled and elderly people.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1999 «
Chao, Chin-Jung, Salvendy, Gavriel and Lightner, Nancy J. (1999): Development of a Methodology for Optimizing Elicited Knowledge. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 18 (6) pp. 413-430
“In this paper a conceptual framework and an operational methodology is presented for describing the most appropriate knowledge elicitation method (protocol, interview, induction and repertory grid) for three classes of tasks (diagnosis, debugging and interpretation) and for experts with strengths in various factors of cognitive abilities. Using the dependent variables of: (1) total knowledge captured; (2) time to acquire knowledge; (3) knowledge quality; (4) efficiency of the knowledge elicitation method; and (5) importance of resulting data, experimental results indicate the various strengths of the four knowledge elicitation methods. The knowledge acquired is also significantly affected by the combined factors of expert's strengths in different cognitive factors and the method of knowledge elicitation used. Based on these findings, a Matching Index for combining tasks, knowledge elicitation methods and cognitive abilities of the expert is described. The outcome of this research provides theoretical and practical implications for Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and training of knowledge engineers.”
Copyrights may apply
Dong, Jianming and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Designing Menus for the Chinese Population: Horizontal or Vertical?. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 18 (6) pp. 467-471
“This research investigated the language differences between English and Chinese and the implication on the design of menu presentations for computer interfaces. Eighty Chinese subjects and twenty American subjects participated in this experiment. The results of this research indicated that the menu layout should be congruent with the language being used. Horizontal English menus result in better performance than vertical English menus. However, vertical Chinese menus result in better performance than horizontal Chinese menus. It is important to design menus based on the language being used rather than the linguistic traditions of the population using the interface. The effects of menu layout also depend on whether the search task items were presented in English or Chinese.”
Copyrights may apply
Stephanidis, Constantine and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Toward an Information Society for All: HCI Challenges and R&D Recommendations. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11 (1) pp. 1-28
“This article reports on the results of the second meeting and workshop of the International Scientific Forum, "Towards an Information Society for All," that took place in Crete, Greece, June 15-16, 1998. In particular, it elaborates on the international research and development agenda (Stephanidis et al., 1998), which resulted from the first meeting and workshop of the Forum in San Francisco, California, on August 29, 1997, in the context of the HCI International '97 Conference. This article elaborates on the proposed re-earch and development agenda by identifying human-computer interaction chal-enges and clusters of concrete recommendations for international collaborative research and technological development (RTD) activities. Four clusters of recommendations are proposed. The first three facilitate reaching technological targets, and the fourth comprises accompanying measures. The three technological clusters concern the corresponding transitions from (a) productivity tools to environments of use, (b) individual users to communities of users, and (c) computer-assisted business tasks to computer-mediated human activities. The fourth cluster covers support (horizontal) actions needed to establish a favorable environment for the creation of an information society acceptable to all citizens. Each cluster is elaborated by means of specific recommendations, plausible RTD objectives, and likely or expected outcomes.”
Copyrights may apply
Choong, Yee-Yin and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Implications for Design of Computer Interfaces for Chinese Users in Mainland China. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11 (1) pp. 29-46
“This study investigates the effects of cultural differences on computer performance of Chinese and American users and the design of appropriate interfaces for Chinese users. Past research documents the cognitive and cultural differences between the Chinese and the American populations. Those include cognitive style differences (Chinese as concrete and American as abstract) and thinking process differences (Chinese as thematic and American as functional). An experiment was conducted to investigate these differences, in which 40 Chinese participants residing in Mainland China and 40 American participants participated. The independent variables were knowledge representation (abstract and concrete) and interface structure (functional and thematic) of an information system. Results indicate that, for the Chinese participants, advantages were associated with concrete representation and with thematic structure in terms of initial performance time, but the advantages vanished for later performance due to learning. There were also advantages associated with thematic structure in terms of error rate throughout experimental trials.”
Copyrights may apply
Fang, Xiaowen and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Templates for Search Queries: A User-Centered Feature for Improving Web Search Tools. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11 (4) pp. 301-315
“A template for search queries was developed based on user-centered design principles and was proposed to assist users in formulating Web search queries. The user-centered design was characterized by predefined search queries organized as a hierarchy. Two experimental search engines and browsers were developed: One was based on currently available search engines and the other was based on the user-centered template design. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the template design. The dependent variables were (a) the number of relevant Web sites identified during a 1-hr test period, (b) the time to find the first relevant Web site, and (c) satisfaction. The independent variable was type of search engine. The experimental results indicated that the user-centered template design improved users' search performance by 70% and satisfaction of use by 23% as compared to the current search engine.”
Copyrights may apply
Rau, P.-L. P. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Likes and dislikes of electronic mail addresses: a users' survey. In: 1999. pp. 58-61.
Stephanidis, Constantine, Salvendy, Gavriel, Elimiliani, P. L. and Akoumianakis, Demosthenes (1999): Policy perspectives on "design for all". In: 1999. pp. 868-872.
Chen, Bo, Mitsock, Mark, Coronado, José and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Remote Usability Testing Through the Internet. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg (ed.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 1108-1113.
Rau, Pei-Luen Patrick and Salvendy, Gavriel (1999): Likes and dislikes of electronic mail addresses: a users' survey. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg and Ziegler, Jürgen (eds.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 58-61.
Stephanidis, Constantine, Salvendy, Gavriel, Emiliani, Pier Luigi and Akoumianakis, Demosthenes (1999): Policy perspectives on "design for all. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg and Ziegler, Jürgen (eds.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 868-872.
» 1998 «
Stephanidis, Constantine and Salvendy, Gavriel (1998): Toward an Information Society for All: An International Research and Development Agenda. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2) pp. 107-134
“This article introduces the visionary goal of an information society for all, in which the principles of universal access and quality in use prevail and characterize computer-mediated human activities. The article is based on the outcome of the 1st meeting of the International Scientific Forum "Toward an Information Society for All," which took place during the Seventh International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (HCI International '97). The objective of this meeting was to define a short-, medium-, and long-term international research and development agenda in the context of the emerging information society, based on the principle of designing for all users. The proposed agenda addressed technological and user-oriented issues, application domains, and support measures, which are necessary for the establishment of a favorable environment for the creation of an information society acceptable to all citizens.”
Copyrights may apply
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1998): Aftereffects and Sense of Presence in Virtual Environments: Formulation of a Research and Development Agenda. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10 (2) pp. 135-187
“This report represents a committee summary of the current state of knowledge regarding aftereffects and sense of presence in virtual environments (VEs). The work presented in this article, and the proposed research agenda, are the result of a special session that was set up in the framework of the Seventh International Conference on Human Computer Interaction. Recommendations were made by the committee regarding research needs in aftereffects and sense of presence, and, where possible, priorities were suggested. The research needs were structured in terms of the short, medium, and long term and, if followed, should lead toward the effective use of VE technology. The 2 most critical research issues identified were (a) standardization and use of measurement approaches for aftereffects and (b) identification and prioritization of sensorimotor discordances that drive aftereffects. Identification of aftereffects countermeasures (i.e., techniques to assist users in readily transitioning between the real and virtual worlds), reduction of system response latencies, and improvements in tracking technology were also thought to be of critical importance.”
Copyrights may apply
Choong, Yee-Yin and Salvendy, Gavriel (1998): Design of Icons for Use by Chinese in Mainland China. In Interacting with Computers, 9 (4) pp. 417-430
“The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cultural differences in cognitive abilities between the American and Chinese users on their performance with icon displays. The goal was to provide insight for software developers whose products might have potential Chinese users. The key factor in this study was the presentation mode of icon displays, which could be alphanumeric elements only, pictorial elements only, or a combined mode (both elements). An experiment was conducted with 30 American and 30 Chinese subjects. The subjects performed recognition tasks using different presentation modes. Results indicate that for the American subjects there were advantages to alphanumeric and combined modes, compared to the pictorial mode, in terms of performance time and errors. For Chinese subjects, there were advantages to pictorial and combined modes, compared with alphanumeric mode; their initial error rate also was lower using a combined mode than when using an alphanumeric one.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1997 «
Lin, Han X., Choong, Yee-Yin and Salvendy, Gavriel (1997): A Proposed Index of Usability: A Method for Comparing the Relative Usability of Different Software Systems. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 16 (4) pp. 267-278
“Both the questionnaire and answer sheets are reproducible without permission provided this footnote is included in all copies used. Reproduced by permission from Han X. Lin, Yee-Yin Choong, and Gavriel Salvendy, A proposed index of usability: a method for comparing the relative usability of different software systems, Behaviour & Information Technology, 1997, Oct., pp. 267-278. Instruction: This questionnaire contains 100 questions about computer interfaces. They are grouped into eight parts. Please answer each of these questions regarding the system to be evaluated in the order they are given, using the answer sheet provided. Answer Sheet Instruction: For the 100 questions in the Purdue Usability Testing Questionnaire, your answer for each question regarding the system to be evaluated will consist of the following three sequential parts: (a) Please evaluate each of the 100 questions whether they are applicable to the system to be evaluated. If it is not applicable then please proceed to the next question. If it is applicable, then please proceed to answer the following two questions. (b) Please rate how important is the question to the system being evaluated (1 is the least important; 3 is most important). (c) Rate the system to be evaluated for effectiveness on the scale of 1 to 7 (1 for very bad; 7 for very good), or choose 'Not available' is the item is not available in the system being evaluated.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) (1997): Handbook of Human Factors. New York, Wiley-Interscience
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Choong, Y. Y. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1997): Design of Computer Interfaces for the Chinese Population. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1997. pp. 173-176.
Akoumianakis, Demosthenes, Stephanidis, Constantine and Salvendy, Gavriel (1997): Interface Design for Disabled People: Eliciting User-Centred Design Constraints. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1997. pp. 437-440.
Matias, A. C. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1997): Predictive Models of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Office Personnel. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1997. pp. 529-532.
Salvendy, Gavriel, Smith, Michael J. and Koubek, Richard J. (eds.) HCI International 1997 - Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 1 August 24-29, 1997, San Francisco, California, USA.
Smith, Michael J., Salvendy, Gavriel and Koubek, Richard J. (eds.) HCI International 1997 - Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 24-29, 1997, San Francisco, California, USA.
» 1996 «
Ye, Nong and Salvendy, Gavriel (1996): An Objective Approach to Exploring Skill Differences in Strategies of Computer Program Comprehension. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 15 (3) pp. 139-147
“An experiment was conducted to examine skill differences in the control strategy for computer program comprehension. A computer program along with its hierarchy of program plans was provided to 10 intermediate and 10 novice computer programmers. Each program plan is known as a program segment to the subjects. A random list of plan goals was also provided to the subjects. The subjects were asked to match each program segment with its goal while they were comprehending the program. Several measures of the subjects' performance and control strategy were collected and analysed. The results indicated the use of an overall top-down strategy by both intermediates and novices for program comprehension. Novices' control strategies involved more opportunistic elements than experts' in the overall top-down process of program comprehension. Those differences in the control strategy between intermediates and novices result in better performance in intermediates than novices.”
Copyrights may apply
Moustakis, Vassilis, Lehto, Mark R. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1996): Survey of Expert Opinion: Which Machine Learning Method May be Used for Which Task?. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 8 (3) pp. 221-236
“Determining the most appropriate Machine Learning (ML) method, system, or algorithm for a particular application is not trivial. This article reports on a survey of 103 experts specializing in ML who were asked to rate ML method appropriateness to intelligent tasks. Ratings were captured via a structured questionnaire including 12 ML methods and 9 task categories. Results showed that the experts mapped particular ML methods to task categories. Factor analysis revealed three fundamental factors, which explained most of the variance in the expert ratings. Machine learning methods could be grouped on the basis of these factors into six application categories, wherein one or more methods were deemed most appropriate by the evaluated group of experts. This, in turn, concludes that cooperation between alternative ML methods may be necessary to support one or more intelligent tasks.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1995 «
Chao, Chin-Jung and Salvendy, Gavriel (1995): Impact of Cognitive Abilities of Experts on the Effectiveness of Elicited Knowledge. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 14 (3) pp. 174-182
“This paper addresses the possible relation of cognitive abilities of experts on the effectiveness of acquired knowledge for three different tasks (diagnosis, debugging and interpretation) and four different methods of knowledge elicitation (interview, protocol, induction and repertory grid). Based on task analysis and the analysis of method of knowledge elicitation, ten cognitive abilities have been identified. Experimental data indicate that the cognitive abilities of experts affect significantly the effectiveness of the elicited data and the percentage of total knowledge acquired.”
Copyrights may apply
Gong, Qing and Salvendy, Gavriel (1995): An Approach to the Design of a Skill Adaptive Interface. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 7 (4) pp. 365-383
“Computer users vary greatly in their abilities to use a software interface efficiently. One factor that apparently affects users' efficiency in using an interface is the changes in their skill levels. In this study, an adaptive interface (of menu and command) is presented that dynamically adjusts to users' changing skill levels. The mechanism of an adaptive interface is described and discussed. The validity and usability of the adaptive interface is tested with 40 participants in an experiment that used a between-subject experimental design for interface style. The independent variables were interface style (menu, command, hybrid, and adaptive) and skill level (starting session and ending sessions). The dependent variables were task completion time, number of steps used, ratio (of using menu mode over menu and command modes), perceived memory load, and satisfaction with the interface styles. The task-completion time and ratio data indicate that the adaptive interface produced significantly better performance than the static hybrid interface at the end of the training sessions for experienced computer users. No significant differences were found for memory load and satisfaction ratings across the four interface styles.”
Copyrights may apply
Jacko, Julie A., Salvendy, Gavriel and Koubek, Richard J. (1995): Modelling of Menu Design in Computerized Work. In Interacting with Computers, 7 (3) pp. 304-330
“The objective of the research was to propose and validate a theoretically meaningful link between three constructs of hierarchical menu design: menu dimension, task complexity, and user knowledge structure. Twenty-four subjects participated in a nested factorial experiment. The subjects performed a menu retrieval task using a hierarchical menu system constructed for use in the domain of utility boiler control. The dependent variables were time to respond and accuracy. The independent variables were menu dimension, task complexity and user knowledge structure. Four hypotheses were tested. The foundation of the hypotheses was based upon the premise that when task complexity is low, the short-term memory requirements of the menu retrieval task are low. Thus, the user's knowledge structure will not affect performance because it is not required for the chunking of visual information. The objectives of this research were met and are presented in the context of an information processing model for psychomotor tasks.”
Copyrights may apply
Moustakis, Vassilis S. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1995): Hybrid Machine Learning: Myth and Reality. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 1083-1088.
“An important issue to consider when applying Machine Learning (ML) in a real world task is the selection of a system, algorithm or approach which should be used. In this context coupling of the right ML approach with the task at hand is not trivial. This paper reports the preliminary results of a research which targeted to coupling ML approaches with generic intelligent tasks. Preliminary analysis makes it clear that in most of tasks application of a single ML approach is not satisfactory and that hybrid formations are necessary.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1994 «
Ye, Nong and Salvendy, Gavriel (1994): Quantitative and Qualitative Differences Between Experts and Novices in Chucking Computer Software Knowledge. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 6 (1) pp. 105-118
“This study investigated quantitative and qualitative differences between experts and novices in knowledge structure, specifically in their chucking of computer software knowledge. An experiment was conducted to collect pairwise relatedness ratings of 23 concepts in C computer programming from 10 experts and 10 novices. Correlation analyses of relatedness ratings were performed to examine expert-novice differences in overall knowledge structure. The intergroup correlation coefficients of experts were greater than the intragroup correlation coefficients of novices and the intergroup correlation coefficients between experts and novices. Hence, there existed structural differences of knowledge between experts and novices. To examine how experts differ from novices quantitatively and qualitatively in their knowledge chucking, the relatedness ratings of experts were averaged within the group to give a single set of relatedness ratings, and the relatedness ratings of novices were also averaged within the group to give a single set of relatedness ratings. Then the hierarchical clustering analyses were performed on the set of relatedness ratings for the experts group and on the set of relatedness ratings for the novices group, respectively. The hierarchical clustering of C concepts made by experts and the hierarchical clustering of C concepts made by novices indicated that novices had more but smaller knowledge chunks than experts for the common set of knowledge, and that the rough chucking of knowledge made by novices was qualitatively similar to the rough chucking of knowledge made by experts, although on a more detailed level qualitative differences still existed.”
Copyrights may apply
Chao, Chin-Jung and Salvendy, Gavriel (1994): Percentage of Procedural Knowledge Acquired as a Function of the Number of Experts from Whom Knowledge is Acquired for Diagnosis, Debugging, and Interpretation Tasks. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 6 (3) pp. 221-233
“Knowledge elicitation is an expensive and vital part in the construction of knowledge-based systems. This paper indicates that the acquisition of procedural knowledge can significantly be improved, depending on the tasks (interpretation, debugging, or diagnosis) for which the knowledge is elicited; the method of knowledge elicitation (protocol, interview, induction, or repertory grid), and the number of experts (from one to six) from whom knowledge is elicited. On average, for all conditions the percentage of acquired procedural knowledge increased by two-fold from using one to six experts. The optimal cost-benefit utility may be achieved by using three experts for knowledge elicitation.”
Copyrights may apply
Gong, Qing and Salvendy, Gavriel (1994): Design of Skill-Based Adaptive Interface: The Effect of a Gentle Push. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 295-299.
“To accommodate individual skill differences in using a computer interface, a skill adaptive interface was designed and tested. Current human-computer interaction modes can be classified into two types, recall and recognition based interfaces. They have different memory requirements and generally allow different operating speeds and learning time. However, a static combination of the two interface modes has drawbacks. The dynamic skill adaptive interface introduced in this study tries to eliminate these problems without sacrificing the advantages from either interface modes by gently 'pushing' users to switch to the appropriate interface mode. Experiment showed that the adaptive interface can yield significant better performances than the static hybrid interface for certain groups of users.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1993 «
Agou, Shinji, Raskin, Victor and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Combining Natural Language with Direct Manipulation: The Conceptual Framework for a Hybrid Human-Computer Interface. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 12 (1) pp. 48-53
“This paper describes the development of a conceptual model of an interaction system for future human-computer interaction. It is suggested that an integrated system is the most promising solution for diverse users and tasks. A 'hybrid interaction system' is considered, which tries to efficiently direct manipulation, menu selection, and natural language. The mechanism of the natural language interface module is described in more detail. Finally, the allocation of functionalities for generalized tasks on the conceptual model is considered from the taxonomic approach.”
Copyrights may apply
Saito, Susumu, Taptagaporn, Sasitorn and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Visual Comfort in Using Different VDT Screens. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 5 (4) pp. 313-323
“In order to meet the goal of user comfort of information displays, visual problems of video display terminal (VDT) work were studied through the analysis of visual functions in two experiments. Eye movement analysis, in Experiment 1, revealed that VDT operators had to move their eyes 2.5 times faster than traditional clerical workers. Lens accommodation, pupil size, and subjective visual comfort were investigated in Experiment 2. A significant correlation was found between the velocity of lens accommodation and the subjective visual comfort while viewing seven different displays (r = .809). A positive-type cathode-ray tube (CRT), which has dark characters on a light background, was ascertained to be the most appropriate display type, while working with a liquid crystal display (LCD) was considered to be the least visually comfortable, with the lowest accommodative velocity.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Report on HCI International'93. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 5 (4) pp. 409-410
“The conference was organized under the auspices of four boards consisting of 98 distinguished members from 27 countries. The conference had an organizational board and three technical boards responsible for the technical content in the areas of work with display units, human-computer interaction, and management of information technology. There were 26 major professional organizations and governmental institutions that cooperated with the conference. About 1,900 people submitted their work for consideration of presentation at the conference. Of those, 376 were accepted for parallel presentations and 231 for poster presentations. The conference started with a 2 1/2-day preconference tutorial in which 15 subject areas were covered in half-day and full-day tutorials. Subjects ranged from computer graphics, knowledge visualization, next-generation interfaces, to musculoskeletal disorders when working with computers, voice communications, and innovations in human-computer interfaces in Japan. All the tutorials were well attended, averaging about 40 participants per tutorial. The conference had over 800 participants from 43 countries. The three distinguished plenary speakers were Yuichiro Anzai on "Human-Robot-Computer Interaction in Multiagent Environment," Hans-Jorg Bullinger on "Human-Computer Interaction and Lean Management," and Thomas Malone on "How Will Information Technology Change the Ways We Work Together?" The conference presentations have been published in three volumes with two hardcover volumes published by Elsevier covering 2,300 pages. The first volume deals with software and hardware interfaces in HCI whereas the second volume deals with applications and case studies in HCI. The third volume is a softcover book with 313 pages and provides a summary of all the accepted presentations for late-breaking news in the poster session. At the conference there were 49 papers dealing with help and training, 47 with multi-media, 40 on special applications in a variety of diversified settings, 40 in psychosocial and stress issues, 39 with software knowledge, 32 with software tools, 25 in user issues, 20 in case studies, 19 with hardware interfaces, 18 in manufacturing, 14 in health issues, 13 in methodologies, and 5 in longitudinal studies.”
Copyrights may apply
Papantonopoulos, Sotiris A. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): A Decision Model for Cognitive Task Allocation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 392-396.
“Cognitive task allocation employs task analysis to identify the performance and operational requirements of task functions; and demand/resource matching to match the identified requirements and the human and computer resources available for implementation. The current methodologies of cognitive task allocation are either too aggregate to provide adequate resolution of performance requirements or domain-specific and thus of limited applicability. The paper introduces a formal, quantitative, and domain-independent model of cognitive task allocation aimed at reducing the limitations inherent in the currently practiced methodologies. Demand/resource matching is modeled as an Analytic Hierarchy Process. The Analytic Hierarchy Process of Demand/Resource Matching is defined as a mapping process along a four-level Analytic Hierarchy. By means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a task function (Level 1 of the Analytic Hierarchy) is analyzed into its cognitive processes (Level 2); performance criteria are set for each cognitive process (Level 3) by means of which the capacities of the human, computer, or interactive human/computer controller (Level 4) are evaluated and compared. The Analytic Hierarchy Process then integrates judgements of human and computer abilities and limitations into a weighted average indicating the relative capacity of human and computer to perform this function. This assessment of relative merit of performance can hence be integrated with work design, economic, and other contextual factors towards the final allocation design. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied and evaluated in the design of task allocation in production planing and control of a flexible manufacturing system by comparing the allocation designs of two groups of subjects. One group was supported by the decision model, the other received no decision support. The observed differences between the two groups indicated that the decision model can effectively support detailed task analysis and an adequate resolution of performance requirements; the identification of the design tradeoffs between human allocation and automation; and provide the computational resources to reduce decision bias.”
Copyrights may apply
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): The Influences of Information Processing Strategies on Human-Computer Performance. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 463-468.
“The objective of this study was to determine if more efficient performance in hierarchical computer environments could be obtained from field-dependent (low technical aptitude) individuals by manipulating information structuring requirements. Three levels of structuring were investigated: recognizing existing structure, structure recognition with concurrent task processing, and imposing structure where no salient organization exists. Thirty-six subjects, 18 identified as field-dependent and 18 as field-independent performed 60 information search tasks under three task conditions, two structured by the experimenter and one by the subjects. The results indicated that the effects of differences in the organization of task information on computer performance time can be controlled for by providing subjects with a period of time dedicated to the acquisition of a system's structure.”
Copyrights may apply
Koubek, Richard J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): A Conceptual Model of Human Skill Requirements for Advanced Manufacturing Settings. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 356-361.
“In order to achieve the economic benefits which result from immediate use of technology, personnel should be selected and trained prior to the technology implementation. This paper provides a conceptual model for determining skill requirements concurrently with the development of new technology.”
Copyrights may apply
Kume, Yasufumi, Jung, Hyun Seok and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): A New Paradigm for Diagnostic Expert System Based on Designer's Knowledge. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 867-872.
“Conventionally, the diagnostic expert system have been developed using maintenance engineers' knowledge. But these expert systems have many problems. First, these systems need failure data, but there is no data for advanced production equipment. Second, the generic system is needed for the advanced production equipment. This paper reveals the necessity of the diagnostic system built by the designer of production equipment. In order to justify the necessity of this system, the problems of conventional diagnostic expert system based on trouble-shooters' diagnostic knowledge and the use of causality, especially the necessity relation between the elements of machine parts, which belongs to designers' knowledge is emphasized. As a knowledge representation, it is proposed that a diagnostic matrix with dual relation includes the knowledge of designer and that of maintenance engineers. Finally, the extension of the constructed diagnostic system to another version can be easily performed by the concept of standardization which has been successfully applied to the design stage.”
Copyrights may apply
Ye, Nong and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Introducing Problem Solving Strategies of Users into the Interface Design. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 873-878.
“Human problem solving strategies must be taken into consideration of human-computer interface design to avoid unnecessary training time, job disorientation, and job dissatisfaction of users in computerized job environments. An experiment was conducted to investigate differences of expert and novice computer programmers in program comprehension strategies. Both expert and novice programmers used a knowledge retrieval strategy first to recognize familiar program segments and a problem reasoning strategy then to comprehend unfamiliar program segments. Experts controlled their program comprehension process in a more systematic manner than novices. Human-computer interface designs for compatibility with user problem solving strategies, such as a hierarchical grouping of familiar interaction elements and a non-hierarchical grouping of unfamiliar interaction elements, are discussed.”
Copyrights may apply
Chao, C.-J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Development of a Methodology for Optimizing the Elicited Knowledge. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 879-884.
“Knowledge elicitation is the first step in building expert systems, and it is a major bottleneck in the construction of expert systems. In this research, a conceptual framework and methodology is presented for selecting knowledge elicitation methods. A statistical nested factorial design is utilized with three tasks, four knowledge elicitation methods and ten cognitive factors. Twenty-four subjects were used in the experiment, and five hypotheses were tested. Based on these findings in the experiment, a matching index for combining tasks, knowledge elicitation methods and cognitive abilities is derived. This matching index maximizes the elicited knowledge by selecting the most appropriate method of knowledge elicitation for specific tasks and also selecting the best individuals for this knowledge elicitation.”
Copyrights may apply
Ukita, Akio, Karwowski, Waldemar and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Development of a Fuzzy Knowledge-Based Neural Network System for Tuning of Electric Circuits. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Poster Sessions: Abridged Proceedings 1993. p. 187.
Salvendy, Gavriel and Smith, Michael J. (eds.) HCI International 1993 - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 8-13, 1993, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Kume, Yasufumi, Jung, Hyun Seok and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): A New Paradigm for Diagnostic Expert System Based on Designer's Knowledge. In: Salvendy, Gavriel and Smith, Michael J. (eds.) HCI International 1993 - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 8-13, 1993, Orlando, Florida, USA. pp. 867-872.
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): The Influence of Information Processing Strategies on Human-Computer Performance. In: Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (eds.) HCI International 1993 - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 1 August 8-13, 1993, Orlando, Florida, USA. pp. 463-468.
Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (eds.) HCI International 1993 - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 1 August 8-13, 1993, Orlando, Florida, USA.
» 1992 «
Salvendy, Gavriel, Smith, Michael J. and Oshima, Masamitsu (1992): Editorial Note. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 4 (3) p. iii
Stanney, Kay M. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1992): Diversity in Field-Articulation and Its Implications for Human-Computer Interface Design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 902-906.
“The objective of this study was to investigate individual differences in cognitive styles related to spatial ability in order design computer interfaces which accommodated low spatial users. Seventy-four subjects were tested on spatial, visual and verbal cognitive tests. From the results of these tests, (12) subjects were selected and classified as low spatial/verbalizers and (12) as high spatial/visualizers. The two subject groups were tested on three interface designs: a graphical layout and an outline format, both intended to accommodate low spatial users, and a conventional hierarchical menu design. For each interface, the subjects completed (50) information search tasks. Duncan's Multiple Range comparisons (p<0.05) between the three interface designs indicated the following: in accordance with past studies, the performance of verbal subjects was 18% inferior to that of spatial subjects on the conventional interface which required subjects to self-induce the hierarchical system structure; by designing a graphical interface which provided the system structure and an interface with an outline format which eliminated the need for structuring, no differences were detected between the verbal and spatial groups. The implication was that the influences of individual differences in spatial ability on computer performance can be overcome by cognitively tailored interface designs.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1991 «
Santamarina, C. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1991): Fuzzy Sets Based Knowledge Systems and Knowledge Elicitation. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 10 (1) pp. 23-40
“Fuzzy sets are adequate forms of knowledge representation when the information is uncertain due to vagueness and imprecision. Knowledge structures using fuzzy sets are similar to those implemented in non-fuzzy systems. Classical knowledge elicitation methods can be used in combination with techniques to develop membership functions. The fuzzy set representation has several advantages, including flexibility in expressing uncertain knowledge during elicitation, representation of the knowledge and its uncertainty as a unique entity, easy interfacing with classical systems, and a more robust system in ill-defined domains. These advantages result in increased system reliability.”
Copyrights may apply
Ye, Nong and Salvendy, Gavriel (1991): Cognitive Engineering Based Knowledge Representation in Neural Networks. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 10 (5) pp. 403-418
“A model of a human neural knowledge processing system is presented that suggests the following. First, an entity in the outside world tends to be locally encoded in neural networks so that the conceptual information structure is mirrored in its physical implementation. Second, the knowledge of problem solving is implemented in a quite implicit way in the internal structure of the neural network (a functional group of associated hidden neurons and their connections to entity neurons) not in individual neurons or connections. Third, the knowledge system is organized and implemented in a modular fashion in neural networks according to the local specialization of problem solving where a module of neural network implements an inter-related group of knowledge such as a schema, and different modules have similar processing mechanisms, but differ in their input and output patterns. A neural network module can be tuned just as a schema structure can be adapted for changing environments. Three experiment were conducted to try to validate the suggested cognitive engineering based knowledge structure in neural networks through computer simulation. The experiments, which were based on a task of modulo arithmetic, provided some insights into the plausibility of the suggested model of a knowledge processing system.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel (1991): Design of Adaptive Interfaces and Flexible Mass Production of Knowledge-Based Systems. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1991. pp. 55-68.
“Impact of the economy, standard of living and developments in computer technology on advances in and usage of human aspects of computerized technology is discussed. The development and use of adaptive interfaces is proposed in order to increase the effectiveness of communications between the users and the computer. A methodology is outlined to achieve this objective. Since knowledge-based systems are an integral part of communications between users and computers, hence a method is proposed for the development of flexible mass production factories for modular production and assembly of knowledge-based systems. This would result in decreased cost and lead time to produce knowledge-based systems.”
Copyrights may apply
Ye, Nong and Salvendy, Gavriel (1991): An Adaptive Interface Design Using Neural Networks. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1991. pp. 435-439.
“The neural networks' ability to learn by examples is combined into the design of an adaptive interface. This adaptive menu based interface between the user and the UNIX system can accommodate differences in user's experience about the system and individual differences among users.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1990 «
Gibson, David and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): Knowledge Representation in Human Problem Solving: Implications for Expert System Design. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 9 (3) pp. 191-200
“The study focuses on the identification of the underlying representational properties of human problem solving and their application to expert systems. In this study the interaction between problem representation (procedural, conceptual, unstructured) and problem type (transformation, arrangement, inducing structure) was observed. The results of this study indicate partly that quantitative and qualitative differences in problem-solving performance can be attributed to the form of knowledge representation employed by the problem solver. It is suggested that modularized expert systems could be designed with different problem-solving modules organized by problem characteristics or type, exploiting the representational differences identified in this study.”
Copyrights may apply
Eberts, Ray E., Majchrzak, Ann, Payne, Pamela and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): Integrating Social and Cognitive Factors in Design of Human-Computer Interactive Communication. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2 (1) pp. 1-27
“The effects of two social variables, job enrichment and individual/group efforts, on the cognitive processing of a text-editing task, are examined experimentally. By analyzing the keystrokes and the pauses between keystrokes, methods are developed to examine cognitive performance on the task by investigating the hierarchical structure of the cognitive goals, by classifying the cognitive strategies used by the subjects in the task, and by determining a measure of the cognitive efficiency of the goal structure. Differences occurred in cognitive performance based upon job enrichment. Individuals in an unenriched job environment showed no evidence of understanding the cognitive strategies of the other group member in the two-member group so that cognitive performance did not improve with group experience, dissimilarity of cognitive strategies within a group did not affect the time to perform the task in a group, and the overall group strategy was dependent only on the strategy of the typist in the text-editing task. On the other hand, in an enriched job environment, the individual group members apparently communicated cognitive strategy information to the other group member because cognitive efficiency increased with experience in the group, dissimilarity or dispersion of cognitive strategies of individual group members caused the pause times between keystrokes to be increased, the more cognitive strategies in which the group members were exposed the more cognitively efficient was the group strategy, and job satisfaction was dependent upon the similarity of the two group members' cognitive strategies. These results were discussed in terms of the impact of human-human interaction on specifying the conditions of human-computer interaction tasks.”
Copyrights may apply
Karwowski, Waldemar, Kosiba, Eric, Benabdallah, Salah and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): A Framework for Development of Fuzzy GOMS Model for Human-Computer Interaction. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2 (4) pp. 287-305
“The objective of this study was to examine usefulness of fuzzy methodologies in the analysis and design of human-computer interaction. A framework for generalization of the Goals-Operators-Methods-Selection Rules (GOMS) model, and its fuzzy version was proposed. An experimental verification of the fuzzy GOMS model was also provided. A total of six subjects participated in two laboratory experiments. These experiments were performed in order to validate the proposed fuzzy GOMS model for the text editing task described in information processing terms. The subjects were not familiar with the text files to be edited, and the task was performed from the subject's own office and desk. All subjects were familiar with and regularly used the VI screen editor. The experiments consisted of the following steps: (1) the subject performed a familiar text editing task using a screen editor (VI); (2) the methods by which the subject achieved his goals (word location) as well as selection rules were elicited; (3) several compatibility functions for fuzzy terms used by the subject were derived; and (4) once all the rules, methods, and corresponding membership functions have been elicited, the theory of possibility was used to model the expert's rule selection process. For this purpose, each of the potential rules was assigned a possibility measure equal to the membership value(s) derived during the elicitation phase of experiment. Finally, the selected methods were compared to nonfuzzy predictions and actual experimental data. It was shown that overall, across all subjects and trials of the main editing task, the fuzzy-based GOMS model predicted significantly more of the subject responses, than did the non-fuzzy GOMS model.”
Copyrights may apply
Tanaka, Toshiaki, Eberts, Ray E. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): Derivation and Validation of a Quantitative Method for the Analysis of Consistency for Interface Design. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 329-333.
“Quantitative measures of consistency are formulated for human-computer interactive tasks. Two different kinds of consistency are considered: cognitive consistency and display layout consistency. Cognitive consistency is formulated by constructing the methods used for a task and the steps needed to perform the methods. A quantitative value for cognitive consistency is determined by analyzing the number of changes which would have to be made to change one method to another method. Display layout consistency is formulated by examining display parameters between two or more layouts. An experiment was performed to test the predictions of the quantitative analyses of consistency. Cognitive inconsistent tasks and inconsistent display layouts had a slightly detrimental effect on the speed of performance during an initial session. When the subjects had to return to the task several days after originally learning the task, performance on the cognitive inconsistent tasks was slower than on inconsistent display layout tasks. This latter result indicates that users will not necessarily have difficulty when learning inconsistent interactive methods but the problem will occur once the methods are learned and the user must switch between programs using inconsistent methods of interaction.”
Copyrights may apply
Karwowski, Waldemar, Noland, Soraya, Eberts, Ray E. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): Effects of Keying Method, Image Preview and Work/Rest Schedule on Posture of the Remote Bar Coding Operators. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 738-742.
“The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different work/rest schedules, keying methods and preview conditions on postures preferred by the remote bar coding (RBC) operators, as well as on the patterns of postural changes over time, and to relate these to the perceived postural discomfort at work. Twelve operators (nine females and three males) were hired through a local employment service. A participation requirement was a minimum typing speed of 40 correct words per minute. Three factorial (2 x 2 x 3) design with replication was used. The experiment consisted of twelve scenarios utilizing three factors, i.e. 1) keying methodology (key all or key 5 digits only), 2) image preview (none or one), and 3) work/break schedule (50 minute/10 minute, 2 hour/15 minute, or flexible schedule). The data collection for biomechanical analysis of the RBC operators was performed using the video-recording technique. Assessment of the operator's postural discomfort was performed before the work started, immediately after each work period (during the break), and immediately after the task was completed. The results of postural discomfort analysis showed the significant effects of data collection time on all reported discomfort scores. The instruction to "key all" resulted in significantly higher wrist discomfort levels than the instruction "key 5 characters only." The neck/head flexion was the lowest (mean = 30.2 degrees) for the flexible work/break schedule, and the highest (mean = 36.5 degrees) for the 50 minute work/10 minute break schedule. The preview condition resulted in smaller arm flexion (mean = 108.2 degrees) than the no preview condition (mean = 115.6 degrees). On average, the subjects used back support 34.7% of the time. When working with no image preview, the back rest was used 25% of the time. The back rest utilization increased for 50% of the time with the image preview, indicating more relaxed posture at work with the preview condition. The upper trunk angle (back inclination) assumed by the RBC operators was on average by 10 degrees greater than the angle preferred by the VDT operators.”
Copyrights may apply
Zimmerman, Neil J., Eberts, Cindelyn, Salvendy, Gavriel and McCabe, George (1990): Measure of Work Performance Decrement Due to Respirators. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 981-983.
» 1989 «
Barfield, Woodrow, Salvendy, Gavriel and Foley, James D. (1989): An Analogue and Propositional Hybrid Model for the Perception of Computer Generated Graphical Images. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 8 (4) pp. 257-272
“This research investigated two alternative models, analogue and propositional, which describe how three-dimensional (3-D) graphical images are represented and stored in human memory. In order to differentiate between the two models, three separate experiments were performed using a variation of the Shepard-Metzler mental rotation paradigm (Shepard and Metzler 1971). For each experiment, the effects of three independent variables on the performance of a 'mental rotation' task were examined: (a) three levels of figure complexity, (b) three axes of rotation and (c) four angles of rotation. The subjects' task was to compare specific angle, axis or depth versus picture plane rotations for pairs (rotated and non-rotated versions) of 3-D graphic figures displayed on a CRT. The results indicated that response times varied depending on level of figure complexity, axis or angle of rotation. A new hybrid model integrating components of both the analogue and propositional positions is proposed to explain the reaction time data. In this model, analogue processes occur when processing requirements for cognitive tasks are low, whereas propositional processes occur when processing requirements are high. Implications of the results for the internal representation of 3-D images in human memory and for the design of graphic work stations are discussed.”
Copyrights may apply
Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Editorial. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1 (1) pp. 1-3
Cook, John and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Perception of Computer Dialogue Personality: An Exploratory Study. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 31 (6) pp. 717-728
“This study presents an exploratory investigation into the perception of computer dialogue personality. Sixty-one subjects participated in a between subjects experimental design of computerized car ordering stimulus programs modeled to exhibit personality types: extravert-stable, extravert-unstable, introvert-stable, and introvert-unstable. Factor analysis of the perceived presence of twelve personality traits in the computer dialogue indicated subjects perceive computer dialogue personality in much the same manner as they characterize human personality. Perception of computer dialogue extraversion differences were more salient than neuroticism differences, but were not found to influence user satisfaction or performance. The study establishes an empirical groundwork for future development of computer dialogue personality methodologies.”
Copyrights may apply
Koubek, Richard J., Salvendy, Gavriel, Dunsmore, Hubert and LeBold, William K. (1989): Cognitive Issues in the Process of Software Development: Review and Reappraisal. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 30 (2) pp. 171-191
“The current information age has brought about radical changes in workforce requirements just as did the industrial revolutions of the 1800's. With the presence of new technology, jobs are requiring less manual effort and becoming more cognitive-oriented. With this shift, new techniques in job design and task analysis are required. One area which will greatly benefit from effective task analysis procedures is software development. This paper attempts to lay a groundwork for developing such procedures by discussing important methodological issues, and examining current theories and research findings for their potential to identify the cognitive tasks of computer programming. Based on the review, this paper suggests guidelines for development of a methodology suitable for knowledge elicitation of the programming process.”
Copyrights may apply
Enkawa, Takao and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Underlying Dimensions of Human Problem Solving and Learning: Implications for Personnel Selection, Training, Task Design and Expert System. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 30 (3) pp. 235-254
“This study presents experimental evidence on the dimensions underlying the interaction of the learning process with human cognitive representation of problem solving. An experiment was conducted in three sessions. Each session consisted of performing 12 problem solving tasks and obtaining their similarity rating. The observed four-way data made up of 12 tasks x 12 tasks x 6 subjects x 3 sessions were analyzed using a multidimensional scaling model. The analysis resulted in three major dimensions across the learning process. Two of the dimensions are described as distinctions of bottom-up vs. top-down and conscious vs. subconscious reasoning. The third one is identified as a dimension inherent to the task characteristics. It is shown that the former two dimensions are affected significantly by learning and hence become more dominant in the process of understanding. The implication of the findings for personnel selection, job rotation, task design, and expert system design is discussed.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel and Smith, Michael J. (eds.) (1989): Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (eds.) (1989): Work with Computers: Organizational, Management, Stress and Health Aspects. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Henning, R. A., Sauter, Steven L., Salvendy, Gavriel and Krieg, E. F. (1989): Effects of Microbreaks on Performance and Well-Being in Data Entry Work. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 377-380.
“Scheduled microbreaks of discretionary length were evaluated for their effects on performance and well-being in a highly repetitive, data entry task. The results indicated that discretionary-length "microbreaks" were instrumental in reducing fatigue and associated performance decrements, but did not fully prevent the accumulation of fatigue.”
Copyrights may apply
Karwowski, Waldemar, Kosiba, E., Benabdallah, S. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Fuzzy Data and Communication in Human-Computer Interaction: For Bad or For Good. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 402-409.
“This paper discusses the implications of natural fuzziness for the human-computer interaction (HCI) area, and examines the usefulness of fuzzy methodologies in the analysis and design of HCI. In particular, a generalization of the Goals-Operations-Methods-Selection Rules (GOMS) concept is outlined, and experimental verification of the Fuzzy GOMS model is provided.”
Copyrights may apply
Nakamura, Nobuto and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Preliminary Explorations in the Development and Use of a Human Performance Model for Controlling the Critical Operations of a Flexible Manufacturing System. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 479-486.
“A human performance model is proposed for controlling an FMS in abnormal situations. The model is built by blackboard architecture which can communicate with various knowledge sources. The human performance model developed in this paper demonstrated in a pilot study superior performance using dispatching rules.”
Copyrights may apply
Gibson, David and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Knowledge Representation in Expert System Interfaces Based on Problem Characteristics. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 683-690.
“Based on the hypothesis that expert performance is derived from superior knowledge structures, the primary objective of this study was to identify the structural dimensions of human problem solving knowledge for various classes of problems and identify possible applications to the design of expert system interfaces. The conceptual framework is derived from Greeno's typology of problems, modeling the structure of human problem solving knowledge in a domain-independent manner in terms of representation employed. The structure of human problem solving knowledge, as specified in the conceptual framework, determines the nature of the knowledge representation presented in the interface.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1988 «
Garg-Janardan, Chaya and Salvendy, Gavriel (1988): The Contributions of Cognitive Engineering to the Design and Use of Expert Systems. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 7 (3) pp. 323-342
“The cognitive basis of several issues critical to building expert systems is reviewed. Required and desirable attributes of a knowledge elicitation methodology are identified. It is argued that knowledge should be elicited from several levels of expertise. Plausible contributions of research in human problem solving to knowledge representation and design of control structure are examined. Implications of the literature on human learning and on expert-novice differences for machine learning are reviewed. The applicability of systems, which rely on user modelling, to the design of intelligent interfaces is discussed.”
Copyrights may apply
Cook, John, Whittaker, A. Dale, Thieme, Ronald H., Smith, Owen R. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1988): Human Intelligence Models and Their Implications for Expert System Structure and Research. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 7 (4) pp. 417-430
“In order to determine the features which contribute to intelligent behaviour, several models of human intelligence were studied. This evaluation identified ten features present in human intelligent behaviour which may be relevant to expert systems design. These features were rated, by experts in the field of expert systems, on the extent of their presence in expert systems as compared with intelligent human behaviour. The four features receiving the lowest ratings were social competence, comprehension, automatization and memory management. The paper concludes with a discussion of these four features and outlines what needs to be done and why in order to incorporate them into the structure of expert systems.”
Copyrights may apply
Garg-Janardan, Chaya and Salvendy, Gavriel (1988): A Structured Knowledge Elicitation Methodology for Building Expert Systems. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 29 (4) pp. 377-406
“A key problem in building expert systems is the extraction of knowledge from human experts. This paper presents a conceptual framework and methodology for knowledge elicitation. The framework models, in a domain-independent manner, the structure of human problem solving knowledge and the context in which problems are solved. It defines the knowledge that should be elicited by the methodology and helps derive the procedure used by the methodology to extract knowledge. This framework is used to develop a structured multi-phase methodology that elicits knowledge in a domain independent manner. This methodology is partially implemented as a computer program in Turbo-Pascal and was used to elicit knowledge from experts in a sample real-world setting. Reliability and validity evaluations performed on the elicited knowledge establish the validity of this approach.”
Copyrights may apply
Koubek, Richard J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1988): On the Theory of Expert and Super-Expert Performance on Computer Program Modification Tasks: An Experimental Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 386-390.
“The present research attempts to identify factors which account for cognitive skill acquisition at the higher end of the cognitive performance curve and understand differences between expert and super-expert skill levels on a cognitive oriented task of computer program modification. Subjects completed two computer program modifications and a battery of five cognitive ability tests. Results indicate that super-experts used a global search strategy to obtain abstract information while experts utilized a minimal "directed" search to obtain task specific information. Results are discussed in relation to knowledge representation and current taxonomies of skill acquisitions.”
Copyrights may apply
Gibson, David C. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1988): Knowledge Representation in Human Problem Solving: Implications for Expert System Design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 395-398.
“The study focuses on the identification of the underlying representational properties of human problem solving and their application to expert systems. In this study the interaction between problem representation (procedural, conceptual, unstructured) and problem type (transformation, arrangement, inducing structure) was observed. The results of this study indicate partly that quantitative and qualitative differences in problem solving performance can be attributed to the form of knowledge representation employed by the problem solver. It is suggested that expert systems could be implemented with different shells or structures according to problem characteristics.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1987 «
Zimolong, Bernhard, Nof, Shimon Y., Eberts, Ray E. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1987): On the Limits of Expert Systems and Engineering Models in Process Control. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 6 (1) pp. 15-36
“The review is based on an analysis of current literature of expert systems and of system engineering models in dynamic process control. It starts with an analysis of the mental operations and cognitive requirements needed for supervisory control. Mental models are discussed as a function of situational requirements as well as of personal strategies. System engineering models and expert systems are briefly described and their function as decision support tools evaluated. Criteria are the overall functionality, similarity of knowledge bases and reasoning strategies of the human and the support system, adaptability to the operator's skill level and self-explanation of the support system in the interaction mode. As a result, system engineering models are only of limited value for knowledge-based process control. Expert systems seem to be very valuable tools for augmenting human decision making in process control, if the interaction problem can be solved.”
Copyrights may apply
Koubek, Richard J., Salvendy, Gavriel, Eberts, Ray E. and Dunsmore, Hubert (1987): Eliciting Knowledge for Software Development. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 6 (4) pp. 427-440
“A current bottleneck in the automation of cognitive tasks, such as software development, is the lack of available, standardized, reliable and valid methods for extracting knowledge from experts. This paper discusses the development of Computer Aided Protocol (CAP) to automatically collect the general and specific cognitive task components of subjects performing a programming task. The effectiveness of CAP is evaluated in a statistically balanced experimental design (n=30) by comparing it to traditional protocol analysis and a control group. Results indicate that while neither treatment significantly altered the solution process, CAP was able to collect the lower level commands while protocol analysis collected only 56% of these lower level commands. However, protocol analysis was able to obtain significantly more high level goals than CAP. This work suggests that the integration of both protocol and CAP for knowledge extraction would provide more effective information for the development of expert systems than is feasible with either system alone.”
Copyrights may apply
Garg-Janardan, Chaya and Salvendy, Gavriel (1987): A Conceptual Framework for Knowledge Elicitation. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26 (4) pp. 521-531
“This paper includes a statement of the knowledge-elicitation problem and argues that the problem is two-fold: to outline a conceptual framework and to develop and validate a knowledge extraction methodology. Required and desirable attributes of a knowledge elicitation methodology are discussed. A conceptual framework that may be used to derive a knowledge elicitation methodology is outlined. This conceptual framework is established by extending Newell's and Simon's (1972) problem space concept and integrating it with Kelly's (1955) theory of personal constructs. This framework provides guidelines regarding the kind of knowledge to be elicited, and the sequence and format in which this should be done. It also elicits knowledge that is used subconsciously and in unique ways by the expert.”
Copyrights may apply
Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) (1987): Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Salvendy, Gavriel, Sauter, Steven L. and Hurrell, Joseph J. (eds.) (1987): Social, Ergonomic and Stress Aspects of Work with Computers. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) (1987): Handbook of Human Factors. New York, John Wiley and Sons
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Nakamura, N. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1987): Human Decision Making in Computer-Based Scheduling within a Flexible Manufacturing System: An Experimental Study. In: Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) HCI International 1987 - Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 10-14, 1987, Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 257-264.
Salvendy, Gavriel (1987): What We Know and What We Should Know About Human-Computer Interaction: Strategies for Research and Development. In: Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) HCI International 1987 - Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 10-14, 1987, Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 13-19.
Salvendy, Gavriel, Sauter, Steven L. and Jr., Joseph J. Hurrell (eds.) Social, Ergonomic and Stress Aspects of Work with Computers, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 1 August 10-14, 1987, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) HCI International 1987 - Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 10-14, 1987, Honolulu, Hawaii.
» 1986 «
Jacob, Varghese S., Gaultney, Larry D. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1986): Strategies and Biases in Human Decision-Making and Their Implications for Expert Systems. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 5 (2) pp. 119-140
“This paper reviews the stages of the human decision-making process with an emphasis on evaluation strategies. A comparison between the components utilized in human and computer decision-making is outlined. The role of biases and risk in human decision-making is discussed. Finally, the issue of the impact of human evaluation strategies and biases in the construction and use of expert systems is considered.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1985 «
Koubek, Richard J., LeBold, William K. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1985): Predicting Performance in Computer Programming Courses. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 4 (2) pp. 113-129
“Currently available methods for selecting computer programmers are reviewed. The academic achievement, in high school and in the university, of over 3000 students is reviewed and correlated with their performance in the different computer programming courses. The results revealed that performance in high school and college mathematics and science courses account for up to 50 per cent of the variance in computer programming course performance. The implications of these results for training and selection are discussed.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1984 «
Salvendy, Gavriel (ed.) (1984): Human-Computer Interaction Proceedings of the First USA-Japan Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
» 1983 «
Salvendy, Gavriel (1983): Review and Reappraisal of Human Aspects in Planning Robotic Systems. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 2 (3) pp. 263-287
“The social issues of worker displacement and worker retraining due to introduction of robotics are discussed and the impact of industrial robots on organization design and job design are reviewed and safety issues mentioned. The impact of human industrial work performance on designing robotics systems is reviewed with special reference to the range of human performance abilities; human information-processing, memory and decision making capabilities; paced-work; supervisory control of robotics systems; and, social and management impacts of robot diffusion.”
Copyrights may apply
SHOW THIS LIST ON YOUR HOMEPAGE
What do YOU think?
Give us your opinion! Do you have any comments/additions that you would like other visitors to see?
You say:
Mar 14th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
17 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Gavriel Salvendy's author page.18 Aug 2009: Author was edited 17 Aug 2009: Author was edited
28 Jul 2009: Page was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
05 Jun 2009: Author was edited
