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User Experience Video 1 - Marc's introduction to User Experience and Experience Design

 
Video 1: Marc's introduction to User Experience and Experience Design - commentary by Don Norman.
 

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As a service to our hearing-impaired friends - as well as those of you who prefer written English over spoken English - we've both transcribed this video (see below) as well as included subtitles (aka. closed captions) inside the video. You can switch them on/off in the youtube video player.

Transcription: User Experience Video 1 - Marc's introduction to User Experience and Experience Design

Rikke:A  You may think we are in Russia because of the church behind me, but we are actually in Germany, in Darmstadt. We are here to meet the Professor, Marc Hassenzahl, who is a professor in user experience and experience design. And this is what he is going to tell us about in his home villa in Damster.

So, Marc, what is user experience, experience design as well as experience. It is all related so close, but can you tell us what you think it is?

Marc:A A  I think it is really difficult to take all these different things apart. But let me start with the term user experience. A term I really - I kind of dis - dislike a bit because - because of the focus on usage only and the user and it - A you know, it is like as if it would be so closely rooted only in action, but experience is a much broader field, I would say. I would rather like to talk about experiences or experiencing later on and experience design as a way to create that experience.

For me, user experience is the field of study so there happen to be some people in the context of interactive products coming out of the usability community that thought maybe we should change our models a bit and came up - they came up with this word and I think it is called user because usability was always very deeply rooted in usage when people invented that term, you know, it hadn't been the consumer, but naturally the user. And experience is just - how shall I say, it is just more focus on the user; on his or her psychology, on emotions and stuff like that. So just stressing that we should be even more focused on the user.

Over time, somehow, people started to take that experience term literally and try to explore, you know, what would it mean if we really would design for experience. It is not just take that as a term for denoting more - more closeness to people. I think that started like six or seven years ago, people started to think about what it actually is and applications popped up.

Rikke:A  So designing with this in mind what - could you take examples of any products?

Marc:A A  Basically I think they are not that much products out there at the moment. I would like to distinguish two different kinds of ways of looking at experience. One is I mean you have something like a moment by moment experience. In that moment you feel somehow, you do something, you think, you and that all that together is like this experience you have in the moment. And this focuses very much on you know, what we do and what we think in a particular moment and focuses also very much on the how. If you use a product on how - how does it feel and how to touch, how is it, does it look like is it in your hands how does it fit and stuff like that.

This is one way of looking at experience and I think a product like the iPhone or the iPod touch with this new way of interacting with the multi touch and physics model in these that is more - that is more catering to this kind of experience. I will prefer calling it the aesthetics of interaction. So for me, it is not really the thing I am after.

Rikke:A  What are you after?

Marc:A A  I am more after like I think this window the consciousness. The moment by moment experience you have is just three seconds or whatever, it is very, very small. And the most of our time we are working on memories of experience that we have and they are quite different because the moment you experience something you have it and you encode it somehow in your memory and you try to make sense of it, to create meaning you forget things. What you do is you construct a story of usage and it has a beginning and end, has a structure and this is what you actually remember, this is what you communicate to other people, this is the reality you had with the product. This is nothing new. That is actually how we - how we as how we as humans define ourselves. We even have our own memory system for that, episodic memory that stores these stories of our lives. And as long as we interact with certain kind of technology we create those stories as well.

This is my idea of experience. So if you put in more academically then the difference between experiencing I would say and - and experience as a story as a narrative. And I would like to design for those, for these stories. On one hand that would mean that we have 0t understand what these stories contain, what is in - what is in it, what is important tin that story? Are they all very personal? So would we have the same story? Can we talk about it? Will you understand my stories and vice versa and how can you set stories to put it - put them into products. The design part would then be retelling a story or telling a story through that product.

Rikke:A  Can you give an example? It is kind of intangible.

Marc:A A  Yea, I understand. For me, I mean, there are not that many products around. The wake up light from Philips, for me, is a very good example for those who don't know it I have one here. It looks like this. And what it does is you set a certain wake up time and half an hour before that it starts lighting up and it gets brighter and brighter. And the moment you have to you want it to get up it - it plays back the sound of birds and some bells or whatever you like. And you can see the story through that object. You can see how they went to people, asked them what is your favorite way of waking up and they said oh, I hate my alarm clock but sometimes if I don't have to get up and the sun rises and I am just woken by the light and hear the birds that is a nice, that is a very nice situation. Now, the problem is that - that life doesn't work like that so we can't have the experience all the time. The product tries to give it to us even in situations - like a surrogate experience, even in situations where we can't have it. And now you can say oh that is questionable because it is just fake. That's not - I don't believe in that. I think it can work like - like you know, love mothers the surrogate experience. It is not the real thing, but it is still more meaningful to us then a ringing alarm clock. This is a very technical solution. This would be a more experiential solution I would say.

And then the interesting thing is if you look at that design wise, you know, I'm an industrial designer, I think it is not - it is nothing very special. Maybe it is not even not very beautiful I would say. And the interaction is a bit awkward and so on. And this matters. Definitely matters and it should matter. The basic thing about it is the experience it creates and in that term, in that sense it doesn't matter much to the user whether this is exactly or not it is more like a stand in or a placeholder for a certain experience you can have. This is, I think, quite different from for example, something like the iPhone.

Rikke:A  Yea. Describe the difference, briefly.

Marc:A A  Yea, the iPhone is a - for me it is just an infrastructure, it is a nice mobile phone. The interesting part, the experiential part is what the applications people load on it because that will create new opportunities. But - but what they actually did is they took that gadget and they designed very nice aesthetics of interaction and that feels - it feels good. It is an experience only valid for the product so in that sense. And I think it is quite a difference because it puts the product in the - in the floor. It may get something it makes it it is novel and special and I can throw it around, very materialistic thing in that sense. It also feels better maybe than some buttons. It is all you know, it's - it's the iPhone says that I am so cool, I am so different you can't have - A it just feels better working with me and I would be more in - in products where you just, you know, forget the whole product and then care about the experience I just created.

Rikke:A  So this is more post materialistic.

Marc:A A  Exactly, yea.

Rikke:A  You still have a product, but the product is not in - in the focus.

Marc:A A  Yea, I like that - that expression it transcends its encasing. I don't think the iPhone - the iPhone does it with the application stores, for example. It gives people, it opens up the possibilities you can write your own application, put it there. You can have everything on that infrastructure. Its appearance is in the application not in the - in the interaction with the device. I think we can still have technological progress in consumer electronics, but at a certain point it becomes just silly. It can't - what else can you put into a mobile phone? I - I can't imagine much more. So - so first we have the functions, then we have the aesthetics of interaction. Not everybody has a touch screen so what are the next steps. I think then, at a certain point we switch from a more technology innovation to again socially driven or human driven innovations where we just use the same technologies all the time as infrastructure but come up with new experiences.

Rikke:A  So this way of designing with the experience in mind is it something new or has it always been like this?

Marc:A A  For me, I think it is something new. And the difference is that [inaudible[00:10:55] in the usability community everybody always said that they have the user in mind. They are still very much focused on the product and the technology used. And I think it is quite natural because that is where the skills are. If you are a manufacturer of telephones, mobile phones, you know the technology of mobile phones. Naturally, you tend to [inaudible[00:11:19] you tend to argue, hey, I manufacturing those and I am selling those so I want to make them good but - but you know it is still the technology I am designing. And usability is actually doing that making it easier, but never questioning the motto behind that. Never questioning is a mobile phone the right device. We are on that shift from a more materialistic to a more post materialistic society which means the post materialistic means that I'm as a person, I muchA  more care about positive experiences I had in my life. I am not caring about possessions so much and about having things. Sometimes we want to have, we still want it. But I think it is just different shades of materialism.

I have a lot of friends, I am 40 years old, I have a lot of friends that are in music and there are plenty of them they want to have the record. But I have also younger friends, they don't care that much. They care about the music. And I think that is like different shades of materialism. If you have the urge to own something that is more materialistic. And if you have this urge of going through something and not only owning that but owning that experience, memories of that and - and I think that is why digital cameras are so - are so popular because people are much more in experiences and they need ways to document it and because they won't have the materials to signify this experience. So I think with this change it becomes quite, it is something new and you can also see that the industry is not so much adapted to it. If you look at technology manufacturers they do certain types of technologies they are good at. And yea, they put it - they put it in nice casings, they make nice little designs and good interface and so on and so on, but still a phone is a phone is a phone. They never rethink the whole thing.

Rikke:A  Thank you so much, Marc, for sharing your knowledge about user experience and experience design. And if you want to know more about it and how to put these insights into use when designing products you should have a look at our second interview with Marc. And you can also read the chapter he is writing, has written at interactiondesign.org and you can also find more chapters like his and find more videos like this one as well. Thank you so much for your time and interest.

 

 

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Contributing authors (so far)

Jonas Lowgren

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Jonas Löwgren is an interaction designer, researcher and teacher. Currently employed as professor of interaction design at Malmö University, Sweden. Main areas of expertise include cross-media products, interactive visualization and the design theory of digita...

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John M. Carroll

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John M. Carroll is Edward Frymoyer Chair Professor of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University. His research interests include methods and theory in human-computer interaction, particularly as applied to networking tools for ...

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Marc Hassenzahl

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Marc Hassenzahl is Professor at the Folkwang University in Essen and research manager at MediaCity, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland. He is interested in the positive affective and motivational aspects of interactive technologies – in short: User Experie...

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Thomas Erickson

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I'm an interaction designer and researcher in the Social Computing Group at IBM's Watson Labs in New York to which I telecommute from my home in Minneapolis. My research focuses on designing systems that enable groups of people to interact coherently and produ...

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Alan Blackwell

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I only have one big research question, but I attack it from a lot of different angles. The question is representation. How do people make, see and use things that carry meaning? The angles from which I attack my question include various ways in which r...

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Stephen Few

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Stephen Few has over 20 years of experience as an innovator, consultant, and educator in the fields of business intelligence (a.k.a. data warehousing and decision support) and information design. Through his company, Perceptual Edge, he focuses on the effectiv...

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Robert Spence

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Bob Spence is Professor Emeritus of Information Engineering at Imperial College London. Bob Spence’s research has ranged from engineering design to human-computer interaction,and often with the manner in which the latter can enhance the former. Notable ...

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Mark Apperley

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Mark Apperley has been working in the field of HCI for more than 30 years. In the 1970's he worked on the MINNIE interactive CACD system with Bob Spence, pioneering a range of interaction and information visualisation techniques, including dynamic exploration ...

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Karen Holtzblatt

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Recognized as a leader in the design community, Karen has pioneered transformative ideas and design approaches throughout her career. Karen is the inventor of Contextual Inquiry—the industry standard for gathering field data to understand how technology impact...

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Hugh R. Beyer

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Hugh Founder and CTO of InContext. He has more than 20 years of experience building and designing applications, systems, and tools. Before co-founding InContext, Hugh acted as lead developer and architect in a range of systems at Digital Equipment Corp. His do...

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Ned Kock

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Ned Kock is Professor of Information Systems and Director of the Collaborative for International Technology Studies at Texas A&M International University. He holds degrees in electronics engineering (B.E.E.), computer science (M.S.), and management ...

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Margaret M. Burnett

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Margaret Burnett is a Professor of Computer Science at the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Oregon State University. Her current research focuses on end-user programming, end-user software engineering, information foraging theory as app...

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Christopher Scaffidi

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Christopher Scaffidi is currently an Assistant Professor of Computer Science in the School of EECS at Oregon State University. His research interests are where human-computer interaction and software engineering intersect. Most of his current projects aim to h...

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Dag Svanaes

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Dag Svanaes is a professor at the Department of Computer and Information Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Svanaes is also adjunct professor at the IT-University of Copenhagen, Denmark He has been teaching and doing research in ...

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Kristina Höök

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Alistair G. Sutcliffe

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Alistair Sutcliffe (MA Cantab-Natural Sciences, PhD Wales) is Professor of Systems Engineering, and Director of the Centre for HCI Design, in the School of Informatics, University of Manchester, UK. Originally at ethologist, he has worked in the IT and finance...

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Albrecht Schmidt

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I am a professor at the University of Stuttgart. My central research interests are novel user interfaces and innovative applications enabled by ubiquitous computing. Before moving to Stuttgart I was a professor at the Univeristy of Duisburg-Essen, had a joined...

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Gilbert Cockton

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I'm Professor of Design Theory in the School of Design at Northumbria University, which has roots back to 1844 as one of the original British Government Schools of Design. I'm an Interaction Designer who occasionally dabbles in product and service design. I ha...

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Victor Kaptelinin

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Victor Kaptelinin is a Professor at the Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Norway, and the Department of Informatics, Umeå University, Sweden. He has held teaching and/or research positions at the Psychological Instit...

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Clayton M. Christensen

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Clayton M. Christensen is professor at Harvard Business School and a New York Times bestseller. He is the architect of, and the world's foremost authority on, disruptive innovation. Consistently acknowledged in rankings and surveys as one of the world’s lead...

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Eric von Hippel

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I am a Professor of Technological Innovation in the MIT Sloan School of Management, and am also a Professor in MIT's Engineering Systems Division. I specialize in research related to the nature and economics of distributed and open innovation. I also develop a...

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Noam Tractinsky

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I am an Associate Professor at the Department of Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. My main research interests revolve around the use of information technology. I have been involved in studies on IT project...

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Richard Shusterman

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Richard Shusterman is an American pragmatist philosopher, currently the Dorothy F. Schmidt Eminent Scholar in the Humanities and Professor of Philosophy at Florida Atlantic University, where he directs the Center for Body, Mind, and Culture. He is internationa...

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William Hudson

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Steve Mann

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Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza

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Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza is Full Professor of Computer Science at the Departamento de Informática, PUC-Rio, where she has also served as the director of Graduate Studies Program for two terms (2003-2005 and 2007-2009). In 2010, Clarisse was a co-winner of ...

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Paul A. Fishwick

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Donald A. Norman

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Whitney Hess

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Paul Hekkert is professor of Form Theory at the department of Industrial Design of Delft University of Technology. His main research interest is product experience, including product aesthetics, emotion, expressiveness, and attachment. Next, he is involved in ...

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Elizabeth Churchill

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Elizabeth Churchill is a Principal Research Scientist and manager of the Internet Experiences group at Yahoo! Research. She previously worked at PARC, the Palo Alto Research Center, and before that at FXPAL, Fuji Xerox’s research lab based in Silicon Valley wh...

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David W. McDonald

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David W. McDonald is Associate Professor at the University of Washington. He has an MS (1992) in Computer Science, California State University Hayward; and an MS (1995) and PhD (2000) in Information and Computer Science. His research interests include Computer...

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Bjørn Erik Munkvold

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Alan Blackwell

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I only have one big research question, but I attack it from a lot of different angles. The question is representation. How do people make, see and use things that carry meaning? The angles from which I attack my question include various ways in which r...

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Mary Beth Rosson

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Donald A. Norman

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Don Norman is the author of numerous books including "Emotional Design," and more recently, "Living with Complexity." He is co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group, a professor at KAIST (in Korea), and IDEO fellow, and a design theorist, studying the fundamenta...

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Eva Hornecker

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Paul Hekkert

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Ann Blandford

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Ann Blandford is Professor of Human–Computer Interaction in the Department of Computer Science at University College London, and served as Director of UCL Interaction Centre (UCLIC) (2004-2011). Her teaching includes User-Centred Evaluation Methods on the MSc ...

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Thomas Visby Snitker

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Thomas is one of Denmark's leading usability specialists. He has extensive experience in user research and usability studies for Danish as well as for international companies. Thomas is a frequent speaker at Danish and international conferences, such as The...

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Tilde Bekker

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Tilde Bekker is an associate professor in the Industrial Design department at the Eindhoven University of Technology. Her research interests include designing for playful interaction, and designing products for children and older adults. She leads and particip...

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John M. Carroll

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John M. Carroll is Edward Frymoyer Chair Professor of Information Sciences and Technology at the Pennsylvania State University. His research interests include methods and theory in human-computer interaction, particularly as applied to networking tools for ...

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Clay Spinuzzi

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Associate professor of rhetoric at The University of Texas at Austin. Clay's research interests include research methods and methodology, workplace research, and computer-mediated activity. My first book, Tracing Genres through Organizations, was published by ...

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Antonio Rizzo

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Antonio Rizzo is Professor at the Communication Science Department, University of Siena. Previously, Antonio has been the Director of the Academy of Digital Arts and Science – ArsNova - in Siena and Chair of the European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics. He...

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Stephen Voida

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Stephen Voida is a lecturer and research scientist in the Department of Informatics at the University of California, Irvine. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science, an M.S. in Human–Computer Interaction, and a certificate in Cognitive Science from the Georgia Inst...

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Klaus B. Baerentsen

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Klaus Bærentsen is associate professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Aarhus. His research area concerns human consciousness in a broad sense, encompassing evolution, cultural history and ongoing individual life activity, as well as the brain a...

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Ellen Christiansen

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Ellen Christiansen is Professor at Aalborg University. She works with activity theory within the humanistic computer science studies, concentrating on the communicative aspects of systems development, especially in relation to artificial intelligence...

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Donald A. Norman

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Don Norman is the author of numerous books including "Emotional Design," and more recently, "Living with Complexity." He is co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group, a professor at KAIST (in Korea), and IDEO fellow, and a design theorist, studying the fundamenta...

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Marc Steen

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Marc Steen works as a senior scientist at research and innovation organization TNO in the Netherlands. He earned MSc, MTD and PhD degrees in Industrial Design Engineering at Delft University of Technology and has worked at Philips and KPN before joining TNO. ...

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Paul Hekkert

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Paul Hekkert is professor of Form Theory at the department of Industrial Design of Delft University of Technology. His main research interest is product experience, including product aesthetics, emotion, expressiveness, and attachment. Next, he is involved in ...

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Jeffrey Bardzell

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Jeffrey Bardzell is an Associate Professor of HCI/Design and new media at the School of Informatics in Indiana University - Bloomington. With a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Minor in Philosophy, Bardzell brings a humanist perspective to HCI and is known ...

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Gitte Lindgaard

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Gitte Lindgaard, PhD, is a Distinguished Research Professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, and a Professor of Neuroaffective Design at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia. Until recently, she was Director of the Human Oriente...

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Marc Hassenzahl

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Marc Hassenzahl is Professor at the Folkwang University in Essen and research manager at MediaCity, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland. He is interested in the positive affective and motivational aspects of interactive technologies – in short: User Experie...

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Antonella De Angeli

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I am an Associate Professor of Human-Computer Interaction at the Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science of the University of Trento in Italy. My research addresses cognitive, social and cultural aspects of information technologies with a...

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Dianne Cyr

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Dianne Cyr is Professor at Simon Fraser University. My background is varied and interdisciplinary. Both my Bachelor and Masters degrees are in Psychology, and I worked in clinical psychology for the better part of a decade before returning to university to ...

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Alistair G. Sutcliffe

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Alistair Sutcliffe (MA Cantab-Natural Sciences, PhD Wales) is Professor of Systems Engineering, and Director of the Centre for HCI Design, in the School of Informatics, University of Manchester, UK. Originally at ethologist, he has worked in the IT and finance...

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Jinwoo Kim

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Professor at Yonsei University, Korea, and and director of the HCI Lab at Yonsei. PhD from Carnegie Mellon University....

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Masaaki Kurosu

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Masaaki Kurosu is a professor of the R&D Department of National Institute of Multimedia Education (NIME) of MEXT, the ministry of education. He is also a head of Department of Cyber Culture and Society of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)...

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Jeffrey Bardzell

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Jeffrey Bardzell is an Associate Professor of HCI/Design and new media at the School of Informatics in Indiana University - Bloomington. With a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature and Minor in Philosophy, Bardzell brings a humanist perspective to HCI and is known ...

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Thecla Schiphorst

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Thecla Schiphorst is a Media Artist/Designer and Faculty Member in the School of Interactive Arts and Technology at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. Her background in performance and computing forms the basis for her research which focuses on embo...

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Kristina Höök

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Kristina Höök is a professor in Human-Machine Interaction at Stockholm University. She started and now works in the Mobile Life centre. She also upholds a part-time position at SICS (Swedish Institute of Computer Science)....

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Erik A. Stolterman

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Erik Stolterman is Professor of Informatics and Director of the Human Computer Interaction Program at the School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington. Stolterman’s main work is within interaction design, philosophy and theory of design...

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Youn-kyung Lim

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Youn-kyung Lim is professor at the Department of Industrial Design at KAIST, South Korea. Her research interests include experience-centered design, prototyping in design, interaction design theory, design informatics, CSCW, and sustainable design....

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Jeff Sauro

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Jeff is a Six-Sigma trained statistical analyst and pioneer in quantifying the user experience. He is founding principal of Measuring Usability LLC, a quantitative user research firm based in Denver, CO. He is author of four books including: Quantifying the Us...

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David Travis

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David Travis is the founder of Userfocus. He holds a BSc (Hons) degree and a PhD in Psychology and he is a Chartered Psychologist. His professional affiliations include membership of the Experimental Psychology Society, the Information Architecture Institute a...

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Chris Rourke

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Chris Rourke is Managing Director & Founder of UserVision.co.uk. Chris has over 20 years commercial experience in usability, accessibility, human factors consultancy and training. He has worked with a range of clients including Hewlett Packard, Dell Computers,...

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Katina Michael

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Katina Michael is the IEEE Technology and Society Magazine editor-in-chief. She is the author of Innovative Automatic Identification and Location-Based Services: from Bar Codes to Chip Implants (2009) and has hosted six workshops on the Social Implications of ...

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M. G. Michael

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M.G. Michael coined the term "überveillance" in 2006 to denote omnipresent electronic surveillance embedded beneath the skin. The term was entered into the official dictionary of Australia, the Macquarie Dictionary in 2008. Michael received a PhD from the ...

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Douglas L. Baldwin

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I founded the Special Needs Vision Clinic; a non-profit United Way/ Lions International Center for handicapped children, low vision individuals, and seniors. The clinic also serves indigent populations. The Special Needs Clinic has been serving Mid-Michigan si...

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Woodrow Barfield

Woodrow Barfield served as Professor and Director of the Sensory Engineering Laboratory at the University of Washington. He has degrees in engineering and intellectual property law and has served on the editorial board of Presence and the Virtual Reality Journ...

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Jessica Barfield

Jess Barfield is a student and ceramics artist and will be attending Dartmouth College in the fall of 2012. She can normally be found on a field hockey field or in front of a computer....

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Hiroshi Ishii

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Hiroshi Ishii is Jerome B. Wiesner Professor of Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT Media Lab, where he is head of the Tangible Media group and co-director of the Things That Think (TTT) consortium. Ishii's research focuses upon the design of seamless interface...

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Alan Blackwell

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I only have one big research question, but I attack it from a lot of different angles. The question is representation. How do people make, see and use things that carry meaning? The angles from which I attack my question include various ways in which r...

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Michael Kelly

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I am a Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (Oxford UP, 1998). A new expanded, revised, second edition of the Encyclopedia is forthcoming, and will include entries on a...

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Roger Malina

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Roger F. Malina is an art-science researcher, astronomer and editor. He is a Distinguished Professor of Arts and Technology and Professor of Physics at the University of Texas, Dallas where he is developing an Art-Science R and D and Experimental Publishing pr...

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Sophia Krzys Acord

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Sophia Acord is Associate Director of the Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere at the University of Florida. She holds Ph.D. and M.Res. degrees in Sociology from the University of Exeter (UK) and a B.A. from Swarthmore College (USA). Acord’s researc...

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Kang Zhang

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Kang Zhang is Professor and Director of Visual Computing Lab, Department of Computer Science at the University of Texas at Dallas. He is also a Board Director of Vital Art and Science Inc., USA. He holds a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering from University ...

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David J. Therriault

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Dr. Therriault is an Associate Professor in the School of Human Development and Organizational Studies in the College of Education at the University of Florida. He received his undergraduate degree in psychology from the University of New Hampshire and his M. ...

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        All Rights Reserved. Non-free, copyrighted materials used without permission. The materials are used without permission of the copyright holder because the materials meet the legal criteria for Fair Use and/or because The Interaction-Design.org Foundation has not been able to contact the copyright holder. The most common cases are: 1) Cover art: Cover art from various items, for identification only in the context of critical commentary of that item (not for identification without critical commentary). 2) Team and corporate logos: For identification. 3) Other promotional material: Posters, programs, billboards, ads: For critical commentary. 4) Film and television screen shots: For critical commentary and discussion of the cinema and television. 5) Screenshots from software products: For critical commentary. 6) Paintings and other works of visual art: For critical commentary, including images illustrative of a particular technique or school. 7) Images with iconic status or historical importance: As subjects of commentary. 8) Images that are themselves subject of commentary.
  15. Pd:
        Public Domain (information that is common property and contains no original authorship)
  16. Trademarks and logos:
        All trademarks, logos, service marks, collective marks, design rights, personality rights or similar rights that are mentioned, used or cited on Interaction-Design.org are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark on Interaction-Design.org does not vest in the author or The Interaction-Design.org Foundation any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of The Interaction-Design.org Foundation and its authors by such owners. As such The Interaction-Design.org Foundation can not grant any rights to use any otherwise protected materials. Your use of any such or similar incorporeal property is at your own risk.

In addition, content linked from a page is not covered by one of our licenses unless specifically noted. For example, pages may link to videos or slide decks that are not covered. The design of Interaction-Design.org (graphics, html, client-side scripts, etc.) is copyright of Mads Soegaard.

iv. The Site Terms and Conditions

Please read these terms and conditions (the "Terms") carefully before using Interaction-Design.org. By using Interaction-Design.org you signify your consent to these Terms. If you do not agree to the Terms please do not use Interaction-Design.org. The Terms addresses your legal rights and obligations and includes important disclaimers and choice of law and forum provisions. Please read carefully.

1. Ownership of Interaction-Design.org

Interaction-Design.org is owned and operated by The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, a privately held corporation incorporated under the laws of Denmark, with office in Aarhus, Denmark.

Address:
The Interaction-Design.org Foundation
Att: Mads Soegaard
Chr. Molbechs Vej 4
DK-8000 Aarhus C.
Denmark

2. Choice of Law and Forum Provisions

Interaction-Design.org is run by The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, a privately held corporation residing in Aarhus, Denmark. You agree that these Terms and your use of Interaction-Design.org are governed by the laws of Denmark. You hereby consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the courts, tribunals, agencies and other dispute resolution organizations in Denmark in all disputes

  1. arising out of, relating to, or concerning Interaction-Design.org, The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, and/or these Terms
  2. in which Interaction-Design.org, The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, and/or these Terms is an issue or a material fact
  3. or in which Interaction-Design.org, The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, and/or these Terms is referenced in a paper filed in a court, tribunal, agency or other dispute resolution organization.

The Interaction-Design.org Foundation has endeavoured to comply with all legal requirements known to it in creating and maintaining Interaction-Design.org, but makes no representation that materials on Interaction-Design.org are appropriate or available for use in any particular jurisdiction. You are responsible for compliance with applicable laws. Any use in contravention of this provision or any provision of these Terms is at your own risk and, if any part of these Terms is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, the invalid or unenforceable provision will be deemed superseded by a valid, enforceable provision that most closely matches the intent of the original provision and the remainder of these Terms shall govern such use.

3. Liability

Your use of and browsing Interaction-Design.org is at your own risk. The Interaction-Design.org Foundation does not warrant that the software used for Interaction-Design.org, and the information, material, and content on it, or any other services provided by means of Interaction-Design.org are error-free, or that their use will be uninterrupted. The Interaction-Design.org Foundation expressly disclaims all warranties related to the above-mentioned subject matter, including, without limitation, those of accuracy, condition, merchantability and fitness for particular purpose. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary on Interaction-Design.org, in no event shall The Interaction-Design.org Foundation be liable for any loss of profits, revenues, indirect, special, incidental, consequential, or other similar damages arising out of or in connection with Interaction-Design.org or out of the use of any of the services proposed by means of Interaction-Design.org.

4. Updates

The Interaction-Design.org Foundation reserves the unilateral right to update, modify, change and alter its Site Terms and Conditions as well as Copyright Terms at any time. All such updates, modifications, changes and alterations are binding on all users and browsers of Interaction-Design.org and will be posted here.

5. Legal Disclaimer

The Interaction-Design.org Foundation and its authors make no representations as to accuracy, completeness, currentness, suitability, or validity of any information, material, or content on Interaction-Design.org.

THE MATERIAL AND CONTENT POSTED ON INTERACTION-DESIGN.ORG ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS WARRANTY OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF ANY KIND INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE INTERACTION-DESIGN.ORG FOUNDATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE MATERIALS, EVEN IF THE INTERACTION-DESIGN.ORG FOUNDATION HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

Because some jurisdictions prohibit the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential and or incidental damages, the above limitation may not apply to you. Furthermore, The Interaction-Design.org Foundation does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of information of links or other items contained within these materials that have been provided by third parties.

6. Provision regarding change in attribution of copyrighted materials

Please contact us at mads@interaction-design.org if you, or your organization, wish to correct or change attribution or presentation of any image/material used on Interaction-Design.org, which you, or your organization, are the rightful copyright holder of. We will request that you submit proof of your ownership of the copyright on this material but will act immediately on any reasonable request.

7. Notice and prodecure for claims of copyright infringement

Every effort has been made by the individual contributing authors as well as The Interaction-Design.org Foundation to discover and contact copyright holders of artwork/illustrations/content used on Interaction-Design.org. To the extent that a copyright holder could not be found or an inadvertent permissions or copyright error was made, The Interaction-Design.org Foundation stands ready to remove content upon notice and request by a copyright holder. In the case that you believe that any content or other material provided through Interaction-Design.org infringes your copyright, you should notify The Interaction-Design.org Foundation of your infringement claim in accordance with the procedure set forth below.

We will process each notice of alleged infringement which The Interaction-Design.org Foundation receives and take appropriate action in accordance with applicable intellectual property laws. A notification of claimed copyright infringement should be emailed to mads@interaction-design.org (subject: "Takedown Request"). You may also contact us by mail at:

The Interaction-Design.org Foundation
Att: Mads Soegaard
Chr. Molbechs Vej 4
DK-8000 Aarhus C.
Denmark

To be effective, the notification must be in writing and contain the following information:

  1. an electronic or physical signature of the copyright owner or the person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of the copyright interest
  2. a description of the copyrighted work that you claim has been infringed
  3. a description of where the material that you claim is infringing is located on Interaction-Design.org that is reasonably sufficient to enable us to identify and locate the material;
  4. how The Interaction-Design.org Foundation can contact you, such as your address, telephone number, and email address
  5. a written statement by you that you have a good faith belief that the disputed use is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law
  6. if you represent a publisher, a written statement by you that you have a good faith belief that the material has not been placed in the public domain, or licenced under another licence, before you acquired the copyright as this would possibly invalidate your copyright
  7. and a statement by you, made under penalty of perjury, that the above information in your notice is accurate and that you are the copyright owner or authorized to act on the copyright owner's behalf.

8. Trademarks and other rights

All trademarks, logos, service marks, collective marks, design rights, personality rights or similar rights that are mentioned, used or cited on Interaction-Design.org are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark on Interaction-Design.org does not vest in the author or The Interaction-Design.org Foundation any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of The Interaction-Design.org Foundation and its authors by such owners. As such The Interaction-Design.org Foundation can not grant any rights to use any otherwise protected materials. Your use of any such or similar incorporeal property is at your own risk.

9. Screenshots

Screenshots of copyrighted computer software, for which the copyright is held by the author(s) or the company that created the software, is believed to fall under the fair use doctrine in the US (and similar laws in other countries). It is believed that reproduction for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research is not copyright infringement. If you reuse screenshots, as well as any other information on Interaction-Design.org, you do so at your own risk and under the copyright laws of your country.

10. Copyright of Abstracts

Abstracts in the Wiki Bibliography (/references/) are submitted by their authors who use the wiki to make their research as accessible as possible. When a page on Interaction-Design.org cites/references/lists a work from the bibliography, its abstract is included. However, abstracts have varying copyrights depending which publisher the work is published through. You should assume that an abstract is copyright, all rights reserved, of its publisher and/or author and therefore always use/cite abstracts according to Fair Use. You may visit the publisher's website to learn about the specific copyright terms (e.g. ACM, IEEE, or Springer) or contact the author directly. Bottom line: Cite/use abstracts according to the principles of fair use as it may otherwise be construed as a copyright infringement and subject to legal action.

11. User Submissions / User Content

You understand and acknowledge that additions to the Wiki Bibliography (including article abstracts), additions the Conference Calendar (including conference descriptions), user-contributed notes on each page (including text, photographs, graphics), or other materials posted by users on Interaction-Design.org ("Content") are the sole responsibility of the person from whom such Content originated. This means that you, and not The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, are entirely responsible for all Content that you upload, post or otherwise make available to other users of Interaction-Design.org.

When submitting content to Interaction-Design.org, you agree to not:

  1. impersonate any person or entity or falsely state or otherwise misrepresent your affiliation with a person or entity;
  2. upload, post or otherwise make available any Content that you do not have a right to make available under any law or under contractual or fiduciary relationships (such as inside information, proprietary and confidential information learned or disclosed as part of employment relationships or under nondisclosure agreements);
  3. upload, post or otherwise make available any Content that infringes any patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright or other proprietary rights ("Rights") of any party;
  4. upload, post or otherwise make available any Content that is unlawful, harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, tortious, defamatory, vulgar, obscene, libelous, invasive of another's privacy, hateful, or racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable;

You acknowledge that The Interaction-Design.org Foundation shall have the right to remove any Content that violates these Site Terms and Conditions or is otherwise objectionable.

12. Third Party Websites

If we provide links or pointers to other websites, no inference or assumption should be made that The Interaction-Design.org Foundation operates, controls, or is otherwise connected with these websites. When you click on a link within Interaction-Design.org, we will not warn you that you have left a Site and are subject to the terms and conditions (including privacy policies) of the destination website. In some cases it may be less obvious than others that you have left a Site and reached another website. Please be careful to read the terms of use and privacy policy of any website before you provide any confidential information or engage in any transactions. You should not rely on these Terms for another website. The Interaction-Design.org Foundation is not responsible for the content or practices of any other website. By using Interaction-Design.org, you acknowledge and agree that The Interaction-Design.org Foundation is not responsible or liable to you for any content or other materials hosted and served from any third party website.

13. Email communication: Confidential and proprietary information notice

Email messages sent from members of The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, including emails generated from the use of the interaction-design.org website, are proprietary to The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, and are intended solely for the use of the individual to whom they are addressed. Such messages may contain privileged or confidential information and should not be circulated or used for any purpose other than for what they are intended. If you receive a message from a member of The Interaction-Design.org Foundation in error, please notify the sender immediately. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that you are strictly prohibited from using, copying, altering, or disclosing the contents of the message. The Interaction-Design.org Foundation accepts no responsibility for loss or damage arising from the use of the information transmitted by email message including damage from virus.

14. Usage conditions

Please make sure that you understand that the information provided by The Interaction-Design.org Foundation is being provided freely, and that no kind of agreement or contract is created between you and the owners, partners, users, or authors of this site, the owners of the servers upon which it is housed, the individual contributors of the The Interaction-Design.org Foundation, any project administrators, sysops or anyone else who is in any way connected with this project. If you choose to use or copy anything from from this site it does not create or imply any contractual or extracontractual liability on the part of The Interaction-Design.org Foundation or any of its members, partners, sponsors, contributors or other users. Your use of any such or similar incorporeal property is at your own risk.

15. Legal Disputes

Any dispute arising from the use of Interaction-Design.org or the interpretation of the terms is governed by the laws of Denmark, and shall be settled by the courts of Denmark. All communications regarding legal matters must be made in writing to

The Interaction-Design.org Foundation
Att: Mads Soegaard
Chr. Molbechs Vej 4
DK-8000 Aarhus C.
Denmark


 
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