Publication statistics
Pub. period:1982-2012
Pub. count:18
Number of co-authors:31
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Joan M. Ryder:4Jean-Christophe Le ..:4Allen L. Zaklad:3 Productive colleagues
Wayne Zachary's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Eduardo Salas:47Allen L. Zaklad:9Janine A. Purcell:8
“
Knowledge is commonly socially constructed, through collaborative efforts towards shared objectives or by dialogues and challenges brought about by different persons' perspectives.
”
-- G. Salomon (in "Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations")
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Wayne Zachary
Has also published under the name of:
"Wayne W. Zachary"
Publications by Wayne Zachary (bibliography)
Zachary, Wayne, Maulitz, Russell C., Rosen, Michael A., Cannon-Bowers, Janis and Salas, Eduardo (2012): Clinical Communications -- Human Factors for the Hidden Network In Medicine. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 850-854.
“Medicine is practiced not only through encounters and other interactions between patients and providers, but also through documentation of event-centered information via the patient record, and through patient-centered communications between clinicians and between clinicians and patients (and their families). Human factors has been heavily involved in the first two, contributing to design and evaluation of medical devices, identification and remediation of safety issues, and analysis and modifications to electronic health records and their interface. These same two areas have also received widespread research support and capital investment, while the third -- clinical communications -- has remained in the background for research, investment and human factors involvement. Yet clinical communication is vitally important. Health care providers communicate with patients directly in encounters, and when the communications fail, patients know it, are unhappy, and disparities in treatment, some systematic, arise (Brach&Fraserirector, 2004). In all but the simplest cases, providers also communicate with each other about the care of patients. These patient-centered communications (PCCs) occur through the hidden network of relationships linking providers with each other and with patients. These PCCs are largely ephemeral, occurring in encounter rooms and via phone calls, pagers, hallway chat, and increasingly, tasking within EHRs. Research has begun to indicate that this mesh of PCCs can have substantial effects on outcomes (Kahn and Angus, 2011). When these PCCs fail, negative outcomes occur, but we know little of what 'good' PCCs look like, or how to encourage or train them. Virtually no PCC data is captured in EHRs or elsewhere. All this points to a fertile but undiscovered country for human factors. This panel brings together four leading researchers with different perspectives on this domain: how clinical communication has evolved with the practice of medicine and communication technology; what we know about and can learn from failures of clinical communications; how leading edge training technology can help clinicians acquire adaptive communication expertise; and how broader issues of teamwork and organization affect and are affected by communication needs.”
© All rights reserved Zachary et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Read, Stephen J., Miller, Lynn C., Kostygina, Anna, Chopra, Gurveen, Christensen, John L., Corsbie-Massay, Charisse, Zachary, Wayne, Mentec, Jean-Christophe Le, Iordanov, Vassil and Rosoff, Andrew (2007): The Personality-Enabled Architecture for Cognition (PAC). In: Paiva, Ana, Prada, Rui and Picard, Rosalind W. (eds.) ACII 2007 - Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Second International Conference September 12-14, 2007, Lisbon, Portugal. pp. 735-736.
Mentec, Jean-Christophe Le and Zachary, Wayne (2006): CAB: A Tool for Interoperation Among Cognitive Architectures. In: Gratch, Jonathan, Young, Michael, Aylett, Ruth, Ballin, Daniel and Olivier, Patrick (eds.) IVA 2006 - Intelligent Virtual Agents - 6th International Conference August 21-23, 2006, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA. p. 470.
Miller, Lynn C., Read, Stephen J., Zachary, Wayne, Mentec, Jean-Christophe Le, Iordanov, Vassil, Rosoff, Andrew and Eilbert, James (2006): The PAC Cognitive Architecture. In: Gratch, Jonathan, Young, Michael, Aylett, Ruth, Ballin, Daniel and Olivier, Patrick (eds.) IVA 2006 - Intelligent Virtual Agents - 6th International Conference August 21-23, 2006, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA. p. 461.
Read, Stephen J., Miller, Lynn C., Monroe, Brian, Brownstein, Aaron, Zachary, Wayne, Mentec, Jean-Christophe Le and Iordanov, Vassil (2006): A Neurobiologically Inspired Model of Personality in an Intelligent Agent. In: Gratch, Jonathan, Young, Michael, Aylett, Ruth, Ballin, Daniel and Olivier, Patrick (eds.) IVA 2006 - Intelligent Virtual Agents - 6th International Conference August 21-23, 2006, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA. pp. 316-328.
Zachary, Wayne and Ryder, Joan M. (1995): Integrated Cognitive/Behavioral Task Analysis in Real-Time Domains. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. .
Weiland, Monica Z., Convery, Brian A., Zaklad, Allen L., Zachary, Wayne, Fry, Clarence A. and Voorhees, James W. (1993): Active Man Machine Interface for Advanced Rotorcraft. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. p. 1032.
“The proliferation of digital avionic information presented to pilots has produced a critical need for intelligent avionic information management, particularly in the area of Caution, Warning, and Advisory (CWA) systems. This demonstration illustrates the role of an Active Man Machine Interface (AMMI) in the context of CWA systems in rotorcraft of the future. The basis of the AMMI's intelligence demonstrated here is provided by a cognitive model that 1) prunes the alert stream to only those messages that have meaning to the pilot depending on the tactical context, and 2) provide context-sensitive advice on the basis of the tactical context. The CWA AMMI is currently being designed using COGNET, an cognitive modelling methodology (Zachary, 1989), and implemented using BATON, a set of software tools used to implement and embed COGNET models into existing systems (Zachary et al, 1991).”
© All rights reserved Weiland et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Hicinbothom, James H. and Zachary, Wayne (1993): A Tool for Automatically Generating Transcripts of Human-Computer Interaction. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. p. 1042.
“Recording transcripts of human-computer interaction can be a very time-consuming activity. This demonstration presents a new technology to automatically capture such transcripts in Open Systems environments (e.g., from graphical user interfaces running on the X Window System). This technology forms an infrastructure for performing distributed usability testing and human-computer interaction research, by providing integrated data capture, storage, browsing, retrieval, and export capabilities. It may lead to evaluation cost reductions throughout the software development life cycle.”
© All rights reserved Hicinbothom and Zachary and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne, Zaklad, Allen L., Hicinbothom, James H., Ryder, Joan M. and Purcell, Janine A. (1993): COGNET Representation of Tactical Decision-Making in Anti-Air Warfare. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1112-1116.
“Human tactical decision making in Naval Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) is time-critical and is performed in a multiple-task, team-based environment. These aspects make this domain extremely challenging for traditional cognitive modeling techniques. The COGNET (COGnition as a NEtwork of Tasks) framework, however, is inherently designed for real-time, multi-tasking work, and, with extensions to accommodate team decision processes, proved suitable for modeling AAW decision making in the Navy's Tactical Decision Making Under Stress (TADMUS) program. A COGNET model of AAW domain expertise is described, along with Decision-Support System (DSS) design principles derived from the COGNET AAW model and the underlying COGNET framework.”
© All rights reserved Zachary et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne and Hicinbothom, James (1992): Tools for Communicating with Chemical Information: A Cognitive Engineering Analysis. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 193-197.
“A major challenge for human factors is designing specialized systems to mesh with the domain expertise and mental representations of the system users. Systems for computational chemistry are an important example. Chemists use chemical structure diagrams (CSDs) as part of their basic language of communication, along with chemical formulae, narrative text, graphs and charts. Current computer tools for communicating with CSDs in written contexts are often found by chemists to be incomplete, difficult to use, and offering inappropriate functionality. This problem arises from ineffective human computer-interfaces that, in turn, can be traced to a lack of understanding on how skilled chemists use, think about, and communicate with CSDs. A formal cognitive human factors analysis is applied to address this deficiency. The analysis is developed through critical incident interviews, question-answering protocols, and thinking aloud protocols. Its results include a GOMS-type cognitive model of the drawing/manipulation process and of the conceptual structures underlying that process. Existing CSD drawing tool interfaces can be seen to provide little support for the conceptual structures or cognitive processes identified. The model developed in this research is being used to develop a user-oriented HCI for chemical structure manipulation systems.”
© All rights reserved Zachary and Hicinbothom and/or Human Factors Society
Ryder, Joan M., Zaklad, Allen L., Zachary, Wayne and Purcell, Janine A. (1992): A Cognitive Framework for Integrated Embedded Training and Decision Aiding. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1269-1273.
“This research has developed a theoretically-based cognitive model and design framework for Integrated Decision Aiding/Training Embedded Systems (IDATES). Based on a review of empirical studies of novice-expert differences and of theoretical and computational models of skill acquisition, we defined a three-stage cognitive hierarchy model as the basis for our IDATES framework. The levels of novice, intermediate, and expert are discrete stages which differ along two primary dimensions: problem representation and problem-solving procedure. Both decision aiding and training must be targeted to the problem representation and cognitive processes of the user/trainee. Thus, there must be three levels of decision aiding targeted to novice, intermediate, and expert decision makers. Furthermore, there are two types of training: incremental training to improve performance within each of the three expertise levels, and representational training to elicit a jump to the next higher level of problem representation. Two implications arise from the IDATES cognitive model. First, integrated cognitive/behavioral task analyses are able to drive both the embedded training requirements and the decision aiding requirements, although the three skill levels must be separately addressed. Second, a single integrated architecture can underlie all the decision aiding and embedded training components of a given IDATES application.”
© All rights reserved Ryder et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne and Ross, Lorna (1991): Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction through Use of Embedded COGNET Models. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 425-429.
“Current research suggests that embedded user models would allow more intelligent and helpful human-computer interaction. However, until recently, the cognitive modeling technology capable of generating models sufficiently complete and detailed as would be needed to drive development of embedded user models has not existed. COGNET (COGnition as a Network of Tasks) is a new cognitive modeling framework focusing on real-time, multi-tasking domains, and has been successfully applied and validated in several domains. This paper describes research to explore COGNET for embedded user models. The research took an existing COGNET model and implemented it in software as an embedded user model for an intelligent human-computer interface. The HCI used the resulting embedded model to produce significantly enhanced human-computer interface functionality. Specifically, the model was used to provide attention aiding, dynamic task prioritization, context-sensitive decision structuring, and context sensitive task automation in a complex real-time vehicle monitoring task. The software used to implement the example model also proved generalizable to other domains and COGNET models. This software has been named BATON (Blackboard Architecture for Task-Oriented Networks). Similarly, the interface architecture is broadly applicable to providing these same functions in other real-time, multi-tasking domains.”
© All rights reserved Zachary and Ross and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne (1990): CHI Systems Incorporated. In: Carrasco, Jane and Whiteside, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 90 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference 1990, Seattle, Washington,USA. pp. 287-288.
Zubritzky, Monica C., Zachary, Wayne and Ryder, Joan M. (1989): Constructing and Applying Cognitive Models to Mission Management Problems in Air Anti-Submarine Warfare. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 129-133.
“The ever-increasing capabilities of computers have resulted in a new generation of man-machine systems in which the machine acts in an intelligent manner to enhance the operator's decision-making capabilities in real-time multi-tasking (RTMT) situations. In such situations, the operator's information needs constantly change as he/she must attend to several events simultaneously and often switch from one decision-making task to another. The ability of the intelligent systems to aid humans in a flexible interactive fashion depends on the capability of the machine to predict these switches and the resulting changes in the human's information needs at a given time. These systems must therefore incorporate a model of the human operator's tasks based on information about the individual tasks and the dynamic relationships between the tasks and the occurrence of outside events. This paper focuses on the construction of such a model in the context of mission management problems of airborne Tactical Coordinators (TACCOs) in anti-submarine warfare (ASW). The model is built as a Cognitive Network of Tasks (COGNET) and is based on the integration of GOMS notation and the Blackboard architecture and is now being used to develop an adaptive intelligent interface for TACCOs.”
© All rights reserved Zubritzky et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne (1989): A Context-Based Model of Attention Switching in Computer-Human Interaction Domains. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 286-290.
“COGNET (Cognitive Network of Tasks) is a model-building framework for real-time attention sharing cognitive processes. It is particularly designed for the construction of computational models of human-computer interaction. COGNET is unique in that it leads to context-sensitive models of attention switching based on the human operator knowledge of the real-world domain being modeled. A COGNET model combines an augmented version of the GOMS task analysis language with the blackboard architecture of control. This paper discusses the theoretical organization of the COGNET framework, as well as the augmented GOMS/blackboard tools used to build COGNET models.”
© All rights reserved Zachary and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne, Zubritzky, Monica C. and Glenn, Floyd A. (1988): The Development of the Air Anti-Submarine Warfare Mission Testbed as a Tool for the Development of Operator Models. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 1073-1077.
“The central concern of human factors engineering (HFE) is facilitating a productive relationship between man and machine. A new generation of man-machine systems has arisen in which the machine acts in a relatively intelligent manner to enhance the operator's decision-making capabilities in real-time multi-tasking situations. These systems have been termed "distributed intelligence systems" (DIS) because intelligence is distributed among all system entities, whether they are human or computer. The ability of these systems to aid humans in a flexible, interactive fashion depends on the capability of the machine to predict the human's information needs in a given decision-making situation. Thus, the DIS must incorporate a model that reflects the operator's information processing requirements for the tasks necessary to operate the system. Of construct this model, it is necessary to develop a DIS testbed where experimental investigations can occur. The mission environment chosen for simulation is the Naval Air Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) mission, whose objectives to search for, find, and attack the enemy submarine involve complex tactical decisions in a real-time multi-tasking environment. In the Air ASW mission, most significant tactical decisions are made by the Tactical Coordinator (TACCO), the main operator of the system. The aspects of the testbed discussed in this paper include those elements of the simulation and responsibilities of the TACCO needed to illustrate the types of information processing tasks involved in the ASW mission. Also, the data collection capabilities of the testbed and how this data will be applied to operator model development will be discussed.”
© All rights reserved Zachary et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Zachary, Wayne (1986): A Cognitively Based Functional Taxonomy of Decision Support Techniques. In Human-Computer Interaction, 2 (1) pp. 25-63.
“The Decision Support Systems (DSS) field has grown rapidly drawing technology from many disciplines and pursuing applications in a variety of domains but developing little underlying theoretical structure, and poor linkage between research and practice. This article presents a classification scheme for DSS techniques that provides a common theoretical framework for DSS research and also structures and simplifies the process of designing application systems. The classification system is functional, grouping DSS techniques according to their ability to provide similar kinds of support (i.e., functions) to a human decision maker. It is also cognitively based, defining the kinds of support that decision makers need in terms of architectural features and procedural aspects of human cognition. The classification is expressed as a taxonomy, encompassing six primary classes of decision support techniques representing the six general kinds of cognitive support that human decision makers need. The six classes are process models, which assist in projecting the future course of complex processes; choice models, which support integration of decision criteria across aspects and/or alternatives; information control techniques, which help in storage, retrieval, organization, and integration of data and knowledge; analysis and reasoning techniques, which support application of problem-specific expert reasoning procedures; representation aids, which assist in expression and manipulation of a specific representation of a decision problem; and judgement amplification/refinement techniques, which help in quantification and debiasing of heuristic judgements. Additional distinctions are provided to distinguish the individual techniques in each of these primary categories. The taxonomy also has practical use as a design aid for decision support systems. The kinds of decision support needs represented by the taxonomy are general and can be used to guide the analysis and decomposition of a given decision prior to decision aid design. Specific needs for assistance can then be tied to specific computational techniques in the taxonomy. Methodological suggestions for using the taxonomy as a design aid are given.”
© All rights reserved Zachary and/or Taylor and Francis
Zachary, Wayne, Wherry, R., Glenn, F. and Hopson, J. (1982): Decision Situations, Decision Processes, and Decision Functions: Towards a Theory-Based Framework for Decision-Aid Design. In: Nichols, Jean A. and Schneider, Michael L. (eds.) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems March 15-17, 1982, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. pp. 355-358.
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