Publication statistics
Pub. period:1987-2012
Pub. count:35
Number of co-authors:65
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Gavriel Salvendy:4Tareq Z. Ahram:3Tareq Ahram:2 Productive colleagues
Waldemar Karwowski's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Gavriel Salvendy:148William S. Marras:34Colin G. Drury:32
“
... there are no simple 'right' answers for most web design questions (at least not for the important ones). What works is good, integrated design that fills a need--carefully thought out, well executed, and tested.
”
-- Steve Krug, Don't Make Me Think, p. 136
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Waldemar KarwowskiPhD, DSc, dhc, PE
Has also published under the name of:
"W. Karwowski"
Personal Homepage:
iems.ucf.edu/about/faculty/karwowski.html
Current place of employment:
University of Central Florida Professor and Chair Industrial Engineering and Management Systems University of Central Florida 4000 Central Florida Blvd. P.O. Box 162993 Orlando, FL 32816-2993
Publications by Waldemar Karwowski (bibliography)
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Ahram, Tareq Z. and Karwowski, Waldemar (2012): A Framework for Human Total Ownership Cost Based On Universal Human Performance Cost Components. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 738-742.
“The engagement between various human performance elements is overwhelming because the human element, at the center of each and every process, is unpredictable, highly variable, and often changes in context dependent upon the situation. Economic modelling of human total ownership cost (TOC) establishes the foundation of measuring human or manpower cost drivers as they relate to acquisition and during the lifecycle of any program. Thus, research presented in this paper attempts to build a human performance economical modeling framework based on human TOC library of artifacts that reflect human value-performance, technology trade-offs, and human performance task and mission requirements representation in terms of dollar value.”
© All rights reserved Ahram and Karwowski and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Jiang, Hong, Karwowski, Waldemar and Ahram, Tareq (2012): Application of System Dynamics Modeling for the Assessment of Training Performance Effectiveness. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 1030-1033.
“System Dynamics Modeling (SDM) is a mathematical technique to understand the behavior of complex systems over time. SDM has been widely used and applied in modeling complex systems such as human performance and social network analysis. This paper highlights key features of the system dynamics approach for human performance modeling and training optimization. Using three of the Big Five factors which include Conscientiousness, Extroversion, and Openness, modeling results show how these factors interact and influence training performance. This research sum arizes the development of a system dynamics model for use in evaluating training performance, acquired personality traits and overall system effects on training proficiency.”
© All rights reserved Jiang et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Gielo-Perczak, Krystyna, Karwowski, Waldemar, Hancock, Peter A., Marras, William S., Karwowski, Waldemar, Bonato, Paolo and Gielo-Perczak, Krystyna (2012): Multidisciplinary Concepts in Ergonomic Design and Individual Differences in Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 1034-1038.
“Currently, individual differences are considered to be the most important factors in home-, work-, health- (HWH) related comfortable designs. However in reality, these factors are still abandoned. Future prospective design needs require an intensive multidisciplinary approach to individual differences and performance capacities. The purpose of this panel is to discuss controversial concepts and ideas on individual differences and capacities which should be included in HWH designs. Novel designs necessitate a broad interaction among psychology, physiology, sociology, biomechanics, emerging current health care needs and functional design as an integration of the individual differences within human capabilities and daily necessities.”
© All rights reserved Gielo-Perczak et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Ahram, Tareq Z., Karwowski, Waldemar and Onkham, Wilawan (2011): Human Total Ownership Cost in Complex Systems: Estimating Human Performance Cost in Environments with Multiple Layers of Technology. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 885-889.
“In current practice, the Human Total Ownership Cost (HTOC) is often viewed as an acquisition cost -- that is, the cost of systems that does not consider human costs other than those related to the immediate staffing, training needs and requirements. The cost of human performance, in terms of both human capabilities and limitations, is directly related to the total ownership cost (TOC) of the technology. This paper summarizes ongoing efforts for modeling complex human performance cost drivers, for identification of critical elements that define the long term impact of human performance on system design, development, production, fielding, sustainment, and improvement, throughout the system life cycle. The overall aim is to develop a methodology to better assess and predict the total cost of human and human performance as relevant to acquisition of new technologies and systems. Future challenges that decision makers are likely to face in this domain are also discussed.”
© All rights reserved Ahram et al. and/or HFES
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Ahram, Tareq Z., Karwowski, Waldemar and Amaba, Ben (2010): User-centered Systems Engineering Knowledge Management Framework for Design Modeling of Future Smart Cities. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 1752-1756.
“Employing human factors and user-centered systems engineering methodology and design principles to the development of smart cities has the potential of establishing a novel field of research. This paper introduces a novel human factors knowledge management framework for collaborative education, design and modeling of the next generation of smarter cities. A conceptual framework and practical applications of systems engineering approaches to support smarter cities development is proposed. The human systems component in collaborative systems engineering aims to ensure that human considerations for learners and designers have a prominent place in the integrated design and development of sustainable, smarter cities throughout the total system lifecycle. Future challenges that collaborative human and systems engineering techniques are likely to face in this domain are also discussed.”
© All rights reserved Ahram et al. and/or HFES
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Reid, Christopher R., McCauley-Bush, Pamela, Karwowski, Waldemar and McMullin, Dianne L. (2009): The Need for a Lower Extremity Risk Assessment Model. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 887-891.
“Current ergonomic risk assessment tools do not assess possible occupational (extrinsic) and personal (intrinsic) risk factors for the lower extremity regions of employees. This document proposes that it is possible to develop a lower extremity risk assessment (LERA) model for quantifying such risks. A literature review was conducted for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the lower extremity that affect the nervous, muscular, vascular, and skeletal systems. This initial model of LERA was developed using epidemiological literature and subject matter expert opinion specifically for the knee joint and is considered a preliminary step towards quantifying the etiology of cumulative occupational knee disorders.”
© All rights reserved Reid et al. and/or their publisher
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Ahram, Tareq and Karwowski, Waldemar (2009): Human Systems Integration Modeling Using Systems Modeling Language. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1849-1853.
“The total systems approach focuses on human performance and ensures capabilities, limitations and risks are identified and managed throughout the system development lifecycle. HSI is the process to ensure that systems are designed and maintained such that they enhance human performance and capabilities while considering humans limitations to avoid high risk designs. The HSI process utilizes and integrates the interdependent multi-disciplinary aspects of various domains together within the systems engineering perspective. Since HSI processes have a top priority in systems design; this paper will introduce a new approach for modeling human capabilities and limitations in systems design. Human considerations in systems development will be modeled using Systems Modeling Language (SysML), a general-purpose visual modeling language for designing, specifying, analyzing, and verifying complex systems (Friedenthal et al., 2008).”
© All rights reserved Ahram and Karwowski and/or their publisher
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Bedny, Gregory Z., Karwowski, Waldemar and Sengupta, Tirthankar (2008): Application of Systemic-Structural Theory of Activity in the Development of Predictive Models of User Performance. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24 (3) pp. 239-274.
“This article introduces the systemic-structural activity (SSA) approach to modeling user performance on human-computer interaction tasks. The human operator's eye and computer mouse movements were analyzed, and their interrelationship was investigated in the framework of the SSA theory. A new method of eye movement interpretation is presented. Procedures for development of predictive design models of human performance are also suggested. These design models can be developed based on either purely analytical procedures or a combination of analytical procedures and abbreviated experimental studies. Developed models are task specific and are described in terms of human actions and operations, rather than in terms of the internal cognitive architecture. The design process is considered in terms of stages of the sequential refinement of designed models.”
© All rights reserved Bedny et al. and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Vanharanta, Hannu, Kantola, Jussi and Karwowski, Waldemar (2007): Love Dimensions on the Web. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part IV 2007. pp. 1057-1062.
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Bedny, Gregory and Karwowski, Waldemar (2003): A Systemic-Structural Activity Approach to the Design of Human-Computer Interaction Tasks. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 16 (2) pp. 235-260.
“In this article, a new approach to the study of Human-Computer interaction (HCI) from the activity theory perspective is presented. A computer-based task was selected for demonstration purposes. Due to its complexity, variability, and number of mental components, the selected computer-based task presented difficulties in observation and formal description. Other tasks involving computers bared similar difficulties. In this study, it is demonstrated that activity theory, which has precise units of analysis and carefully elaborated concepts and terminology, can be useful in the study of HCIs. The examination and description of the computer-based task in this study are carried out through a systemic-structural analysis approach associated with activity theory.”
© All rights reserved Bedny and Karwowski and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Bedny, G., Karwowski, Waldemar and Seglin, M. (2001): Activity Theory as a Basis for the Study and Redesign of Computer-Based Task. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 342-346.
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Grobelny, Jerzy, Karwowski, Waldemar and Zurada, Jozef (1995): Applications of Fuzzy-Based Linguistic Patterns for the Assessment of Computer Screen Design Quality. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 7 (3) pp. 193-212.
“The main objective of this study was to develop a modeling framework which would unify different aspects of computer screen design and result in a quantitative criterion for an optimized computer screen format. The fuzzy set-based linguistic design patterns were utilized as a tool to build this model. The linguistic patterns are based on categories of expressions related closely to natural language and truth values, which are close to a human designer's intuition. The proposed framework is capable of assessing the quality of computer screen design based on existing knowledge in human-computer interface domain using the fuzzy-based linguistic pattern approach. Exemplary patterns for an optimal screen density, information grouping, and some aspects of screen layout are presented, along with a sequence of calculations based on the exemplary screen format. This study showed that it is possible to achieve a rational and relatively easy to interpret assessment of different screen designs in the form of the degrees of truth. Such an evaluation criterion reflects the compatibility of a given screen design with the optimal one based on the current knowledge in the field. It is believed that the proposed methodological framework for computer screen design should significantly augment the efforts of human designers.”
© All rights reserved Grobelny et al. and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Smith, Leighton L., Dingus, Thomas A., Hendrick, Hal W., Karwowski, Waldemar, Jahns, Dieter W. and Hornick, Richard J. (1995): Professional Conduct for Ergonomic Experts in Forensics -- II. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 445-447.
“This panel intends to further the exploitation of the subject matter that was addressed in a panel held at the 1994 annual meeting (Smith et al., 1994). The panelists for that panel were: Mel Rudov, Thomas Dingus, Jake Pauls, and Gary Staffo. These individuals presented their views on the panel subject ranging from a synopsis of the history of a code of conduct in the professional ergonomics discipline (Mel Rudov), to a discussion on the merits and motivations for establishing a code of conduct (Tom Dingus), to a perspective on the ramifications of specialization (Jake Pauls), to a perspective from the professional safety community (Gary Staffo). The purpose of this panel (iteration "II") is to further examine the foundation and aspects of a code of conduct for professionals in the specific practice of ergonomic forensics. Both the view of individual professionals who practice full-time ergonomic forensics work and also who have practiced extensively will contribute to this panel. The goal of this panel is to attempt to achieve a balanced viewpoint of professional.”
© All rights reserved Smith et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Forsythe, Chris, Karwowski, Waldemar, Baba, Marietta, Wiebe, Eric N., Lahlou, Saadi and Ashby, M. Rodema (1995): Human Factors in Agile Manufacturing. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 538-542.
“The contributions of human factors to agile manufacturing are as varied as the numerous human components that constitute an industrial enterprise. As a framework for discussing some specific examples relevant to the elements of agility identified above, human factors contributions are categorized as follows: (1.) development of business practices; (2.) design of enabling technologies and (3.) management of the introduction and fielding of new technologies and business practices. The panel session will provide an introduction to these contributions, and an accounting of past and ongoing work.”
© All rights reserved Forsythe et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Karwowski, Waldemar and Gaddie, Paul (1995): Simulation of the 1991 Revised NIOSH Manual Lifting Equation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 699-703.
“Digital computer simulation of the 1991 Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation was performed using SLAM II in order to examine the behavior of this equation under a variety of realistic industrial lifting tasks. The results showed that over all conditions studied (represented by 100,000 randomly generated lifting task scenarios), the recommended weight limit (RWL) values for the 99.5% of all tasks were equal to or lower than 12.5 kg or 27.5 lbs. With respect to lifting time exposure, the RWL values for the 99.5% of cases were equal to or lower than 13 kg (or 28.6 lbs) for up to one hour of lifting, 12.5 kg (or 26.4 lbs) for less than 2 hours of exposure, and 10.5 kg (or 23.1 lbs) for lifting over an 8-hour shift. From a practical point of view, the results of this study define the threshold RWL values (TRWL), that can be used by practitioners for the purpose of immediate risk assessment of manual lifting tasks performed in industry.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski and Gaddie and/or Human Factors Society
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Gramopadhye, Anand K., Bishu, Ram R., Rouse, William B., Karwowski, Waldemar, Drury, Colin G. and Cochran, Edward L. (1994): Recent Advances in Human Factors in Manufacturing. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 476-480.
“The combined effects of automation and global competition have changed the manufacturing environment considerably. The change is from a traditional product or process oriented manufacturing to a fully automated or semi-automated manufacturing environment, producing limited quantities of a large range of products. Inexpensive and unlimited computing power has been the single cause for these changes. What impact have these changes had on human factors/ergonomics professionals? Does a problem really exist and is its existence recognized in affected areas by other people, those not involved with human factors? Have human factors professionals taken proactive approaches to these changes? What are the new techniques available to the human factors professionals in this application area? This panel will address some of the issues and concerns in this area.”
© All rights reserved Gramopadhye et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Caldwell, Marenda and Gaddie, Paul (1994): Relationships between the NIOSH (1991) Lifting Index, Compressive and Shear Forces on the Lumbosacral Joint, and Low Back Injury Incidence Rate Based on Industrial Field Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 654-657.
“The main objective of this study was to investigate relationships between the values of NIOSH (1991) Lifting Index calculated for as set of industrial manual handling tasks, the corresponding (estimated) compressive and shear forces on the lumbosacral joint (L5/S1), and the back injury incidence rates based on analysis of the epidemiological field data. A strong positive correlation was observed between the estimated compressive forces on L5/S1 and the lifting index (LI) values, and between the incidence rates (IR) of low back injury and the LI index. Two sets of regression models describing the relationships between the lifting index (LI) and the compressive forces on the L5/S1 were developed. It was shown that the LI=1.0 corresponds to about 1.8 kN and 2.4 N of compression on the L5/S1, for the destination and origin of the lift, respectively. For the lumbar compressive strength values (with safety factor of one standard deviation) of 4.1 kN for males (40 years of age), proposed by Jager and Luttman (1992), the corresponding values of the lifting index are as follows: LI=4.1 (for the lift destination) and 6.4 (for the lift origin). Implications of results for prevention of back injury due to manual lifting were discussed.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Karwowski, Waldemar and Marras, William S. (1993): A Catastrophe Theory-Based Model for Quantification of Risk of Low Back Disorders at Work. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 683-687.
“This paper discusses applications of the catastrophe theory in the dynamic modeling of occupational low back disorders, and offers a framework for conceptualization of such disorders in view of the elementary cusp catastrophe models. It was proposed that low back disorders due to manual lifting should be considered as a discontinuous phenomenon, reflecting dynamic changes in the state of human musculoskeletal system, which are dependent upon the combination of human strength abilities, muscular fatigue and endurance, spinal loading tolerance, as well as dynamic equilibrium between these variables. The behavior of the proposed cusp-catastrophe based model for the risk of LBDs due to manual lifting jobs was examined based on empirical data collected in industry.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski and Marras and/or Human Factors Society
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Jarvinen, Jari and Karwowski, Waldemar (1993): A Questionnaire Study of Accidents in Advanced Manufacturing Systems. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1004-1008.
“Manufacturing automation has eliminated many traditional risks of injury, but new types of risks have appeared. In the United States only a limited amount of data is available on automated manufacturing-related accidents, or these data cannot be distinguished from general accident data. The purpose of this study was to collect data on accidents related to advanced manufacturing systems (CIMS). A questionnaire requesting information on one serious computer-integrated accident that occurred in the respondent's plant was used to collect the data. The presented results are based on the analysis of 85 cases. The cases included six fatal injuries, as well as several severe injuries that led to amputation. The results confirm the need to pay more attention to prevention of production disturbances in CIMS, especially in the case of material handling equipment. A relatively large amount of cases involving defeated safety devices calls for the design of intelligent safety systems that protect the human operator, but do not interfere with the work to be done, even during the disturbance situations.”
© All rights reserved Jarvinen and Karwowski and/or Human Factors Society
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Ukita, Akio, Karwowski, Waldemar and Salvendy, Gavriel (1993): Development of a Fuzzy Knowledge-Based Neural Network System for Tuning of Electric Circuits. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Poster Sessions: Abridged Proceedings 1993. p. 187.
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Marek, Tadeusz, Noworol, Czeslaw, Wos, Henryk, Karwowski, Waldemar and Hamiga, Krzysztof (1992): Muscular Loading and Subjective Ratings of Muscular Tension by Novices when Typing with Standard and Split-Design Computer Keyboards. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 4 (4) pp. 387-394.
“The objective of this research project was to compare two different computer keyboard designs with respect to their effect on the extent of muscular loading in the right and left trapezius and extensor muscles during typing. The two computer keyboards used in this study were (1) a classic or standard keyboard, and (2) a split-design keyboard. Evaluation of muscular loading was done using the electromyography (EMG) technique and subjective ratings of muscular tension. Sixteen women, between 18 and 26 years of age, with similar secretarial experience and limited typing abilities, took voluntary part in the experiment. Each subject used both keyboards for 15 min. The EMG signals recorded during typing sessions were those of the left and right sides of trapezius (m. trapezius pars descendeus) and extensor (m. extensor carpi radialis brevis et longus) muscles. Upon completion of each task, subjects were asked to evaluate perceived levels of muscular tension in the shoulder-neck area and forearms. The results showed that the split-design computer keyboard significantly reduces muscular loading of the trapezius muscle and subjective feelings of muscular tension in the shoulder-neck area.”
© All rights reserved Marek et al. and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Karwowski, Waldemar and Brokaw, Nina (1992): Implications of the Proposed Revisions in a Draft of the Revised NIOSH Lifting Guide (1991) for Job Redesign: A Field Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 659-663.
“The main objective of this research project was to compare the recommended load limits for lifting tasks derived based on the NIOSH (1981) Lifting Guide and the proposed NIOSH Draft Revisions of (1991). The study involved the following steps: 1) Identification of a total of 15 manual lifting tasks from 8 different jobs performed at the industrial site, with different tasks characteristics in order to cover most of the possible lifting conditions considered under the Draft Revisions to the NIOSH Guide (1991), 2) Description of the lifting tasks variables for the identified jobs, 3) Calculation of the RWL values for the identified jobs per 1991 Lifting Guide, as well as the AL and MPL values according the 1981 Lifting Guide, 4) Comparison of the actual loads lifted (L) with the values of RWL, AL and MPL, and calculation. The results showed that the Draft Guide of 1991 was much more restrictive with respect to defining the lifting acceptable jobs. Under this Guide, 10 out of”
© All rights reserved Karwowski and Brokaw and/or Human Factors Society
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Parsaei, H., Soundararajan, A. and Pongpatanasuegsa, N. (1992): Estimation of Safe Distance from the Robot Arm as a Guide for Limiting Slow Speed of Robot Motions. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 992-996.
“The main objective of this laboratory study was to determine the minimum distance from the robot considered as safe for monitoring purposes, and the corresponding perception of danger for close interaction in robot teaching tasks. Five speed levels of robot motions, i.e.: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm/sec, were used. The three motion types of the robot arm were forward, swing (from right) and swing (from left). The response variables were the minimum distance from the robot that the subject selected as safe for monitoring purposes, and the perception of danger due to robot speed at the selected safe distances. The subjects selected significantly different values of safe distances from the robot arm moving at the speed of 10 cm/s, than they did for the range of robot speeds from 20 to 40 cm/s. The corresponding perception of danger due to the robot motions at the selected safe distances was the lowest for the speed of 10 cm/s, while the values of perceived danger for the speed range of 20-40 cm/s did not significantly differ between each other. The above results indicate that the range of slow speeds of robot motions from 20 to 40 cm/s is similarly perceived by the subjects with respect to the potential hazards from the moving robot arm. It was suggested that the safe slow speed of robot motions for teaching and programming purposes lies somewhere between 10 and 20 cm/s, and that current recommendation of 25.0 cm/s for safe reduced speed of robot motions should be redefined.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Karwowski, Waldemar and Alsabi, Hashim (1991): The Effect of Confined Space on the Maximum Acceptable Weight of Lift. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 804-808.
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Rahimi, Mansour and Karwowski, Waldemar (1990): Human Perception of Robot Safe Speed and Idle Time. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 9 (5) pp. 381-389.
“Operators and users of robotic systems perform tasks which require close proximity to dangerous moving parts. Two experiments were performed to assess human perception of safe robot arm speed and idling times. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the maximum safe speed of robots. Subjects were asked to adjust the robot speeds. Perceived safe speeds were indicated for two different types of robots. Experiment 2 was designed to determine safe programmed idle time of robots. Subjects were asked to enter the robot work envelope when a programmed idle was perceived to be caused by a malfunction. Safe idle times were reported for two different robot speeds during operational cycles.”
© All rights reserved Rahimi and Karwowski and/or Taylor and Francis
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Kosiba, Eric, Benabdallah, Salah and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): A Framework for Development of Fuzzy GOMS Model for Human-Computer Interaction. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2 (4) pp. 287-305.
“The objective of this study was to examine usefulness of fuzzy methodologies in the analysis and design of human-computer interaction. A framework for generalization of the Goals-Operators-Methods-Selection Rules (GOMS) model, and its fuzzy version was proposed. An experimental verification of the fuzzy GOMS model was also provided. A total of six subjects participated in two laboratory experiments. These experiments were performed in order to validate the proposed fuzzy GOMS model for the text editing task described in information processing terms. The subjects were not familiar with the text files to be edited, and the task was performed from the subject's own office and desk. All subjects were familiar with and regularly used the VI screen editor. The experiments consisted of the following steps: (1) the subject performed a familiar text editing task using a screen editor (VI); (2) the methods by which the subject achieved his goals (word location) as well as selection rules were elicited; (3) several compatibility functions for fuzzy terms used by the subject were derived; and (4) once all the rules, methods, and corresponding membership functions have been elicited, the theory of possibility was used to model the expert's rule selection process. For this purpose, each of the potential rules was assigned a possibility measure equal to the membership value(s) derived during the elicitation phase of experiment. Finally, the selected methods were compared to nonfuzzy predictions and actual experimental data. It was shown that overall, across all subjects and trials of the main editing task, the fuzzy-based GOMS model predicted significantly more of the subject responses, than did the non-fuzzy GOMS model.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski et al. and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Noland, Soraya, Eberts, Ray E. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1990): Effects of Keying Method, Image Preview and Work/Rest Schedule on Posture of the Remote Bar Coding Operators. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 738-742.
“The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of different work/rest schedules, keying methods and preview conditions on postures preferred by the remote bar coding (RBC) operators, as well as on the patterns of postural changes over time, and to relate these to the perceived postural discomfort at work. Twelve operators (nine females and three males) were hired through a local employment service. A participation requirement was a minimum typing speed of 40 correct words per minute. Three factorial (2 x 2 x 3) design with replication was used. The experiment consisted of twelve scenarios utilizing three factors, i.e. 1) keying methodology (key all or key 5 digits only), 2) image preview (none or one), and 3) work/break schedule (50 minute/10 minute, 2 hour/15 minute, or flexible schedule). The data collection for biomechanical analysis of the RBC operators was performed using the video-recording technique. Assessment of the operator's postural discomfort was performed before the work started, immediately after each work period (during the break), and immediately after the task was completed. The results of postural discomfort analysis showed the significant effects of data collection time on all reported discomfort scores. The instruction to "key all" resulted in significantly higher wrist discomfort levels than the instruction "key 5 characters only." The neck/head flexion was the lowest (mean = 30.2 degrees) for the flexible work/break schedule, and the highest (mean = 36.5 degrees) for the 50 minute work/10 minute break schedule. The preview condition resulted in smaller arm flexion (mean = 108.2 degrees) than the no preview condition (mean = 115.6 degrees). On average, the subjects used back support 34.7% of the time. When working with no image preview, the back rest was used 25% of the time. The back rest utilization increased for 50% of the time with the image preview, indicating more relaxed posture at work with the preview condition. The upper trunk angle (back inclination) assumed by the RBC operators was on average by 10 degrees greater than the angle preferred by the VDT operators.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Shumate, Craig, Pongpatana, Nai and Yates, James W. (1989): Weight Discriminability and Subjective Assessment of Load Heaviness: A Pilot Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 657-661.
“The main objectives of this pilot study were to investigate human ability to: 1) estimate weight of boxes on a lifting task, 2) discriminate among different levels of load, and 3) relate this ability to subjective perception of load heaviness expressed in terms of linguistic descriptors. The effects of color and load differential, defined as a constant weight difference among a series of five boxes, on perception of load heaviness, were also studied. It was shown that the human ability to discriminate among weights of boxes lifted is severely impaired as the load differential decreases below 4 lbs. In addition, as weight of the box exceeds 30 lbs., the difficulty in load differentiation and load estimation, as measured by the number of errors made, significantly increases. This study also suggests that the use of linguistic (verbal) descriptors in the estimation of weights of boxes lifted from the floor to table height, allows for better judgement than the use of numerical values alone.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Marek, Tadeusz, Noworol, Czeslaw and Karwowski, Waldemar (1989): Dissatisfaction with VDT Work and Ocular Subjective Discomfort of VDT Operators. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 369-376.
“One of the most important questions in ergonomics of VDT's is whether or not the introduction of VDT's caused an increase in visual fatigue. There is comparatively little evidence to suggest that the use of the VDT itself leads to more complaints of visual fatigue. The twenty-six subjects who participated in this research study were female data entry operators, between the ages of 20-31. After a typical workday the VDT operators were asked to respond to eleven ocular subjective discomfort questions and to four questions which were related to a general discomfort with VDT work. It was found that the general dissatisfaction with VDT work and fear arising from the introduction of the new technology increase the ocular subjective discomfort symptoms.”
© All rights reserved Marek et al. and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Kosiba, E., Benabdallah, S. and Salvendy, Gavriel (1989): Fuzzy Data and Communication in Human-Computer Interaction: For Bad or For Good. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 402-409.
“This paper discusses the implications of natural fuzziness for the human-computer interaction (HCI) area, and examines the usefulness of fuzzy methodologies in the analysis and design of HCI. In particular, a generalization of the Goals-Operations-Methods-Selection Rules (GOMS) concept is outlined, and experimental verification of the Fuzzy GOMS model is provided.”
© All rights reserved Karwowski et al. and/or Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Karwowski, Waldemar (1988): Maximum Load Lifting Capacity of Males and Females in Teamwork. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 680-682.
“The main objective of this study was to determine the maximum permissible load lifting capacity (MLCT) of males and females working in teams of two persons. On the average, the maximum capacity of the two-people teams for infrequent lifting of compact loads from floor to the bench height of 89 (cm) was about 105 Kg for young males, and 76 Kg for young females. The ratio between the maximum capacity for a team of two males versus two females,”
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Rahimi, Mansour, Nash, David L. and Parsaei, Hamid R. (1988): Perception of Safety Zone Around an Industrial Robot. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 948-952.
“Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate human perception of safe zone around an industrial robot. It was shown that an angle of approach toward the robot, speed of robot motions and exposure to a simulated accident significantly affected the student subject's perception of the safe area around the MH33 robot. On the average, across all approach angles, the subjects selected distances of 49.2 and 70.0 cm from the robot's working envelope, for the accident and non-accident group, respectively.”
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Karwowski, Waldemar, Plank, T., Parsaei, M. and Rahimi, M. (1987): Human Perception of the Maximum Safe Speed of Robot Motions. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 186-190.
“A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the maximum speeds of robot arm motion considered by the subjects as safe for human operators working in a close proximity of the robot's working envelope. Twenty-nine college students (16 males and 13 females) participated in the study as monitors of the simulated assembly tasks performed by two industrial robots of different size and work capabilities. The results show that the speed selection process depends on the robot's physical size and its initial speed at the start of the adjustment process. Subjects selected higher speeds as "safe" if they were first exposed to maximum speed of the robot, and significantly lower values when the initial speed of the robot's actions was only 5% of maximum. It was also shown that the subject's previous exposure to robots and the level of their knowledge of industrial robots highly affected their perception of safe speeds of robot motions. Such effects differ, however, between males and females.”
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Karwowski, Waldemar (1987): Dynamic Lifting Strengths of Male and Female Teams: A Comparative Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 467-470.
“The objective of this study was to compare dynamic lifting strengths of females and males working in teams of two and three members. The experimental data from two laboratory experiments was used for the purpose of statistical comparison of team strength values for dynamic back extension and dynamic lifting strengths. 15 two-member teams, all male and all female, and 20 three-member teams, all male and all female, participated in the study. Comparison of the team strengths for males and females indicates that on the average, female 2-person strengths account for about 65% and 62% of that of males for dynamic lift and back extension, respectively. For the teams of”
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