Valerie L. Shalin
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Publications by Valerie L. Shalin (bibliography)
» 2000 «
Chipman, Susan F., Schraagen, Jan Maarten and Shalin, Valerie L. (2000): Cognitive Task Analysis. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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» 1998 «
Patel, Swapnesh C., Drury, Colin G. and Shalin, Valerie L. (1998): Effectiveness of Expert Semantic Knowledge as a Navigational Aid within Hypertext. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 17 (6) pp. 313-324
“Hypertext systems parse documents into content nodes connected by machine supported links or relationships. Many hypertext researchers claim that the node-link relationships of hypertext provide an information organization that models the structure of human knowledge and should therefore facilitate information access (Fiderio 1988). Yet, failures of information access occur when users lack an understanding of the overall scope and organization of a hypertext system (Gay and Mazur 1991). To support this understanding, the present research incorporated expert-based domain semantics in the design of prosthetic devices for hypertext navigation. The task domain was documentation for a word processing system. In the first experiment, the pathfinder algorithm (Schvaneveldt 1990) and cluster analysis were used to identify a set of expert-based semantic relationships between word-processing concepts. The results from these analyses contributed to the design of two prostheses to assist hypertext navigation: A hierarchical index and a local semantic browser. These aids were tested in a second experiment, crossing type of on-line documentation (semantically enhanced hypertext or an alphabetically indexed text) with level of subject expertise (novice or expert). Both performance and strategy measures suggest that the semantic prostheses improved the accessibility of information for novice users without hampering expert performance.”
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» 1994 «
Vora, Pawan R., Helander, Martin G. and Shalin, Valerie L. (1994): Evaluating the Influence of Interface Styles and Multiple Access Paths in Hypertext. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 323-329. Available online
“No specific guidelines exist to assist in designing usable hypertext systems. In this paper, we discuss three experiments to study usability issues in hypertext design. In the first experiment, we investigated usability of four types of hypertext interfaces: graphical with labeled links (GL), graphical with unlabeled links (GU), textual with embedded links (TE), and textual with a separate list of related items/links (TS). The results favored GL interface for novice users. However, most subjects suggested incorporating multiple access pathways to facilitate search. To determine how hypertext designers could establish, a priori, these multiple structures, we extracted organization schemes from domain experts in the second experiment. Distinctly different organization structures emerged from experts with different professional backgrounds. Therefore, we modified the hypertext to incorporate multiple organization structures. In experiment 3, we compared subjects' performance using multiple and single organization structures. Multiple structures, contrary to previous evidence, enhanced search performance. The benefits of multiple structures, however, diminished over time. These experiments provide empirical evidence in favor of GL interfaces and incorporation of multiple organization structures to improve hypertext usability.”
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» 1992 «
Prabhu, Girish V., Helander, Martin G. and Shalin, Valerie L. (1992): Effect of Product Structure on Manual Assembly Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 729-732.
“Using Maynard's description, an assembly task may be divided into various task elements like reach, select, grasp, move, position, and assemble (Ghosh and Helander, 1985). Activities such as "reach" and "move" are governed by biomechanics of body motions including human factors principles such as Fitts' law. This research investigated the effect of the structure of the assembly and the type of assembly instructions on performance. Two different product structures were used -- a vertical assembly, built bottom-up, and a hierarchical assembly, consisting of several sub-assemblies. Two different instruction strategies were used: 1. top-down sequential instructions 2. No Instructions. The research showed that vertical products were easier for manual assembly, when provided with instructions. For all three dependant measures, there was no interaction effect between the two factors, namely product structure and instructions. Average time for completion was significant for both factors i.e. product structures (F(1,20) = 4.417, p < 0.0485) and instructions (F(1,20) = 5.886, p < 0.0248). However, time for learning was significant only for product structure factor (F(1,20) = 5.239, p < 0.033). Also, trials to learn was significant only for product structure factor (F(1,20) = 4.449, p < 0.047).”
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Keough, Barbara, Shalin, Valerie L. and McKenna, Paul (1992): A Training Approach for Context-Sensitive Skills: An Example with Typeface Selection. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1274-1278.
“Cognitive task analysis and Computer Science have revolutionized training technology with intelligent tutoring systems (Wenger, 1987). However, some key assumptions determine the success of such systems: 1) Student knowledge is rule-based, so that performance may be evaluated according to the presence or absence of rules and 2) The computer and the student have access to the same information about the problem context. In the instructional task domain we are addressing -- typeface selection -- neither assumption is appropriate. Each selection emerges as an interaction with the parameters and contingencies of the particular problem (Suchman, 1987). Furthermore, an important property of typeface is its evocative or emotional power -- a property that cannot be represented adequately in a computer. Our objective is to develop a satisfactory compromise using computer-aided instruction, specifically for the domain of typeface selection. Following Clancey (1983) and Winograd & Flores (1986), we recognize that some of the knowledge we seek to train will simply not "be in" the computer. However, it may be reflected in the design and organization of training exercises, which set up a sensitivity to the important dimensions of the problem. We take advantage of the computer medium to demonstrate typeface and layout transformations of preprogrammed text examples, as well as text examples entered on-line by the student. In addition, a hypertext style menuing system allows the student to access any part of the system from any point. In this paper we provide a description of the system we have built for training in the domain of typeface selection, and discuss the relevance of this system for two applications concerns in human factors: 1) The design of messages for public display and 2) The training of context sensitive skill.”
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» 1990 «
Levi, Keith R., Shalin, Valerie L. and Perschbacher, David L. (1990): Learning Plans for an Intelligent Assistant by Observing User Behavior. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 33 (5) pp. 489-503
“A critical requirement of intelligent automated assistants is a representation of actions and goals that is common to both the user and the automated assistant. Updating the intelligent system's knowledge base by observing user behavior is a convenient method for acquiring this common representation. We are developing an explanation based learning system to automate the acquisition of new plans for a large pilot-aiding expert system. We have developed a planning/learning shell that is based on the TWEAK planning system and DeJong's explanation based learning system. We are applying this shell to the pilot-aiding problem in a joint industry/university research effort involving Honeywell, Lockheed, ISX, Search Technology, and the Universities of Illinois and Michigan.”
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» 1988 «
Shalin, Valerie L., Wisniewski, Edward J., Levi, Keith R. and Scott, Paul D. (1988): A Formal Analysis of Machine Learning Systems for Knowledge Acquisition. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 29 (4) pp. 429-446
“Machine learning techniques can be of great value for automating certain aspects of knowledge acquisition. Given the potential of machine learning for knowledge acquisition, we have begun a systematic investigation of how one might map the functions of knowledge-based systems onto those machine learning systems that provide the required knowledge. The goal of our current research is to provide a general characterization of machine learning systems and their respective application domains.”
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Mar 21st, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
25 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Valerie L. Shalin's author page.01 Jul 2009: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)26 Jun 2007: Author was edited
26 Jun 2007: Author was edited
28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography
