Tovi Grossman
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Publications by Tovi Grossman (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Song, Hyunyoung, Grossman, Tovi, Fitzmaurice, George W., Guimbretiere, Francois, Khan, Azam, Attar, Ramtin and Kurtenbach, Gordon (2009): PenLight: combining a mobile projector and a digital pen for dynamic visual overlay. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 143-152. Available online
“Digital pen systems, originally designed to digitize annotations made on physical paper, are evolving to permit a wider variety of applications. Although the type and quality of pen feedback (e.g., haptic, audio, and visual) have a huge impact on advancing the digital pen technology, dynamic visual feedback has yet to be fully investigated. In parallel, miniature projectors are an emerging technology with the potential to enhance visual feedback for small mobile computing devices. In this paper we present the PenLight system, which is a testbed to explore the interaction design space and its accompanying interaction techniques in a digital pen embedded with a spatially-aware miniature projector. Using our prototype, that simulates a miniature projection (via a standard video projector), we visually augment paper documents, giving the user immediate access to additional information and computational tools. We also show how virtual ink can be managed in single and multi-user environments to aid collaboration and data management. User evaluation with professional architects indicated promise of our proposed techniques and their potential utility in the paper-intensive domain of architecture.”
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Grossman, Tovi, Fitzmaurice, George W. and Attar, Ramtin (2009): A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 649-658. Available online
“It is well-accepted that learnability is an important aspect of usability, yet there is little agreement as to how learnability should be defined, measured, and evaluated. In this paper, we present a survey of the previous definitions, metrics, and evaluation methodologies which have been used for software learnability. Our survey of evaluation methodologies leads us to a new question-suggestion protocol, which, in a user study, was shown to expose a significantly higher number of learnability issues in comparison to a more traditional think-aloud protocol. Based on the issues identified in our study, we present a classification system of learnability issues, and demonstrate how these categories can lead to guidelines for addressing the associated challenges.”
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Matejka, Justin, Grossman, Tovi, Lo, Jessica and Fitzmaurice, George W. (2009): The design and evaluation of multi-finger mouse emulation techniques. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1073-1082. Available online
“We explore the use of multi-finger input to emulate full mouse functionality, such as the tracking state, three buttons, and chording. We first present the design space for such techniques, which serves as a guide for the systematic investigation of possible solutions. We then perform a series of pilot studies to come up with recommendations for the various aspects of the design space. These pilot studies allow us to arrive at a recommended technique, the SDMouse. In a formal study, the SDMouse was shown to significantly improve performance in comparison to previously developed mouse emulation techniques.”
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» 2008 «
Grossman, Tovi and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2008): Collaborative interaction with volumetric displays. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 383-392. Available online
“Volumetric displays possess a number of unique properties which potentially make them particularly suitable for collaborative 3D applications. Because such displays have only recently become available, interaction techniques for collaborative usage have yet to be explored. In this paper, we initiate this exploration. We present a prototype collaborative 3D model viewing application, which served as a platform for our explorations. We outline three design goals, discuss the key interaction issues which were encountered, and describe a suite of new techniques in detail. In initial user observation sessions, we found that our techniques allowed users to successfully complete a variety of 3D tasks. Furthermore, interviews with experts in potential usage domains indicated that the techniques we developed can serve as a baseline for future collaborative applications for volumetric displays.”
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» 2007 «
Birnholtz, Jeremy P., Grossman, Tovi, Mak, Clarissa and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2007): An exploratory study of input configuration and group process in a negotiation task using a large display. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 91-100. Available online
“This paper reports on an exploratory study of the effects of input configuration on group behavior and performance in a collaborative task performed by a collocated group using a large display. Twelve groups completed a mixed-motive negotiation task under two conditions: a single, shared mouse and one mouse per person. Results suggest that the multiple mouse condition allowed for more parallel work, but the quality of discussion was higher in the single mouse condition. Moreover, participants were more likely to act in their own best interest in the multiple mouse condition.”
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Kattinakere, Raghavendra S., Grossman, Tovi and Subramanian, Sriram (2007): Modeling steering within above-the-surface interaction layers. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 317-326. Available online
“Interaction techniques that utilize the space above the display surface to extend the functionalities of digitized surfaces continue to emerge. In such techniques, movements are constrained by the bounds of a layer. In addition, constraints imposed on the direction of movement within the layer may be present. Despite the presence of such techniques, there is limited understanding of human capabilities for performing the required steering task. In this paper we study and model user performance when steering through constrained and unconstrained paths in above-the-surface layers. Through a series of experiments we validate the derivation and applicability of our proposed models.”
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Grossman, Tovi, Kong, Nicholas and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2007): Modeling pointing at targets of arbitrary shapes. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 463-472. Available online
“We investigate pointing at graphical targets of arbitrary shapes. We first describe a previously proposed probabilistic Fitts' law model [7] which, unlike previous models that only account for rectangular targets, has the potential to handle arbitrary shapes. Three methods of defining the centers of arbitrarily shaped targets for use within the model are developed. We compare these methods of defining target centers, and validate the model using a pointing experiment in which the targets take on various shapes. Results show that the model can accurately account for the varying target shapes. We discuss the implications of our results to interface design.”
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Grossman, Tovi, Wigdor, Daniel and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2007): Exploring and reducing the effects of orientation on text readability in volumetric displays. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 483-492. Available online
“Volumetric displays, which provide a 360° view of imagery illuminated in true 3D space, are a promising platform for interactive 3D applications. However, presenting text in volumetric displays can be a challenge, as the text may not be oriented towards the user. This is especially problematic with multiple viewers, as the text could, for example, appear forwards to one user, and backwards to another. In a first experiment we determined the effects of 3D rotations on text readability. Based on the results, we developed and evaluated a new technique which optimizes text orientation for multiple viewers. This technique provided 33% faster group reading times in a collaborative experimental task.”
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Grossman, Tovi, Dragicevic, Pierre and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2007): Strategies for accelerating on-line learning of hotkeys. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 1591-1600. Available online
“Hotkeys are extremely useful in leveraging expert performance, but learning them is a slow process. This paper investigates alternative menu designs that can motivate and help users remember associations between menu commands and hotkeys. Building upon previous work on paired-associate learning, we suggest that the transition to expert use can be accelerated by manipulating feedback and cost associated with menu selection. We evaluate five designs in a pilot study and then two of the most promising ones in a formal experiment, showing that the speed of hotkey learning can indeed be significantly increased with little modifications to the standard menu/hotkey paradigm.”
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Grossman, Tovi and Wigdor, Daniel (2007): Going Deeper: a Taxonomy of 3D on the Tabletop. In: Second IEEE International Workshop on Horizontal Interactive Human-Computer Systems Tabletop 2007 October 10-12, 2007, Newport, Rhode Island, USA. pp. 137-144. Available online
» 2006 «
Grossman, Tovi, Hinckley, Ken, Baudisch, Patrick, Agrawala, Maneesh and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2006): Hover widgets: using the tracking state to extend the capabilities of pen-operated devices. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006. pp. 861-870. Available online
“We present Hover Widgets, a new technique for increasing the capabilities of pen-based interfaces. Hover Widgets are implemented by using the pen movements above the display surface, in the tracking state. Short gestures while hovering, followed by a pen down, access the Hover Widgets, which can be used to activate localized interface widgets. By using the tracking state movements, Hover Widgets create a new command layer which is clearly distinct from the input layer of a pen interface. In a formal experiment Hover Widgets were found to be faster than a more traditional command activation technique, and also reduced errors due to divided attention.”
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Grossman, Tovi and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2006): The design and evaluation of selection techniques for 3D volumetric displays. In: Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 2006. pp. 3-12. Available online
“Volumetric displays, which display imagery in true 3D space, are a promising platform for the display and manipulation of 3D data. To fully leverage their capabilities, appropriate user interfaces and interaction techniques must be designed. In this paper, we explore 3D selection techniques for volumetric displays. In a first experiment, we find a ray cursor to be superior to a 3D point cursor in a single target environment. To address the difficulties associated with dense target environments we design four new ray cursor techniques which provide disambiguation mechanisms for multiple intersected targets. Our techniques showed varied success in a second, dense target experiment. One of the new techniques, the depth ray, performed particularly well, significantly reducing movement time, error rate, and input device footprint in comparison to the 3D point cursor.”
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Grossman, Tovi and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2006): An evaluation of depth perception on volumetric displays. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 193-200. Available online
» 2005 «
Grossman, Tovi and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2005): The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 281-290. Available online
“We present the bubble cursor - a new target acquisition technique based on area cursors. The bubble cursor improves upon area cursors by dynamically resizing its activation area depending on the proximity of surrounding targets, such that only one target is selectable at any time. We also present two controlled experiments that evaluate bubble cursor performance in 1D and 2D target acquisition tasks, in complex situations with multiple targets of varying layout densities. Results show that the bubble cursor significantly outperforms the point cursor and the object pointing technique [7], and that bubble cursor performance can be accurately modeled and predicted using Fitts' law.”
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» 2004 «
Grossman, Tovi and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2004): Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments. In: Dykstra-Erickson, Elizabeth and Tscheligi, Manfred (eds.) Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria. pp. 447-454. Available online
“We investigate pointing in true 3D environments where the target size varies in three spatial dimensions. We also study the effect of the user's physical movement angle on pointing performance. Results show that target size dimension along the primary axis of movement has a greater impact on performance than the other two dimensions. Movement angle also significantly affects performance, and changes the relative impact of the three target dimensions. Building upon recent results in the modeling of bivariate pointing, we propose and validate a new model that describes pointing at trivariate targets. This model also accounts for movement angle, and outperforms previously published models.”
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Grossman, Tovi, Wigdor, Daniel and Balakrishnan, Ravin (2004): Multi-finger gestural interaction with 3d volumetric displays. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology 2004. pp. 61-70. Available online
“Volumetric displays provide interesting opportunities and challenges for 3D interaction and visualization, particularly when used in a highly interactive manner. We explore this area through the design and implementation of techniques for interactive direct manipulation of objects with a 3D volumetric display. Motion tracking of the user\'s fingers provides for direct gestural interaction with the virtual objects, through manipulations on and around the display\'s hemispheric enclosure. Our techniques leverage the unique features of volumetric displays, including a 360{deg} viewing volume that enables manipulation from any viewpoint around the display, as well as natural and accurate perception of true depth information in the displayed 3D scene. We demonstrate our techniques within a prototype 3D geometric model building application.”
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» 2003 «
Grossman, Tovi, Balakrishnan, Ravin and Singh, Karan (2003): An interface for creating and manipulating curves using a high degree-of-freedom curve input device. In: Cockton, Gilbert and Korhonen, Panu (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. pp. 185-192.
» 2002 «
Grossman, Tovi, Balakrishnan, Ravin, Kurtenbach, Gordon, Fitzmaurice, George W., Khan, Azam and Buxton, Bill (2002): Creating principal 3D curves with digital tape drawing. In: Terveen, Loren (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2002 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 20-25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. 121-128.
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Mar 12th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
23 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Tovi Grossman's author page.17 Jun 2009: Author was edited 29 May 2009: Author was edited
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28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography
