Thomas A. Dingus
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"Thomas Dingus"
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Publications by Thomas A. Dingus (bibliography)
» 1995 «
Smith, Leighton L., Dingus, Thomas A., Hendrick, Hal W., Karwowski, Waldemar, Jahns, Dieter W. and Hornick, Richard J. (1995): Professional Conduct for Ergonomic Experts in Forensics -- II. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 445-447.
“This panel intends to further the exploitation of the subject matter that was addressed in a panel held at the 1994 annual meeting (Smith et al., 1994). The panelists for that panel were: Mel Rudov, Thomas Dingus, Jake Pauls, and Gary Staffo. These individuals presented their views on the panel subject ranging from a synopsis of the history of a code of conduct in the professional ergonomics discipline (Mel Rudov), to a discussion on the merits and motivations for establishing a code of conduct (Tom Dingus), to a perspective on the ramifications of specialization (Jake Pauls), to a perspective from the professional safety community (Gary Staffo). The purpose of this panel (iteration "II") is to further examine the foundation and aspects of a code of conduct for professionals in the specific practice of ergonomic forensics. Both the view of individual professionals who practice full-time ergonomic forensics work and also who have practiced extensively will contribute to this panel. The goal of this panel is to attempt to achieve a balanced viewpoint of professional.”
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Hulse, Melissa C., Dingus, Thomas A., McGehee, Daniel V. and Fleischman, Rebecca N. (1995): The Effects of Area Familiarity and Navigation Method on ATIS Use. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 1068-1071.
“This paper describes the driver performance and behavioral interaction results of a comparison between visitors to a major city (Orlando) and local drivers while using differing navigation configurations of an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS). The system utilized for the study was TravTek, a device which provided in-vehicle information via color touch screen CRT, steering wheel buttons, and synthesized voice. The TravTek driver interface was developed with the intent of providing navigation, service and attractions, and roadway incident and traffic information to the driver. Both visitors and local users tested six different navigation-aid configurations. The six navigation-aids included: static turn-by-turn graphics and a moving map both with and without voice, a paper map and a textual direction list. The research showed that visitors drove more cautiously, but they made more glances to the navigation-aids when compared to local users. In addition, visitors went off-route and got lost less frequently than local users. Visitors apparently were more careful in driving and navigating to their destinations.”
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Dingus, Thomas A. (1995): A Meta-Analysis of Driver Eye-Scanning Behavior while Driving. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 1127-1131.
“A meta-comparison of link analyses was performed using two eye scanning studies. One study was an analysis of the Etak navigator performed by Antin, Dingus, Hulse and Wierwille, (1990). Antin and his associates compared the Etak system to a paper map control condition and a memorized route baseline condition. The second study was an evaluation of the TravTek system performed by Dingus, McGehee, Hulse, Jahns, Natarajan, Mollenhauer and Fleischman (1995). The TravTek Camera Car Evaluation tested six different navigation conditions (a TravTek visual display of a full, heading-up route map with voice guidance, the same TravTek route map without voice guidance, a TravTek visual display showing a graphic representation of static turn-by-turn information, the same turn-by-turn screens without voice guidance, a textual paper direction list with large legible font, and a conventional paper map). The eye glance data shown in the comparison of these two studies revealed several interesting findings. In all conditions, scanning of instruments, mirrors and signs/landmarks was a low frequency occurrence and largely constant. Increases in visual attention by a navigation condition draws attention from forward, left and right roadway scanning resources. Thus, navigating draws upon potentially valuable accident avoidance resources in some circumstances. The eye scanning results also shared the relative benefits of the addition of a highlighted route to a moving map display, the simplification of a visual display from a full map to a turn-by-turn graphic, and the addition of a voice supplement to a navigation aid.”
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» 1994 «
Smith, Leighton L., Rudov, Melvin H., Dingus, Thomas A., Pauls, Jake and Staffo, Gary T. (1994): A Viewpoint on Professional Conduct for Ergonomic Experts in Forensics. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 435-437.
“This panel session explores the paradigm of professional conduct for ergonomic experts in the practice of forensics. A hypothesis of conduct is offered as a candidate guideline for professional conduct. This hypothesis is based on basic professionalism principles and has been adapted on the basis of observed experiences in the field, comments from other practicing professionals, and in the context of previous draft "codes" of professional conduct for human factors professionals and also for ergonomic forensics practitioners. The panelist contributions to this session range from a discussion of the need for and merits of a standard of professional conduct, to institutionalization of standards or codes of conduct, to the breadth and scope of professional involvement in forensics, to the mechanics of the actual practice of professional ergonomic forensics, to a comparative perspective from the related discipline of safety.”
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Mollenhauer, Michael A., Lee, Jaesik, Cho, Ken, Hulse, Melissa C. and Dingus, Thomas A. (1994): The Effects of Sensory Modality and Information Priority on In-Vehicle Signing and Information Systems. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1072-1076.
“During this study, subjects drove an interactive driving simulator and were presented road sign information from a visual dash-mounted LCD display or from digitized auditory voice. information priority was also manipulated in that subjects received all sign information typically present in the roadway environment, or only "filtered" high priority regulatory and notification information. The effects of display type and filtering on information recall, driver performance, and driver preferences were measured. The results indicate that presenting information in an auditory mode results in a higher level of road sign information recall, but also decreases the subjects' driving performance when compared to a visual display. Subjects were also able to recall more road sign information and drove at a higher level of performance during the filtered conditions. Subjects rated auditory information as more distracting than visual information.”
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McGehee, Daniel V., Dingus, Thomas A. and Horowitz, Avraham D. (1994): An Experimental Field Test of Automotive Headway Maintenance/Collision Warning Visual Displays. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1099-1103.
“Motor vehicle crashes resulting from one vehicle striking the rear-end of another are one of the most common types of crashes involving two or more vehicles. The National Safety Council reported (Accident Facts, 1992) that there were approximately 11.3 million motor vehicle crashes in 1991 of which 2.7 million were rear-end crashes (about 23.8% of the total). These crashes accounted for 33% of all collisions involving two or more vehicles. To address the rear-end crash problem, a color LCD display designed to indicate safe following distances was mounted in the instrument panel of an 1990 Olds Toronado Trofeo. The vehicle was also equipped with a laser range finder, forward view video camera, eye view camera, video multiplexer, and computer-controlled video cassette recorder. One hundred and eight drivers from three age groups participated in this field experiment in one of three display symbology conditions. Drivers were not explicitly instructed on how to use the headway displays. Data analyses indicated that (1) the drivers easily understood the displays, (2) those drivers who initially maintained unsafe headways increased their following distance when one of the display symbologies was used, (3) during events where changes in relative velocity (braking) took place, all three symbologies increased the overall headways, and (4) drivers preferred and understood, even better, displays that included graded headway/warning information.”
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Dingus, Thomas A., Hulse, Melissa C., McGehee, Daniel V., Manakkal, Raj and Fleischman, Rebecca N. (1994): Driver Performance Results from the TravTek IVHS Camera Car Evaluation Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1118-1122.
“The TravTek system constitutes a major Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS) Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) demonstration project. The system provided in-vehicle information via color touchscreen CRT, steering wheel buttons, and synthesized voice. The TravTek driver interface was developed with the intent of providing navigation, service and attractions, and roadway incident and traffic information to the driver. The design of the TravTek interface had as its primary objectives: (1) more effective driver navigation providing the benefit of saving time, (2) easy access to valuable and convenient location information to alleviate stress and increase driving enjoyment, (3) maintenance of safe driving performance during system use and safety improvement facilitated by information for avoiding hazards and for emergency response, and (4) improvement of roadway efficiency to alleviate congestion. This paper provides detailed data regarding driver performance and behavioral interactions with four TravTek navigation configurations and two conventional methods of navigation: a paper map and a textual direction list. The results indicate that turn-by-turn information, regardless of its method of presentation, results in effective driving and navigation performance. A moving map display with no supplemental information required high visual attention relative to the other conditions. The other TravTek conditions resulted in lower workload superior navigation performance than the paper map control condition.”
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» 1993 «
Wachtel, Jerry, Allen, R. Wade, Dingus, Thomas A., Evans, Leonard, Hancock, Peter A., McKnight, A. James and O'Neill, Brian (1993): Driving Simulators -- Serious Tools or Frivolous Toys? Part 2 -- A Panel Discussion. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 622-624.
“An article in the July 1992 issue of the HFS Bulletin described the development of one of the world's newest and most sophisticated driving simulators, the proposed National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) to be located at the University of Iowa. In the December, 1992 issue of the Bulletin, a letter to the editor by Leonard Evans criticized the article, because, in Dr. Evans' opinion, it added to the literature on the technology of simulation, but continued the unfortunate tradition of a lack of substantive research results obtained from simulation. Evans said: " . . . the community of scholars who have actually studied driver behavior is confident that (the simulator) will make little contribution to better understanding of driver behavior or traffic crashes." Other writers have taken positions similar to that of Dr. Evans. For example, in an interview for an article in Heavy Duty Trucking, Brian O'Neill, the President of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, described NADS as a "waste of taxpayers' money." This debate, which has raged for many years, continues to be joined by others, primarily in print. Is this debate helpful or harmful? Has it helped to focus our thinking on the true merits (or lack thereof) of driving simulators to support human factors research, or has it had the opposite effect? Has it served to stimulate research about simulators or research using simulators, or has it contributed to a reduction in the ranks of those who might use simulators in their work, or to a delay in development, validation and use of simulators? Has it led to a generalized lack of trust of simulation and in the results of work performed with simulators, or has it made no essential difference?”
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Dingus, Thomas A. and Hulse, Melissa C. (1993): Human Factors Research Recommendations for the Development of Design Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1067-1071.
“This paper describes the outcome of a comprehensive literature review specifically conducted to assess research relevant to the design of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) for automotive and commercial vehicle use. The goal of the literature review was to identify existing human factors guidelines applicable to the design of ATIS and gaps in the research precluding the development of comprehensive human factors guidelines for ATIS applications. A summary of ATIS research findings and research gaps is presented. Through presentation of both research findings and research gaps, it is hoped that interest will be sparked and focus will be provided for researchers in this growing application of human factors. Given the criticality of ATIS applications (both in terms of driver safety and public acceptance) and the visibility that will be provided to the human factors community from participation in ATIS design, human factors research leading to comprehensive and usable guidelines is extremely important.”
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» 1992 «
McGehee, Daniel V., Dingus, Thomas A. and Horowitz, Avraham D. (1992): The Potential Value of a Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning System Based on Factors of Driver Behavior, Visual Perception and Brake Reaction Time. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1003-1005.
“The potential value of a front-to-rear-end collision warning system based on factors of driver behavior, visual perception and brake reaction time is examined in this paper. Twenty-four percent of all motor vehicle crashes involving two or more vehicles are front-to-rear-end collisions. These collisions demonstrate that several driver performance factors are common. The literature indicates that drivers use the relative size and the visual angle of the vehicle ahead when making judgments regarding depth. In addition, drivers often have difficulty gauging velocity differences and depth cues between themselves and the vehicle they are following. Finally, drivers often follow at distances that are closer than brake-reaction time permits for accident avoidance. It is apparent that the comfort level of close following behavior increases over time due to the rarity of consequences. Experience also teaches drivers that the vehicle in front does not suddenly slow down very often. On the basis of these driver behavior and human performance issues, a front-to-rear-end collision warning system that provides headway/following distance and velocity change information is considered. Based on the driver performance issues, display design recommendations are outlined. The value of such a device may be demonstrated by the added driver safety and situation awareness provided. The long-term goal would ultimately be the reduction of one of the most frequent type of automobile crashes.”
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Horowitz, Avraham D. and Dingus, Thomas A. (1992): Warning Signal Design: A Key Human Factors Issue in an In-Vehicle Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning System. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1011-1013.
“Warning signal effectiveness issues associated with the design of a front-to-rear-end collision warning system are discussed. Potential negative effects are that warnings may occur rarely, startling the driver and adding to cognitive load and stress, or alternatively, warnings may occur frequently and be ignored by the driver. To minimize negative effects, four design concepts are considered: (a) a graded sequence of warnings, from mild to severe, (b) a parallel change in modality, from visual to auditory, (c) individualization of warnings, and (d) a headway -- distance to lead car -- display.”
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Hankey, Jonathan M. and Dingus, Thomas A. (1992): The Combined Effect of Task Difficulty and Time-on-Task on Pilot Fatigue. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. .
» 1991 «
Dingus, Thomas A. and Gillan, Douglas J. (1991): The Thesis Simulation: An Approach for Teaching Research Skills in a Remote, Non-Thesis Program. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 505-507.
“Remote education at both the undergraduate and graduate levels is becoming increasingly popular. With advances in technology (utilizing satellite uplinks, VCR compatible video production facilities and computer conferencing), high-quality, flexible, remote education is now feasible. However, particularly at the graduate level, achieving the ultimate goal of providing the same educational opportunities off-campus as on-campus is not a simple process. For example, providing research skill development is difficult in the remote education environment. In human factors, such skill development can not be easily overlooked or under-emphasized since many available career opportunities require significant research efforts. Traditionally, a large portion of research skill is developed during the conduct of a thesis project. Unfortunately, many remote students are not in a position to fulfill thesis requirements with out significant tenure (up to one year) on campus. Such requirements can preclude many students from pursuing a graduate education in the field of their choice. The current paper describes an approach (dubbed "the thesis simulation") for providing research skill development opportunities, to the greatest extent possible, to remote students in a non-thesis, remote human factors program.”
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Dingus, Thomas A., Hathaway, Jill A. and Hunn, Bruce P. (1991): A Most Critical Warning Variable: Two Demonstrations of the Powerful Effects of Cost on Warning Compliance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1034-1038.
“The effects of cost on warning compliance have been demonstrated in several previous studies. These studies have shown that cost reduction can dramatically increase compliance with a warning label's intent. The current paper describes two studies which support these previous findings under situations of household consumer product and recreational protective equipment use. In addition, these studies demonstrate that cost reduction can positively influence behavior under circumstances known to be detrimental to warning effectiveness. Such circumstances include low risk perception, familiar products, and inadequate warning labels/signs. These studies also show that increasing the cost associated with warning compliance, even a seemingly minor amount, can have devastating effects on compliance rates. These results indicate that the greatest effort possible should be taken to reduce compliance cost in hazardous situations when warnings are relied upon for hazard control.”
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Dingus, Thomas A., Hunn, Bruce P. and Wreggit, Steven S. (1991): Two Reasons for Providing Protective Equipment as Part of Hazardous Consumer Product Packaging. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1039-1042.
Fleischman, Rebecca N., Carpenter, Janeth T., Dingus, Thomas A., Szczublewski, Francis E., Krage, Mark K. and Means, Linda G. (1991): Human Factors in the TravTek Demonstration IVHS Project: Getting Information to the Driver. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1115-1119.
“Advanced Driver Information Systems (ADIS) have the potential to assist drivers in choosing and reaching destinations by supplying information that is more complete and timely than is currently available. These rapidly developing information and communication technologies are also expected to bring about improvements in traffic network efficiency and safety. However, presenting new information to drivers raises a number of human factors concerns such as the potential for information overload and distraction from primary driving tasks. The challenge to driver/system interface designers is to maximize usability and learnability, minimize attentional demand and information density, and provide choices for individuals. The TravTek project is presented as an example of how human factors concerns can be addressed within the constraints of a particular ADIS system and of how human factors engineering and research can be integrated into the system design process.”
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» 1990 «
Antin, Jonathan F., Dingus, Thomas A., Hulse, Melissa C. and Wierwille, Walter W. (1990): An Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of an Automobile Moving-Map Navigational Display. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 33 (5) pp. 581-594
“This experiment was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of navigating with an automobile moving-map display relative to navigating with a conventional paper map and along a memorized route, which served as a baseline for comparison. Results indicated that there were no differences in the quality of routes selected when using either the paper map or the moving map to navigate. However, the moving map significantly drew the driver's gaze away from the driving task relative to the norm established in the memorized route condition, as well as in comparison to the paper map. These findings are discussed in the context of the different navigation strategies evoked by use of the paper and moving-map methods of navigation.”
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Hankey, Jonathan M. and Dingus, Thomas A. (1990): A Validation of SWAT as a Measure of Workload Induced by Changes in Operator Capacity. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 112-115.
Gill, Rick and Dingus, Thomas A. (1990): Human Factors and Engineering Design High School Summer Workshop. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 522-524.
“Enrollment trends and demographics predict that the US will experience a shortfall of over 500,000 engineers within the next twenty years. The engineering community, industry and academia alike, must work together to develop programs that will motivate young men and women to pursue technical careers. The purpose of this paper is to review an annual two week high school summer workshop developed by the University of Idaho College of Engineering. Each summer selected high school students live on campus for two weeks and attend specially developed engineering classes on topics such as Engineering Mechanics, Computer Aided Design, and Human Factors and Engineering Design. Working in teams of 3 to 4, the students utilize these newly developed skills in order to solve a challenging real-world human factors engineering design problem. Student fees for the 1990 workshop were $350 which included room and board as well as university registration for two semester credit hours. Industrial and private donations helped to defray the instructional cost and to offer significant scholarship support. Student response to the workshop has been overwhelmingly positive. Suggestions for developing similar programs at other Universities are offered.”
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Dingus, Thomas A. (1990): Teaching Human Factors Design Skills: Science or Engineering Doesn't Do the Trick. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 525-528.
“The objective of this paper is to describe a laboratory approach to teaching human factors design skills to Master's level students. A description of this approach, utilizing both engineering and scientific approaches to determine optimum design solutions is discussed. In addition, this teaching methodology is contrasted with the more common "either or" approaches found in human factors programs contained within engineering or psychology departments. The paper will also describe the training of human factors design as a skill in the form of a "hands-on" laboratory setting as opposed to a "how-to" lecture setting. Papers such as this provide an opportunity for educators to exchange ideas and approaches to human factors education. This is particularly important for a field as diverse as human factors, where several differing viewpoints exist.”
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Dingus, Thomas A., Gordon, Sallie E. and Gill, Richard T. (1990): A New Program for the Remote Training of Human Factors Professionals. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 534-536.
“The objective of this paper is to describe a new Human Factors Master's degree program available remotely through the University of Idaho's Video Outreach program. For coursework within the program, normal classroom lectures are videotaped in a dedicated facility and produced by a video production engineer. Students can then view the lectures in one of several video formats (including VHS) in any location asynchronously as their schedules allow. This approach makes it possible for students to receive the same information as on-campus students while maintaining full time employment and/or a remote residence. As of this writing, five courses have been videotaped and a sixth is in progress. Over 60 students have taken video courses to date. Methodologies for providing high-quality video information, the need of such a program in the human factors community, data on student performance within the courses, and students reactions and evaluations are discussed.”
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» 1989 «
Dingus, Thomas A. (1989): Now the First Class has Graduated: Some Thoughts on Beginning and Maintaining a Human Factors Program. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 493-496.
“The objective of this paper is to describe the experience of beginning and maintaining a human factors graduate program, and to provide some thoughts on and insights into the program's future. The curriculum developed for the program is described, as well as impressions about student requirements and success, coursework, the job market, industry support and the potential for program expansion.”
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» 1988 «
Dingus, Thomas A., Antin, Jonathan F., Hulse, Melissa C. and Wierwille, Walter W. (1988): Human Factors Issues Associated with In-Car Navigation System Usage (An Overview of Two In-Car Experimental Studies). In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 1448-1452.
“Two research studies were recently performed to evaluate and test human factors aspects of a commercially available in-car navigation system. The first study addressed the driver visual attentional demand requirements of the system and its effects on driving performance and behavior. The second study addressed the effectiveness of the system as a navigation tool as well as methodological aspects of navigation. The results of the first study indicate that several tasks performed during navigation required high visual attentional demand. Design changes are discussed which would likely reduce this demand. The results of the second study indicate that drivers are able to navigate effectively using the device. However, results also show that scan patterns are changed when the device is in-use.”
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Mar 19th, 2010
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