Susanne Bødker
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Publications by Susanne Bødker (bibliography)
» 2008 «
Bødker, Susanne (2008): Design for reconfiguration. In: DOC08 2008. pp. 263-264. Available online
“The desktop computer has been part of our work-life for a while. Even so many work situations do not consist solely of work at the desktop. Many other artefacts are used in changing configurations with and around the computer. Most user interface design has failed to recognize this, and accordingly we are still stuck with the idea that new design should replace existing artefacts, rather than exist together with them. Mobile technology makes it possible to work in many places, and current mobile technologies often seem to assume that as long as the individual user has access to all her personal documents on her laptop, she can work independently of place. This assumes that everybody would always want to carry along every document one has ever produced or received. And on top, many work settings are not about individual documents but presupposes a network-oriented shared use of documents and services across physical place. Furthermore, while moving about, and e.g. working from home, we face a blurring of the boundaries between work and other parts of life, as well as an ongoing reconfiguration of work and non-work technologies. How do we deal with changing configurations of the interfaces in particular such that cross between work and non-work? How do experiences with non-work technology influence work, and how do we deal with those experiences in design of work-place technology? My background for addressing these issues lies in activity theoretical HCI that helped bring focus "from human factors to human actors [1]." Focus was moved from individual work to groups working with a collection of applications. Theory focused on work settings and interaction within well-established communities of practice. Rigid guidelines, formal methods, and systematic testing were mostly abandoned for proactive methods such as a variety of participatory design workshops, prototyping and contextual inquiries. With the above challenges, we are about to make a next theoretical move, focusing on multiplicity, context, boundaries, experience and participation in a world of changing configurations of artefacts.”
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Mathiasen, Niels Raabjerg and Bødker, Susanne (2008): Threats or threads: from usable security to secure experience?. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2008. pp. 283-289. Available online
“While the domain of security dependent technologies brings new challenges to HCI research it seems that the results and breakthroughs of HCI have not been used in design of security dependent technologies. With exceptions, work in the research field of usable security may be criticized for focusing mainly on adjusting user behavior to behave securely. With our background in newer HCI perspectives we address secure interaction from the perspective of security technology as experience. We analyze a number of collected user stories to understand what happens when everyday users encounter security dependent technologies. We apply McCarthy & Wright's [12] experience framework to the security domain and our collected stories. We point out that there are significant differences between being secure and having a secure experience, and conclude that classical usable security, focus on people's immediate security experience, and the full focus on experience proposed by McCarthy & Wright lead to three very different interaction concerns, analytically and as regards design. We illustrate these differences by examples, and conclude with a discussion of how to advance the field of usable security.”
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Bødker, Susanne and Sundblad, Yngve (2008): Usability and interaction design -- new challenges for the Scandinavian tradition. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 27 (4) pp. 293-300
“Computer use and interaction possibilities are changing quickly, while use contexts and application types are radically broadening. Technology no longer consists of static tools belonging only to the workplace but permeates work on the move, homes and everyday lives. Pervasive technologies, augmented reality, small interfaces, tangible interfaces, etc. are dramatically changing the nature of HCI (human-computer interaction). We witness the creation of ad hoc configurations of large and small user interfaces. The new interfaces are moveable and used in changing locations and contexts; different tasks are done through a combination of specialized technologies. A wider repertoire of physical instruments is available than the keyboard and the mouse. Based on examples from recent research projects and a collage of concepts and solutions, we discuss how these recent developments challenge our understanding of usability and interaction design. In particular, we discuss how the Scandinavian tradition of user involvement in development is facing up with the challenges of new work and of non-work contexts. There is a tendency that much recent investigations into non-work settings get stuck in a divide between work on the one hand, and leisure, arts, and home on the other; between rationality on the hand, and emotion on the other. The Scandinavian tradition can be developed to embrace people's whole lives and transcend the dichotomies between work, rationality, etc. and their negations and a Scandinavian perspective should and could move the current co-determination framework outside of work.”
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» 2007 «
Brodersen, Christina, Bødker, Susanne and Klokmose, Clemens Nylandsted (2007): Quality of learning in ubiquitous interaction. In: Brinkman, Willem-Paul, Ham, Dong-Han and Wong, B. L. William (eds.) ECCE 2007 - Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics August 28-31, 2007, London, UK. pp. 121-128. Available online
Brodersen, Christina, Bødker, Susanne and Klokmose, Clemens Nylandsted (2007): Ubiquitous Substitution. In: Baranauskas, Maria Cecília Calani, Palanque, Philippe A., Abascal, Julio and Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira (eds.) DEGAS 2007 - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Design and Evaluation of e-Government Applications and Services September 11th, 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. pp. 179-192. Available online
» 2006 «
Bødker, Susanne and Christiansen, Ellen (2006): Computer Support for Social Awareness in Flexible Work. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 15 (1) pp. 1-28
“How do we conceptualize social awareness, and what support is needed to develop and maintain social awareness in flexible work settings? The paper begins by arguing the relevance of designing for social awareness in flexible work. It points out how social awareness is suspended in the field of tension that exists between the ephemerality and continuity of social encounters, exploring ways to construct identity through relationships by means of social encounters -- notably those that are accidental and unforced. We probe into this issue through design research: In particular, we present three exploratory prototyping processes in an open office setting (examining the concepts of a shared calendar, personal panels, and ambient awareness cues). Field studies, conducted in parallel, have contributed to a conceptual deconstruction of CSCW concepts, resulting in a focus on cues to relatedness, to belonging, and to care. Analyzing these three prototypes in their microcosmic usage setting results in specific recommendations for the three types of applications with respect to social awareness. The experiences indicate that the metaphors a 'shared mirror' and 'breadcrumbs' are promising foundations on which to base further design. We present these analyses and suggest that the metaphors work because of their ability to map experiences from the physical space into conceptual experiences. We conclude that social awareness in flexible work must be constructed indirectly, presenting itself as an option, rather than as a consequence of being able to overhear and oversee.”
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» 2003 «
Bertelsen, Olav W. and Bødker, Susanne (2003): Activity Theory. In: Carroll, John M. "HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks". Morgan Kaufman Publishers pp. 291-324
» 2002 «
Bertelsen, Olav W., Bødker, Susanne and Kuutti, Kari (eds.) Nordichi 2002 - Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction October 19-23, 2002, Aarhus, Denmark.
Bødker, Susanne and Buur, Jacob (2002): The design collaboratorium: a place for usability design. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 9 (2) pp. 152-169
“The "design collaboratorium" is a new usability practice that has been developed in an action research project between three industrial usability labs and a university. The design collaboratorium has been developed as a reaction to the failing capabilities of classical usability methods to cope with ubiquitous technologies. It has borrowed elements from participatory design and developed them further to become useful in large-scale industrial development organizations. The design collaboratorium will be presented through examples from a joint project: a vision project concerning wastewater treatment technology. In light of the case, we will discuss the philosophy underlying the design collaboratorium in further detail: the collaboration between active participants, the role of design artifacts, and the room as a meeting ground. Finally we lay out the working method and propose directions for future usability competencies.”
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» 2000 «
Bødker, Susanne (2000): Scenarios in User-Centred Design -- Setting the Stage for Reflection and Action. In Interacting with Computers, 13 (1) pp. 61-75
“This paper discusses three examples of use of scenarios in user-centred design. Common to the examples are the use of scenarios to support the tensions between reflection and action, between typical and critical situations, and between plus and minus situations. The paper illustrates how a variety of more specific scenarios emphasising, e.g. critical situations, or even caricatures of situations are very useful for helping groups of users and designers being creative in design. Emphasising creativity in design is a very different view on the design process than normally represented in usability work or software/requirement engineering, where generalising users' actions are much more important than, in this paper, the suggested richness of and contradiction between actual use situations. In general the paper proposes to attune scenarios to the particular purposes of the situations they are to be used in, and to be very selective based on these purposes.”
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Bødker, Susanne (2000): Coordinating technical support platforms. In Communications of the ACM, 43 (11) p. 5
» 1999 «
Bødker, Susanne, Kyng, Morten and Schmidt, Kjeld (eds.) ECSCW 99 - Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work 12-16 September, 1999, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bødker, Susanne (1999): Scenarios in User-Centered Design - Setting the Stage for Reflection and Action. In: HICSS 1999 1999. . Available online
» 1998 «
Bødker, Susanne and Madsen, Kim Halskov (1998): Methods&tools: Context: An Active Choice in Usability Work. In Interactions, 5 (4) pp. 17-25
Bødker, Susanne (1998): Understanding Representation in Design. In Human-Computer Interaction, 13 (2) pp. 107-125
“Representing computer applications and their use is an important aspect of design. In various ways, designers need to externalize design proposals and present them to other designers, users, or managers. This article deals with understanding design representations and the work they do in design. The article is based on a series of theoretical concepts coming out of studies of scientific and other work practices and on practical experiences from design of computer applications. The article presents alternatives to the ideas that design representations are mappings of present or future work situations and computer applications. It suggests that representations are primarily containers of ideas and that representation is situated at the same time as representations are crossing boundaries between various design and use activities. As such, representations should be carriers of their own contexts regarding use and design. The article proposes that abstraction, elevating the representation from the situation, is not the only way to do this, and it proposes alternatives.”
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Bødker, Susanne (1998): Understanding Representation in Design. In Human-Computer Interaction, 13 (2) pp. 107-125
“Representing computer applications and their use is an important aspect of design. In various ways, designers need to externalize design proposals and present them to other designers, users, or managers. This article deals with understanding design representations and the work they do in design. The article is based on a series of theoretical concepts coming out of studies of scientific and other work practices and on practical experiences from design of computer applications. The article presents alternatives to the ideas that design representations are mappings of present or future work situations and computer applications. It suggests that representations are primarily containers of ideas and that representation is situated at the same time as representations are crossing boundaries between various design and use activities. As such, representations should be carriers of their own contexts regarding use and design. The article proposes that abstraction, elevating the representation from the situation, is not the only way to do this, and it proposes alternatives.”
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» 1997 «
Bannon, Liam and Bødker, Susanne (1997): Constructing Common Information Spaces. In: Hughes, John F., Prinz, Wolfgang and Schmidt, Kjeld (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 7-11 September, 1997, Lancaster, UK. pp. 81-96.
» 1996 «
Bødker, Susanne (1996): Creating Conditions for Participation: Conflicts and Resources in Systems Development. In Human-Computer Interaction, 11 (3) pp. 215-236
“User participation has been recognized as a way of gaining more knowledge about work and improving the quality of the computer application to be designed. Often the problems of user participation have been discussed from the point of view of researchers getting access to the users. Yet user participation should also be seen from the point of view of the conditions of the participation process -- that is, how the conditions are set for the users to participate with designers (and managers). Experiences from participatory design projects show problems that participatory design research needs to deal with. This article suggests that the Scandinavian collective resource projects can help research in this process. However, these projects were carried out under circumstances quite different from those of corporations in the 1990s, and this fact must certainly be considered when investigating the creation of conditions for participation. The article presents a recent project, AT project, to discuss the concerns and conditions of participatory design projects today. In the AT project, the actors differed from the collective resource projects in that the actors included several different groups of workers as well as management. This caused the project to focus on resource acquisition for the whole organization as well as groups within it. Part of the idea was to utilize standard technology; at the same time, the project was to develop and implement overall visions about the use of computer technology in the organization. Inspired by philosophical approaches to human development, this article reconsiders the resources acquired in such settings and juxtaposes the work of setting up a technical platform for everyday use with the expansive codevelopment of accompanying visions. The article goes on to suggest that new alliances between groups in organizations -- with due concern for their diversity of resources, and with constructive use of the conflicts inherent in the organization -- can be a way forward in empowering organizations, making room for groups and individuals within them to act.”
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» 1994 «
Trigg, Randall H. and Bødker, Susanne (1994): From Implementation to Design: Tailoring and the Emergence of Systematization in CSCW. In: Smith, John B., Smith, F. Don and Malone, Thomas W. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work October 22 - 26, 1994, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. pp. 45-54. Available online
“In this paper, we look at how people working in a governmental labor inspection agency tailor their shared PC environment. Starting with standard off-the-shelf software, the tailors adapt that software to the particular workplace in which they are embedded, at the same time that they modify and extend the practices of that workplace. Over time, their adaptations and the tailoring processes themselves become structured and systematized within the organization. This tendency toward systematization is in part a response to the requirement that the results of tailoring be sharable across groups of users. Our study focuses on several dimensions of the work of tailoring: construction, organizational change, learning, and politics. We draw two kinds of lessons for system development: how better to support the work of tailors, and how system developers can learn from and cooperate with tailors.”
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» 1993 «
Grønbæk, Kaj, Grudin, Jonathan, Bødker, Susanne and Bannon, Liam (1993): Achieving Co-operative System Design - shifting from product to process focus. In: Schuler, D. and Namioka, A. "Participatory Design: Perspectives of Systems Design". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates pp. 79-98
» 1991 «
Bannon, Liam and Bødker, Susanne (1991): Beyond the Interface - Encountering Artifacts in Use. In: Carroll, John M. "Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface". Cambridge University Press pp. 227-253
Bødker, Susanne (1991): Through the Interface - A Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Bødker, Susanne and Grønbæk, Kaj (1991): Cooperative Prototyping: Users and Designers in Mutual Activity. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34 pp. 453-478
» 1989 «
Bødker, Susanne and Grønbæk, Kaj (1989): Cooperative prototyping experiments. In: EC-CSCW 89 - Proceedings of the First European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 13-15 September, 1989, Gatwick, London. pp. 343-357.
“This paper describes experiments with a design technique that we denote cooperative prototyping. The experiments consider design of a patient case record system for municipal dental clinics in which we used HyperCard, an off the shelf programming environment for the Macintosh. In the experiments we tried to achieve a fluent work-like evaluation of prototypes where users envisioned future work with a computer tool, at the same time as we made on-line modifications of prototypes in cooperation with the users when breakdowns occur in their work-like evaluation. The experiments showed that it was possible to make a number of direct manipulation changes of prototypes in cooperation with the users, in interplay with their fluent work-like evaluation of these. However, breakdowns occurred in the prototyping process when we reached the limits of the direct manipulation support for modification. From these experiences we discuss problems in the process, requirements for design tools, and issues involved in getting going with cooperative prototyping with active user involvement.”
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Bødker, Susanne (1989): A Human Activity Approach to User Interfaces. In Human-Computer Interaction, 4 (3) pp. 171-195
“How can we understand why a bank teller has different needs for a user interface than those of casual users of a machine teller, or why a graphic designer needs a different user interface than a secretary? This article presents a framework for the design of user interfaces that originates from the work situations in which computer-based artifacts are used: The framework deals with the role of the user interface in purposeful human work. Human activity theory is used in this analysis. The purpose of this article is to make the reader curious and hopefully open his or her eyes to a somewhat different way of thinking about the user interface. The article applies examples of real-life interfaces to support this process, but it does not include a systematic presentation of empirical results. I focus on the role of the computer application in use. Thus, it is necessary to consider human-computer interaction and other related work conditions. I deal with human experience and competence as being rooted in the practice of the group that conducts the specific work activity. The main conclusion are: The user interface cannot be seen independently of the use activity, (i.e., the professional, socially organized practice of the users and the material conditions for the activity, including the object of the activity). The standard view in these situations is to deduce an ultimate set of operations from an abstract use activity and apply these to design and analysis. This article argues that the user interface fully reveals itself to us only when in use. What is a good user interface for those with a certain degree of competence may not be efficient for those with different levels of competence. I give certain general recommendations for the user interface, but I have no guarantee that such recommendations are applicable to the specific case wherein these concerns may be overruled by specific social or material concerns.”
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» 1988 «
Bødker, Susanne, Knudsen, Jørgen L., Kyng, Morten, Ehn, Pelle and Madsen, Kim Halskov (1988): Computer Support for Cooperative Design. In: Greif, Irene (ed.) Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work September 26 - 28, 1988, Portland, Oregon, United States. pp. 377-394.
“Computer support for design as cooperative work is the subject of our discussion in the context of our research program on Computer Support in Cooperative Design and Communication. We outline our theoretical perspective on design as cooperative work, and we exemplify our approach with reflections from a project on computer support for envisionment in design - the APLEX and its use. We see envisionment facilities as support for both experiments with and communication about the future use situation. As a background we sketch the historical roots of our program - the Scandinavian collective resource approach to design and use of computer artifacts, and make some critical reflections on the rationality of computer support for cooperative work.”
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Mar 15th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
18 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Susanne B?dker's author page.05 Feb 2010: Author was edited (approved by an editor)17 Aug 2009: Author was edited
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