Simeon Keates
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"S. Keates"
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Publications by Simeon Keates (bibliography)
» 2007 «
Keates, Simeon and Varker, Philip (2007): Special issue on "Cognitive and learning difficulties and how they affect access to IT systems". In Universal Access in the Information Society, 5 (4) pp. 327-328
Keates, Simeon, Adams, Ray, Bodine, Cathy, Czaja, Sara J., Gordon, Wayne, Gregor, Peter, Hacker, Emily, Hanson, Vicki, Kemp, John, Laff, Mark, Lewis, Clayton H. and Pieper, Michael (2007): Cognitive and learning difficulties and how they affect access to IT systems. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 5 (4) pp. 329-339
“In October 2005, the IBM Human Ability and Accessibility Center and T.J. Watson Research Center hosted a symposium on "cognitive and learning difficulties and how they affect access to IT systems". The central premise of the symposium was the recognition that cognitive and learning difficulties have a profound impact on a person's ability to interact with information technology (IT) systems, but that little support is currently being offered by those systems. By bringing together internationally renowned experts from a variety of different, but complementary, research fields, the symposium aimed to provide a complete overview of the issues related to this topic. This paper summarises the discussions and findings of the symposium.”
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Keates, Simeon and Varker, Philip (2007): Establishing Design Best Practices for Users with Cognitive and Learning Difficulties. In: Stephanidis, Constantine (ed.) UAHCI 2007 - 4th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction - Part 1 July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 706-715. Available online
Adams, Ray and Keates, Simeon (2007): Accessibility Research in a Vocational Context. In: Stephanidis, Constantine (ed.) UAHCI 2007 - 4th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction - Part 1 July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 575-583. Available online
» 2006 «
Trewin, Shari, Keates, Simeon and Moffatt, Karyn (2006): Developing steady clicks: a method of cursor assistance for people with motor impairments. In: Eighth Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2006. pp. 26-33. Available online
“Slipping while clicking and accidental clicks are a source of errors for mouse users with motor impairments. The Steady Clicks assistance feature suppresses these errors by freezing the cursor during mouse clicks, preventing overlapping button presses and suppressing clicks made while the mouse is moving at a high velocity. Evaluation with eleven target users found that Steady Clicks enabled participants to select targets using significantly fewer attempts. Overall task performance times were significantly improved for the five participants with the highest slip rates. Blocking of overlapping and high velocity clicks also shows promise as an error filter. Nine participants preferred Steady Clicks to the unassisted condition. If used in conjunction with existing techniques for cursor positioning, all of the major sources of clicking errors observed in empirical studies would be addressed, enabling faster and more effective mouse use for those who currently struggle with the standard mouse.”
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Keates, Simeon (2006): Pragmatic research issues confronting HCI practitioners when designing for universal access. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 5 (3) pp. 269-278
“Many HCI products exclude potential users unnecessarily. Such exclusion often arises because of a mismatch between designers' perceptions of the wants and needs of the end-user and their actual wants and needs. Sometimes the mismatch originates from the designer being unaware of the need to design inclusively, or of methods for implementing inclusive design. Other times the mismatch comes from the commissioner of the design, for example the client of a design consultancy. If the design commissioner specifies a target socio-economic group, but does not explicitly recognise that the group consists of users of varying functional capabilities, then the designers will often be given a design brief that overlooks the need to address the wider range of users, beyond simply the able-bodied. In either case, for universal access to be achieved effectively, information is required to identify the need for inclusive design and thus to generate demand, and design guidance is needed to help designers make inclusive design a reality. Currently, that information is largely unavailable to designers in an appropriate off-the-shelf format. This paper investigates methods for researchers to provide the kind of information that HCI designers need to design for universal access. It focuses on the profiling, recruitment and selection of users, along with the interpretation of the data gathered. In many instances, the HCI designer may also be the person performing the research, where specialist researchers are not available.”
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Keates, Simeon (2006): Defining Acceptable Levels of Accessibility. In: Proceedings of the 9th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All 2006. pp. 287-303. Available online
“This paper examines the issues facing companies when designing products and services for equitable access, particularly in view of the legislated requirements that they have to meet. The concepts of acceptability and accessibility are discussed and a framework proposed for establishing whether a product or service is acceptably accessible. Relevant case studies are referenced, where appropriate, to support the arguments presented.”
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» 2005 «
Keates, Simeon and Trewin, Shari (2005): Effect of age and Parkinson's disease on cursor positioning using a mouse. In: Seventh Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2005. pp. 68-75. Available online
“Point-and-click tasks are known to present difficulties to users with physical impairments, particularly motor- or vision-based, and to older adults. This paper presents the results of a study to quantify and understand the effects of age and impairment on the ability to perform such tasks. Results from four separate user groups are presented and compared using metrics that describe the features of the movements made. Distinct differences in behaviour between all of the user groups are observed and the reasons for those differences are discussed.”
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Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, John, Langdon, Patrick and Robinson, Peter (2005): Special issue on design for a more inclusive world. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 4 (2) pp. 83-84
Hwang, Faustina, Keates, Simeon, Langdon, Patrick and Clarkson, P. John (2005): Movement time for motion-impaired users assisted by force-feedback: effects of movement amplitude, target width, and gravity well width. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 4 (2) pp. 85-95
“This paper presents a study investigating how the performance of motion-impaired computer users in point and click tasks varies with target distance (A), target width (W), and force-feedback gravity well width (GWW). Six motion-impaired users performed point and click tasks across a range of values for A, W, and GWW. Times were observed to increase with A, and to decrease with W. Times also improved with GWW, and, with the addition of a gravity well, a greater improvement was observed for smaller targets than for bigger ones. It was found that Fitts' Law gave a good description of behaviour for each value of GWW, and that gravity wells reduced the effect of task difficulty on performance. A model based on Fitts' Law is proposed, which incorporates the effect of GWW on movement time. The model accounts for 88.8% of the variance in the observed data.”
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» 2004 «
Dong, Hua, Keates, Simeon and Clarkson, P. John (2004): Inclusive Design in Industry: Barriers, Drivers and the Business Case. In: Proceedings of the 8th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All 2004. p. 305. Available online
“Despite increasing discussion in academia, genuinely inclusive design in industry remains the exception rather than the rule. Based on literature reviews and industry surveys, this paper explores the barriers faced by manufacturers, retailers and design consultancies in adopting inclusive design. Drivers for practising inclusive design are also investigated. Using information about such barriers and drivers and linking them to business objectives, a basic framework for the business case for inclusive design is proposed. The paper contributes to the in-depth understanding of industry barriers and motivations for inclusive design and forms the basis for further research into the business case in an inclusive design context. The paper provides an insight into industry practice that is applicable to the design of User Interfaces for All.”
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Keates, Simeon (2004): Developing BS7000 Part 6 -- Guide to Managing Inclusive Design. In: Proceedings of the 8th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All 2004. p. 332. Available online
“Companies are increasingly finding themselves having to ensure that their products and services are accessible and inclusive, or else be exposed to the possibility of litigation and damage to their brand reputation. However, the adoption of inclusive design within industry has been patchy at best. While there are undoubtedly companies that have yet to be persuaded of the merits of inclusive design, there is a growing number that want to design inclusively, but do not know how to set about doing so. In response to this need, a new technical guidance Standard is currently being prepared by the British Standards Institute (BSI). The new document, BS 7000-6: 2004 - Guide to managing inclusive design, will form part of the BS 7000 Design Management Systems series. The aim of this paper is to explain the rationale behind the development of the new Standard and an overview of its contents. Due to copyright restrictions, this paper does not attempt to provide a summary of the contents of the new Standard.”
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Keates, Simeon (2004): Investigating the Inclusivity of Digital Television Set-Top Boxes. In: Proceedings of the 8th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All 2004. p. 340. Available online
“The aim of this study was to investigate the accessibility of digital television (DTV) technology available in the UK, focusing on the current generation of set-top boxes (STBs) which provide free to view services. Specifically, the objective of the study was to identify specific causes of concern with regard to user interaction with DTV that might lead to exclusion, i.e. situations where users may be unable to use the new technology. In particular interest was the identification of new challenges presented to users by DTV that are not found when using the current analogue equivalent. The number of STBs is increasing rapidly. Hence, for the purposes of this study, efforts were focused on looking at three set-top boxes (STB1, 2 and 3). STB1 was selected because it was being marketed as easy to use; STB2 because it was the market leader at the time; and STB3 was a satellite-based television service.”
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Hwang, Faustina, Keates, Simeon, Langdon, Patrick and Clarkson, John (2004): Mouse movements of motion-impaired users: a submovement analysis. In: Sixth Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2004. pp. 102-109. Available online
“Understanding human movement is key to improving input devices and interaction techniques. This paper presents a study of mouse movements of motion-impaired users, with an aim to gaining a better understanding of impaired movement. The cursor trajectories of six motion-impaired users and three able-bodied users are studied according to their submovement structure. Several aspects of the movement are studied, including the frequency and duration of pauses between submovements, verification times, the number of submovements, the peak speed of submovements and the accuracy of submovements in two-dimensions. Results include findings that some motion-impaired users pause more often and for longer than able-bodied users, require up to five times more submovements to complete the same task, and exhibit a correlation between error and peak submovement speed that does not exist for able-bodied users.”
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Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, Peter (2004): Design for participation: providing access to e-information for older adults. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 3 (2) pp. 149-163
“Electronic information sources are becoming increasingly more prolific and offer a huge potential for those able to use them. However, for those unable to access those services, there is the risk of being further disadvantaged by continued exclusion from an increasing number of services. This paper presents two examples of kiosks designed to help principally older adults access online governmental information sources. The design issues identified and the implications for future kiosk interface designs, both for hardware and software, are also discussed.”
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» 2003 «
Hwang, Faustina, Keates, Simeon, Langdon, Patrick and Clarkson, P. John (2003): Multiple haptic targets for motion-impaired computer users. In: Cockton, Gilbert and Korhonen, Panu (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. pp. 41-48.
Keates, Simeon and Clarkson, P. John (2003): Countering design exclusion through inclusive design. In: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2003. pp. 69-76. Available online
“The world population is aging and the number of people who are experiencing a loss of functional capability is also on the increase. There is a need to design 'inclusive' products to accommodate this wider range of capabilities and to develop metrics to assess the success of such products. Successful inclusive design requires a balance between the demands a product makes of its users and the users' capabilities, along with a number of design metrics and data to enable their evaluation. If the balance is not correct, then there is the potential for design exclusion.”
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Kaliouby, R. El, Robinson, P. and Keates, Simeon (2003): Temporal Context and the Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expression. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 631-635.
Keates, Simeon, Clarkeson, J. and Robinson, P. (2003): The Design of Kiosks for Providing Access to E-Information for Older Adults. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 852-856.
Keates, Simeon and Clarkson, P. John (2003): Guest editorial. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 (3) pp. 205-206
Keates, Simeon and Clarkson, P. John (2003): Countering design exclusion: bridging the gap between usability and accessibility. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 (3) pp. 215-225
“It is known that many people are being excluded unnecessarily from using products, services and environments that are essential for supporting independence and quality of life. Such exclusion often arises from designers taking inadequate account of the end users functional capabilities when making design decisions. This paper addresses how traditional usability techniques can be extended to include accessibility issues by considering the spread of user functional capabilities across the population. A series of measures for evaluating the level of design exclusion based on those capabilities is also presented.”
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» 2002 «
Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, Peter (2002): Developing a practical inclusive interface design approach. In Interacting with Computers, 14 (4) pp. 271-299
“It is known that many products, both software and hardware, are not accessible to large sections of the population. Designers instinctively design for able-bodied users and are either unaware of the needs of users with different capabilities, or do not know how to accommodate their needs into the design cycle. The aim of this paper is to present a methodological design approach for implementing inclusive interface design. This will begin with a discussion about what constitutes good inclusive design and suitable measures of success. A summary of the principal methods for designing for users with different capabilities is given along with a description of a model, the inclusive design cube, that displays how the different approaches are complementary and can provide complete population coverage. Two case studies shall be used to illustrate the use of the model. The first details the design of an interface for an interactive robot. The second looks at the design of an information point for use in a post office, and shall be used to highlight the use of both the design approach and the model.”
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Dong, Hua, Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Cassim, Julia (2002): Implementing Inclusive Design: The Discrepancy between Theory and Practice. In: Carbonell, Noelle and Stephanidis, Constantine (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All October 23-25, 2002, Paris, France. pp. 106-117.
“The theory of inclusive design tends to require user involvement and iterative assessment throughout the whole design process. However, in an industrial context, companies are restricted by design constraints such as time and cost. Through investigating eight projects focusing on inclusive design, the authors highlight discrepancies between theoretical models and industry practice and analyse the underlying reasons. Related issues such as bottom-up design approaches and estimates of design exclusion are also discussed. It is concluded that a change of attitudes towards people with disabilities by people commissioning, as well as performing, design and the provision of design support tools are necessary to bring inclusive design theory and practice closer together.”
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Keates, Simeon, Hwang, Faustina, Langdon, Patrick, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, Peter (2002): Cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users. In: Fifth Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2002. pp. 135-142. Available online
“"Point and click" interactions remain one of the key features of graphical user interfaces (GUIs). People with motion-impairments, however, can often have difficulty with accurate control of standard pointing devices. This paper discusses work that aims to reveal the nature of these difficulties through analyses that consider the cursor's path of movement. A range of potential cursor measures was applied, and a number of them were found to be significant in capturing the differences between able-bodied users and motion-impaired users, as well as the differences between a haptic force feedback condition and a control condition. cursor measures found in the literature, however, do not make up a comprehensive list, but provide a starting point for analysing cursor movements more completely. Six new cursor characteristics for motion-impaired users are introduced to capture aspects of cursor movement different from those already proposed.”
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Keates, Simeon, Hwang, F., Langdon, Patrick, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, P. (2002): The use of cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users. In Universal Access in the Information Society, 2 (1) pp. 18-29
“"Point and click" interactions remain one of the key features of graphical user interfaces (GUIs). People with motion-impairments, however, can often have difficulty with accurate control of standard pointing devices. This paper discusses work that aims to reveal the nature of these difficulties through analyses that consider the cursor's path of movement. A range of cursor measures was applied, and a number of them were found to be significant in capturing the differences between able-bodied users and motion-impaired users, as well as the differences between a haptic force feedback condition and a control condition. The cursor measures found in the literature, however, do not make up a comprehensive list, but provide a starting point for analysing cursor movements more completely. Six new cursor characteristics for motion-impaired users are introduced to capture aspects of cursor movement different from those already proposed.”
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» 2001 «
Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, Peter (2001): Cognitive considerations in the design of multi-modal input systems. In: Stephanidis, Constantine (ed.) HCI International 2001 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 5-10, 2001, New Orleans, USA. pp. 353-357.
Keates, Simeon, Langdon, Patrick, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, Peter (2001): A practical approach to design for universal access: the Information Point case study. In: Stephanidis, Constantine (ed.) HCI International 2001 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 5-10, 2001, New Orleans, USA. pp. 18-22.
Langdon, Patrick, Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, Peter (2001): Investigating the parameters of force feedback assistance for motion-impaired users in a selection task. In: Stephanidis, Constantine (ed.) HCI International 2001 - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 5-10, 2001, New Orleans, USA. pp. 938-942.
» 2000 «
Keates, Simeon, Langdon, Patrick, Clarkson, John and Robinson, Peter (2000): Investigating the Use of Force Feedback for Motion-Impaired Users. In: Emiliani, Pier Luigi and Stephanidis, Constantine (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All October 25-26, 2000, Florence, Italy. p. 6. Available online
“For users with motion impairments, the standard keyboard and mouse arrangement for computer access often presents problems. Other approaches have to be adopted to overcome this. There is evidence to suggest that increasing the degrees-of-freedom, and hence bandwidth, of human-computer interaction (HCI), can improve interaction rates if implemented carefully. Haptic feedback is not really exploited in the existing HCI paradigm, so offers a potential method for broadening the interaction bandwidth by complementing the existing interaction structure. This paper describes a series of experiments to assess the effectiveness of using haptic feedback to enhance the interaction. The experiments focused on the use of force feedback technology to assist in point-and-click activities. The results showed that, if implemented appropriately, force feedback offers a significant benefit to motion-impaired users and that the benefit obtained was increased with increasing severity of impairment.”
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Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, John and Robinson, Peter (2000): Investigating the Applicability of User Models for Motion-Impaired Users. In: Fourth Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2000. pp. 129-136. Available online
“This paper considers the differences between users with motion-impairments and able-bodied users when they interact with computers and the implications for user models. Most interface design and usability assessment practices are based on explicit or implicit models of user behaviour. This paper studies the applicability of an existing interface design user model to motion-impaired users for the relatively straightforward task of button activation. A discussion of the empirical results is provided and the paper concludes that there are significant differences between the behaviour of motion-impaired users and the accepted modelling theory.”
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Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John, Harrison, Lee-Anne and Robinson, Peter (2000): Towards a Practical Inclusive Design Approach. In: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Universal Usability 2000. pp. 45-52. Available online
“It is known that many products are not accessible to large sections of the population. Designers instinctively design for able-bodied users and are either unaware of the needs of users with different capabilities, or do not know how to accommodate their needs into the design cycle. This aim of this paper is to present a methodological design approach for implementing inclusive design. A summary of the principal methods for designing for users with different capabilities is given along with a description of a model, the Inclusive Design Cube, that displays how the different approaches are complementary and can provide complete population coverage. A case study of the design of an information point for use in a post office, shall be used to highlight the use of the model.”
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» 1999 «
Keates, Simeon and Robinson, Peter (1999): Gestures and Multimodal Input. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 18 (1) pp. 36-44
“For users with motion impairments, the standard keyboard and mouse arrangement for computer access often presents problems. Other approaches have to be adopted to overcome this. In this paper, we will describe the development of a prototype multimodal input system based on two gestural input channels. Results from extensive user trials of this system are presented. These trials showed that the physical and cognitive loads on the user can quickly become excessive and detrimental to the interaction. Designers of multimodal input systems need to be aware of this and perform regular user trials to minimize the problem.”
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Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, John, Coy, Joanne and Robinson, Peter (1999): Universal Access in the Work-Place: A Case Study. In: Kobsa, Alfred and Stephanidis, Constantine (eds.) Proceedings of the 5th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All November 28 - December 1, 1999, Dagstuhl, Germany. p. 7. Available online
“Universal Access belongs not only in the research laboratory, but also in an industrial environment. Many countries have set out specific legal requirements for companies to meet in terms of proportions of staff with disabilities and meeting those requirements is a new experience for many employers. More enlightened companies wish to take their commitment beyond meeting the letter of the law and to provide a genuinely inclusive work-place. However, implementing such an approach is complex. The principal aim of this paper is to describe the steps being taken by The Post Office (TPO), with the assistance of the University of Cambridge, to offer a more inclusive work-place to support a wider range of employee physical capabilities. Computer access, including interface and input system design issues, features very prominently in research at Cambridge. An approach taken to assess the potential for universal access within the TPO environment is described and the relative merits of adaptive and proactive design methods discussed. Although the case study presented is very specific and still in its preliminary stages, the generic usability issues are applicable to a wider range of computer applications.”
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Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, P. (1999): A design approach for accessibility. In: 1999. pp. 878-882.
» 1998 «
Keates, Simeon, Clarkson, P. John and Robinson, P. (1998): Developing a Methodology for the Design of Accessible Interfaces. In: Stephanidis, Constantine and Waern, Annika (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th ERCIM Workshop on User Interfaces for All October 19-21, 1998, Stockholm, Sweden. p. 15. Available online
“Users with a number of different motion impairment conditions cannot cope with most current computer access systems. Such conditions include athetoid, ataxic and spastic Cerebral Palsy, Muscular Dystrophy, Friedrich's Ataxia, tetraplegia and spinal injuries or disorder. Frequent symptoms include tremor, spasm, poor co-ordination, restricted movement, and reduced muscle strength. Similar symptoms are also seen amongst the elderly able-bodied population from conditions such as Parkinson's Disease, strokes and arthritis. The primary aim of the programme of research at the University of Cambridge is to enable the design of accessible input systems and interfaces for all motion-impaired users, both elderly and disabled. Current interface design practices are based on user models and descriptions derived exclusively from studies of able-bodied users. However, such users are only one point on a wide and varied scale of physical capabilities. This paper will show that there are very important differences between those with motion-impairments, whether elderly or disabled, and able-bodied users when they interact with computers. Without a proper understanding of those differences, interface design will remain an exercise in making the interfaces more comfortable for the motion-impaired users, rather than really usable. This paper describes our experiments to understand how motion-impaired users interact with computers and how we are using this information to develop a methodology for the design of accessible interfaces.”
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Keates, Simeon and Robinson, Peter (1998): The Use of Gestures in Multimodal Input. In: Third Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 1998. pp. 35-42. Available online
“For users with motion impairments, the standard keyboard and mouse arrangement for computer access often presents problems. Other approaches have to be adopted to overcome this. In this paper, we will describe the development of a prototype multimodal input system based on two gestural input channels. Results from extensive user trials of this system are presented. These trials showed that the physical and cognitive loads on the user can quickly become excessive and detrimental to the interaction. Designers of multimodal input systems need to be aware of this and perform regular user trials to minimize the problem.”
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Mar 10th, 2010
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