Publication statistics
Pub. period:1988-1995
Pub. count:11
Number of co-authors:9
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Edward W. Karnes:5IV G. William Hill:2G. William Hill:2 Productive colleagues
S. David Leonard's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Edward W. Karnes:5IV G. William Hill:2G. William Hill:2
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S. David Leonard
Publications by S. David Leonard (bibliography)
Leonard, S. David, Cummings, J. Bradley and Barton, Adam H. (1995): Hazards May Result from Failures of Conceptual Agreement. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 931.
“Burned flesh resulting from overly hot water is a common household injury. Often this results from an incorrect setting of the temperature control of the water heater. It was hypothesized this occurs because many untrained individuals do not know the correlation of skin sensation to water temperature. Thus individuals setting the temperature may be mislead by the terms used on the control. The term "medium" on the control may be associated with 140-, because the maker of the control considers the range of possible physical temperatures the heater can produce and divides that range into low, medium and high. A survey of how individuals interpreted temperature settings of water was performed. The respondents were asked to rate different temperatures as warm, medium, or hot, and to indicate what Fahrenheit temperatures they would associate with words such as hot, scalding, and so forth. The data indicate users tend to interpret words such as "medium" as applied to temperature in terms of their sensations. Thus it might be applied to a sensation of warmth that they considered "just right." Further, many individuals have little idea of the correspondence between their sensations and the actual temperature (some indicated 40' as an appropriate temperature for a baby's bath). Manufacturers, on the other hand, apparently define medium as the middle of the range of possible temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of the need to determine how the meaning of concepts relating temperature and controls may be expressed in terms understood by the user.”
© All rights reserved Leonard et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Griffith, L. J. and Leonard, S. David (1995): Effectiveness of Warning Labels as a Function of Visual Impressions. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 931.
“The relationships among product label design, product warning saliency, recall of hazards, and purchase decisions were investigated. The participants, 80 female University of Georgia undergraduates, observed facsimiles of household products under instructions to decide whether or not they would purchase them. Following the self-terminating observation period they were asked to recall uncued product warning information. Participants received either control warnings based on warnings used on actual products or experimental warnings differing in terms of location, color, and contrast from the controls. Enhanced warnings had greater contrast and were located at the top rather than the bottom of the labels. Relationships were found between label design, warning saliency, and hazard recall. Enhanced warnings increased saliency and recall of the hazards. In some cases the decision to purchase was affected, but whether consumers' awareness of product hazards directly affected their purchase decisions was unresolved. Although the enhanced warnings were placed in the most prominent locations, some observers were unable to recall their presence. The possibility of an inhibitory effect similar to negative priming was discussed. Use of enhanced warnings on products in commerce and the possible need for educational programs were discussed.”
© All rights reserved Griffith and Leonard and/or Human Factors Society
Leonard, S. David and Cummings, J. Bradley (1994): Influence on Ratings of Risk for Consumer Products. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 451-455.
“Previous studies have suggested many persons do not know the meanings of many terms commonly used as stand alone descriptions of hazards. Studies (Leonard&Digby, 1992; Leonard&Hill, 1993) have shown that the same hazard description, for example flammable, associated with different products resulted in very different perceptions of risk. The present study eliminated anchoring effects that may have resulted from using separate categories by combining 13 different products into a single set for both rating and ranking. The results were consonant with previous findings in that a low correlation between subjective impressions and physical characteristics was found. Subjects in a second study who received a demonstration of some of the products' flammability significantly changed their ratings. The discussion involved consideration of how cognitive information may be developed.”
© All rights reserved Leonard and Cummings and/or Human Factors Society
Leonard, S. David and Karnes, Edward W. (1993): Development of Warnings Resulting from Forensic Activity. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 501-505.
“One of the arguments given for pursuing the rights of injured parties through the legal system in cases involving ergonomics principles is that it encourages corporations to modify their products or the warnings given about them to produce a safer environment. Unfortunately, this does not occur as often in practice as might be hoped. This report describes a case in which support for ergonomic research was provided by a corporation that wanted to insure their warnings were adequate. The effectiveness of pictograms in aiding persons with a limited command of English was investigated. Pictograms were first tested on college students and modified in accord with the feedback obtained from them. For the final test, subjects who were taking courses in English-as-a-Second-Language and courses for adults who were learning to read were selected. They were shown a letter printed in Greek symbols with pictograph representing an individual calling to get more information about the letter, and they were asked to describe how they would go about determining what the letter said. Although not all subjects indicated that they would call the number listed, their responses indicated that they would use reasonable strategies for learning its contents. In addition to showing the feasibility of such research procedures, the experiment suggested that future research was needed on the development of symbols indicating the need "to do" certain activities.”
© All rights reserved Leonard and Karnes and/or Human Factors Society
Leonard, S. David and Hill, IV G. William (1993): Effect of Labels on Risk Perceptions of Consumer Products. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 979-983.
“Previous studies have shown many individuals do not know the meanings of terms often used as stand-alone descriptions of hazards. Leonard and Digby (1992) found subjects rated the danger associated with different products very differently despite being given the same hazard description. One possibility for the differences in ratings is that substances are experienced in very different quantities. While gasoline is usually seen in multigallon amounts, fingernail polish remover is seen in quantities of a few fluid ounces. An alternative explanation is that people's experiences (direct or vicarious) with the substances have given them different concepts of the characteristics of the substances. This study examined these alternatives by asking 88 subjects to rate the risk of a dangerous event occurring with the same specific quantity of each substance. Mean ratings over all subgroups indicated that they perceived less risk from certain substances than from others, although the substances are equally dangerous. Evidence for an experiential component of risk assessment was provided by differences between older and younger subjects on specific items. The importance of presenting information about the consequences of hazards in warnings was discussed.”
© All rights reserved Leonard and Hill and/or Human Factors Society
Leonard, S. David and Karnes, Edward W. (1991): Some Uses of Experimental Techniques in Forensic Human Factors. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 595-599.
Leonard, S. David, Creel, Elisabeth and Karnes, Edward W. (1991): Adequacy of Responses to Warning Terms. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1024-1028.
“Previous research has indicated that many persons have difficulty in describing the seriousness of hazards that are associated with some terms frequently used in warnings. Alternative explanations for this failure could be lack of understanding or simply inability to express their knowledge. Two studies were conducted in an effort to get more definitive information about what the general public knows about these terms. The obtained evidence suggested that many terms commonly used alone in warnings are not adequate to inform users of the extent of the hazards associated with those warnings. These results are discussed in terms of the need for completeness in warnings.”
© All rights reserved Leonard et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Leonard, S. David, Hill, IV G. William and Otani, Hajime (1990): Factors Involved in Risk Perception. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1037-1041.
Leonard, S. David, Hill, G. William and Karnes, Edward W. (1989): Risk Perception and the Use of Warnings. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 550-554.
“The purpose of the studies was to develop information about how the general public perceives the degree of danger represented by signal words in warnings. Although many organizations have guidelines for the determination of what signal words are to be used with specific hazards, these are usually unknown to the public. For 15 items that have been rated for the seriousness of risk, 288 subjects were asked to indicate which signal word they would use to inform others of the hazard. Signal words that can had been found to rate high in seriousness by Leonard, Karnes, and Schneider (1988) tended to be used more with items rated as high risks. Differences were found among age groups with older subjects using signal words that carried more serious connotations. The possible warnings that might be used were discussed.”
© All rights reserved Leonard et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Leonard, S. David and Hill, G. William (1989): Risk Perception is Affected by Experience. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1029-1033.
“Use of safety devices concerns human factors and safety personnel both as a practical matter of reducing injuries and saving lives and as a basis for studying theories of human behavior. Many reasons are given for non-use of these devices. Seatbelt use provides a good model for examining generally what factors affect safety behaviors. Slovic, Fischoff, and Lichtenstein (1978) suggested that failure to use seatbelts resulted from fear extinction, in that the effort required to fasten the belt was not reinforced and ultimately habit strength was reduced. A test of this hypothesis provided evidence for fear as a factor. Professed seatbelt use was an increasing function of distance driven. In addition, other hazards examined generally showed the greater experience with a hazard the lower the perception of risk, supporting an extinction explanation.”
© All rights reserved Leonard and Hill and/or Human Factors Society
Karnes, Edward W., Leonard, S. David and Newbold, Herbert C. (1988): Safety Perceptions and Information Sources for ATVs. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 938-942.
“Safety issues concerning all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) have become important for human factors professionals, because of the need to reduce the accidents and injuries associated with their use. Human factors experts have also been called upon to testify in legal suits occasioned by some accidents. This paper discusses some of the problems associated with the safety of ATVs and presents data concerning riders and observes ability to estimate their speed. Speed estimates are lower than actual speeds at low speeds and higher than actual speeds at high speeds. It is concluded that information about the speed capabilities of ATVs is important consumer information and should be made conspicuous in advertising and other informational channels about ATVs.”
© All rights reserved Karnes et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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