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Robyn Crawford

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Publications by Robyn Crawford (bibliography)

1989

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Wilson, Denise L. and Crawford, Robyn (1989): Color Contrast Requirements for Legibility of Color Symbology Displayed against Color Backgrounds. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1373-1377.

“A Signal Detection paradigm was utilized in a symbol recognition experiment designed to determine how far apart, in CIE/UCS color space, symbol and background chromaticities must be in order for observers to reliably recognize the symbol. Hits and were found to increase significantly and false alarms to decrease significantly is a function of increased distance between symbol and background chromaticities. The d' measure of sensitivity was generally found to be 3.0 or greater for symbol/background chromaticity differences of 0.06 units in 1976 UCS color space. However, d' was considerably lower for symbol/background pairs for which increasing distance between symbol and background chromaticity was associated with the background chromaticity having an increasing blue component. The area of application of the research results is in the design specification of color coded symbology to be overlaid on moving map, situational awareness, displays.”

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Kuperman, Gilbert G., Wilson, Denise L. and Crawford, Robyn (1989): Discriminability of Color Symbols through PLZT Goggles. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1378-1382.

“A symbol recognition experiment was conducted, with and without PLZT goggles to determine how far apart in color space symbol and background colors must be in order for the symbols to be reliably recognized. Spectral transmittance data showed a reduction of approximately 78 percent in display luminances to the operator wearing PLZT goggles, which was almost uniform across the visual spectrum. All chromaticities, over the entire CRT display gamut, were found to shift markedly toward green when measured through the goggles. This shift was as much as 0.064 1976 UCS units (for fully saturated blue). No criterion shift (beta) was found between the goggle/no goggle conditions. The measure of sensitivity (d') was significantly reduced (from 3.788, without goggles, to 2.910, while wearing the goggles. The probability of hits also decreased significantly (from 0.945 to 0.863) and the probability of false alarms increased significantly (from 0.044 to 0.109) between the no goggle and PLZT cases (all p < 0.05). The effects of the PLZT goggles on the symbol recognition task were lessened as the symbol-to-background chromaticity distance was increased. These results support the development of specialized color display symbol sets in workplaces where PLZT flashblindness protection is worn by the operator.”

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