Publication statistics
Pub. period:1987-2012
Pub. count:8
Number of co-authors:9
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Arthur M. Ryan:4Larry C. Walrath:2Glenn F. Wilson:2 Productive colleagues
Richard W. Backs's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Glenn F. Wilson:13Arthur M. Ryan:4Larry C. Walrath:3
“
Knowledge is commonly socially constructed, through collaborative efforts towards shared objectives or by dialogues and challenges brought about by different persons' perspectives.
”
-- G. Salomon (in "Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations")
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Richard W. Backs
Publications by Richard W. Backs (bibliography)
Conley, Davis, Tuttle, Stephanie, Cassavaugh, Nicholas D. and Backs, Richard W. (2012): Validation of Inhibition Tasks for a Comprehensive Assessment of Visual Attention Across Age Groups. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 158-162.
“The primary goal of this study was to assess the utility of adding the Conners' Continuous Performance Task (CPT) to a comprehensive assessment of visual attention, in order to provide it with a better measure of response inhibition. Two Maximum Likelihood Factor Analyses (MLFA) were performed and compared (one containing the Conners' CPT and one without), in order to assess any differences within the resulting factor solutions. The two factor solutions were almost identical, with the exception of an additional factor of response inhibition existing within the MLFA containing the Conners' CPT. This revealed that the Conners' CPT did add a meaningful factor of response inhibition to the existing attention battery. In addition, age group differences were assessed by one-way ANOVAs of the individual factor scores from the Conners MLFA.”
© All rights reserved Conley et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Lenneman, John K. and Backs, Richard W. (2007): Diagnosticity of Cardiac Modes of Autonomic Control Elicited by Simulated Driving and Verbal Working Memory Dual-Tasks. In: Harris, Don (ed.) EPCE 2007 - Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics - 7th International Conference, July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 541-550.
Backs, Richard W., Ryan, Arthur M., Wilson, Glenn F. and Swain, Rodney A. (1995): Topographic EEG Changes across Single-to-Dual Task Performance of Mental Arithmetic and Tracking. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 953.
“Sensitive and diagnostic measures of information processing are needed to dynamically allocate task function in order to maintain mental workload at an optimal level and prevent performance failures. Central and peripheral nervous system physiological measures were examined currently along with performance and subjective mental workload during tasks that differed in their information processing demands. Eighteen participants (9 female) performed mental arithmetic and tracking tasks singly and together. EEG (7-10 Hz alpha), eye blink, performance, and subjective measures were examined while the difficulty of the arithmetic task and the physical demand of the tracking task were varied. EEG alpha power decreased and reaction time and subjective mental workload increased with mental arithmetic task difficulty, but no differences were observed for the physical manipulation. No performance differences were observed across single-to-dual tasks; however, EEG alpha power decreased and subjective mental workload increased in the dual tasks compared to the single tasks. EEG topography and eye blinks differed when going from arithmetic single tasks to the dual tasks as compared to going from tracking single tasks to the dual tasks. These between-task differences for the EEG and eye blink measures illustrate the importance of using multiple measures, and the dissociation among measures, to achieve diagnosticity. Further, because the psychophysiological change occurred before a performance decrement was observed, these results suggest the potential predictive utility of psychophysiological mental workload measures.”
© All rights reserved Backs et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Ryan, Arthur M. and Backs, Richard W. (1993): Multimodal Measures of the Energetic Demands of Information Processing in a Suboptimal Environment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1393-1397.
“Twenty-four male volunteers participated in a study in which the feature extraction and response choice information processing stages of a visual memory task and the environment in which the task was performed were manipulated in order to assess the specificity of energetic demands. Ambient auditory noise was a state variable that was predicted to directly affect the energetic mechanism supporting the feature extraction processing stage and to indirectly affect the energetic mechanism supporting the response choice processing stage. Several classes of dependent measures were taken including performance, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic in order to isolate effects upon energetic mechanisms. The present study did not support the proposition of multiple energetic mechanisms. Instead, the combination of a single variable-capacity energetic resource with a flexible allocation policy to the processing stages was a better fit to the results.”
© All rights reserved Ryan and Backs and/or Human Factors Society
Backs, Richard W. and Ryan, Arthur M. (1992): Multimodal Measures of Mental Workload during Dual-Task Performance: Energetic Demands of Cognitive Processes. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1413-1417.
“Fifteen male volunteers participated in a dual-task study in which the central processing load of visual memory and tracking tasks and the physical load of the tracking task were orthogonally manipulated to produce varying levels of task difficulty. Multiple modes of assessment were used to measure mental workload (MWL) across difficulty levels, including: performance, subjective, cardiovascular, and metabolic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate metabolic change with manipulations of cognitive task difficulty; others have found only baseline-to-task changes. The relation of the metabolic demands of the task to central processing resource utilization provided support for a structural energetic model of attention that may help to explain measure dissociations. The results of the present study indicated that heart period was only sensitive to central manipulations of task difficulty that affected energetic resources. Performance and subjective MWL were sensitive to all cognitive components of the tasks. We suggest that cardiovascular measures will associate with other measures only when the manipulations of task difficulty require energetic adjustment, and would expect these measures to dissociate when energetic adjustment is not required.”
© All rights reserved Backs and Ryan and/or Human Factors Society
Backs, Richard W., Ryan, Arthur M. and Wilson, Glenn F. (1991): Cardiorespiratory Measures of Workload during Continuous Manual Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1495-1499.
Walrath, Larry C. and Backs, Richard W. (1989): Time Stress Interacts with Coding, Density, and Search Type in Visual Display Search. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1496-1500.
“Twelve subjects participated in a study of time stress in visual display search and the relationship between stress and other variables known to affect visual search, such as symbol density, color coding, and search type. Response time (RT) differed significantly for each of these variables and for their two-way interactions. Generally, time stress suppressed the effects of the other variables. Accuracy varied significantly only for the main effects of coding, search type, and density. In addition to RT and accuracy, several ocular measures were collected. Results for the number of eye fixations paralleled the RT results except for the stress and practice (day) variables. Fixations per second approached significance for day and search type effects. Differential patterns of significant effects were observed for eye blink and pupil diameter changes that reflected stress, cognitive load, and search difficulty.”
© All rights reserved Walrath and Backs and/or Human Factors Society
Backs, Richard W., Walrath, Larry C. and Hancock, Glenn A. (1987): Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Menu Formats. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 715-717.
“Eight operators searched vertical and horizontal menus containing 4, 8, or 12 items in order to find a target item and report an associated numerical value. A within-subject design was used with menu orientation as a (balanced) blocking variable and number of items a random variable within blocks. The results indicate that operator search time is shorter for vertical than for horizontal menus. Number of items was also significant, but these factors did not interact. The orientation effect is large enough to be of likely practical significance in an operational environment.”
© All rights reserved Backs et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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