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Richard F. Johnson

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Publication statistics

Pub. period:1987-1995
Pub. count:5
Number of co-authors:4

Co-authors

Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:

Donna J. McMenemy:2
Douglas T. Dauphinee:1
John L. Kobrick:1

Productive colleagues

Richard F. Johnson's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:

Donna J. McMenemy:2
Douglas T. Dauphin..:1
John L. Kobrick:1

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May 22

Knowing (by) Designing 2013

May 27

13th Intl. Conf. on New Interfaces for Musical Expression

May 28

Graphics Interface 2013

May 20

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Richard F. Johnson

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Publications by Richard F. Johnson (bibliography)

1995

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Johnson, Richard F. (1995): A Log-Linear Model of Sentry Duty Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 963.

“During combat, a soldier must continuously scan a particular field of view for the purpose of detecting and firing at any targets which may appear. A mathematical model of soldier performance during combat sentry duty is proposed, which focuses on latency of target detection (reaction time) as a function of the natural logarithm of time on sentry duty. The model is described as RT = A + B(ln(t)), where RT is reaction time, t is the amount of time into sentry duty, ln is the natural logarithm function, and A and B are constants. Its robustness is demonstrated under conditions likely to change reaction time, including the prior ingestion of either a mild sedative (diphenhydramine) or a mild stimulant (caffeine). It is shown that while a sentry's baseline reaction time is shifted by antihistamines and by caffeine, the mathematical equation continues to be a log-linear one. Comparison of this log-linear model with two alternative models (a hyperbolic model and a two-process exponential model) showed that the log-linear model has the best goodness of fit. The log-linear model will assist unit commanders in the optimal scheduling of assignments requiring sustained attention.”

1990

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Johnson, Richard F., McMenemy, Donna J. and Dauphinee, Douglas T. (1990): Rifle Marksmanship with Three Types of Combat Clothing. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1529-1532.

“N/R”

1989

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Johnson, Richard F. and McMenemy, Donna J. (1989): Target Detection, Rifle Marksmanship, and Mood during Three Hours of Simulated Sentry Duty. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1414-1418.

“The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sentry duty time on the soldier's speed of detection of visually presented targets, his ability to hit targets (rifle marksmanship), and his mood. Prior to the test day, each of eight subjects was Simulator and was familiarized with the targets to be presented during testing. The test session lasted three hours, during which time the subject assumed a standing foxhole position and monitored the target scene of the Weaponeer. The Weaponeer M16A1 modified rifle lay next to the subject at chest height. When a pop-up target appeared, the subject pressed a telegraph key, lifted the rifle, aimed, and fired at the target. Speed of target detection was measured in terms of the time required by the subject to press the telegraph key in response to the presentation of the target. Marksmanship was measured in terms of number of targets hit. Target detection time and rifle marksmanship were averaged every 30 minutes. At the end of the test session, the subject completed the Profile of Mood States rating scale. The results showed that target detection time deteriorated with time on sentry duty; impairments were not evident within the first hour but were clearly evident by 1.5 hours. Marksmanship remained constant over time; soldiers were just as accurate in hitting the targets at the end of the 3 hours of sentry duty as they were at the beginning. Whereas the soldier's predominant mood during baseline practice sessions was one of vigor, during sentry duty the predominant mood was one of fatigue. The results of this study suggest that sentry duty performance may be optimized if it is limited to one hour or less.”

1988

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Johnson, Richard F. and Kobrick, John L. (1988): Ambient Heat and Nerve Agent Antidotes: Effects on Soldier Performance with the USARIEM Performance Inventory. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 563-567.

“The tactical significance of chemical weapons in future warfare demands that nerve agent antidotes be available for troops exposed to chemical attack. Since future combat operations will likely occur in desert and tropical areas, chemical attacks in such areas could lead to situations involving the use of nerve agent antidotes by troops during exposure to hot weather conditions. This study assessed, both independently and in combination, the effects of heat exposure (95-degrees F, 60%RH) and US Army standard dosages of nerve agent antidotes (2 mg atropine and 600 mg 2-PAM chloride) on the performance of a variety of tasks selected from the USARIEM Performance Inventory (UPI). The UPI tasks selected for inclusion assessed sensory functioning, perceptual-cognitive functioning, sensorimotor skill, subjective reactions, and M16 rifle marksmanship. Fifteen soldier volunteers were first trained to asymptotic performance on the UPI task battery. Then, over a period of four test days, they completed a counterbalanced schedule of the drug/no drug and heat/no heat conditions while outfitted in the Battle Dress Uniform. On each test day, the tests from the UPI were administered once during each of the three 2-hour test cycles. Compared to the placebo condition, a single dose of nerve agent antidote significantly impaired soldier performance such that visual reaction time was 5 to 11% slower, gross body mobility was 12% poorer, rifle marksmanship (pop-up targets) was 3% less accurate, and verbal reasoning was 6% slower. Compared to the 70-degree F condition, the 95-degree F ambient condition significantly impaired soldier performance such that arm-hand steadiness was 10% poorer, manual dexterity was 2% poorer, and rifle marksmanship (tightness of shot group) was 13% less accurate. Nerve agent antidote and ambient heat did not interact to further impair soldier performance.”

1987

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Johnson, Richard F. and Strowman, Shelley R. (1987): Effects of Cooling and Flavoring Drinking Water on Psychological Performance in a Hot Environment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 825-829.

“During exposure to a hot environment, unacclimatized soldiers may not voluntarily drink enough water to compensate for the loss of fluids. This study evaluated whether, with increased voluntary drinking (due to cooling and/or flavoring the drinking water), the soldier (a) will be less likely to report feelings of discomfort and symptoms of heat illness and (b) will also be better able to maintain his ability to perform psychomotor and cognitive tasks. On each of four test days in a heat chamber, eight subjects were permitted to drink ad lib only one of four beverages: cool water, warm water, cool flavored water, or warm flavored water. The subjects felt more uncomfortable and reported more symptoms of heat illness under the warm water conditions. Psychomotor performance (manual dexterity) and cognitive performance (logical reasoning) were significantly degraded under the warm water conditions but only after at least four hours of heat exposure. Flavoring the water had no effect on any of the measures. It is concluded that under hot weather conditions, degradation in psychological performance may be attenuated if soldiers are provided cool as opposed to warm drinking water.”

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