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Rajendra D. Paul

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Publication statistics

Pub. period:1993-1995
Pub. count:5
Number of co-authors:5

Co-authors

Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:

Chandra Nair:1
Krishna Menon:1
Martin G. Helander:1

Productive colleagues

Rajendra D. Paul's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:

Martin G. Helander:12
Jeannette G. Neal:2
Chandra Nair:1

Calendar

May 22

Knowing (by) Designing 2013

May 27

13th Intl. Conf. on New Interfaces for Musical Expression

May 28

Graphics Interface 2013

May 21

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Rajendra D. Paul

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Publications by Rajendra D. Paul (bibliography)

1995

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Paul, Rajendra D. (1995): Effects of Office Layout and Sit-Stand Adjustable Furniture: A Field Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 422-426.

“In a controlled field study, twelve office employees with computer-intensive jobs were monitored during the redesign of their work environment. Before office redesign, they worked in closed offices with four walls and sitting height, non-adjustable workstations. Then they worked in more open offices with three walls and sit-stand adjustable VDT workstations. The effects of this office redesign were evaluated three months post-occupancy. During the three months, employees worked standing for two hours every day. The results suggest that change in the office layout, i.e. open versus closed, increased the interaction and communication between employees. However, it significantly decreased employees' perceived privacy, and increased the amount of visual and noise distractions. In the offices with sit-stand adjustable furniture, subjects felt more energetic and less tired by the end of the workday.”

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Paul, Rajendra D. and Helander, Martin G. (1995): Effect of Sit-Stand Schedule on Spinal Shrinkage in VDT Operators. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 563-567.

“A controlled field study was conducted to measure spinal shrinkage in office employees with sit-stand type workstations. Thirteen office employees, ten healthy and three with spinal disorders participated in the study. Using a stadiometer, changes in stature were measured at 8 a.m., 12 p.m., 1 p.m. and 5 p.m. From 12 p.m. to 1 p.m., all subjects sat for 40 minutes and walked for 20 minutes. Out of the ten healthy employees, six were instructed to stand for 30 minutes four times during the day. The remaining four subjects stood eight times 15 minutes each. Office workers who stood in 30 minute sessions experienced significantly less shrinkage than those who stood in 15 minute sessions. Office workers with spinal disorders also stood eight times 15 minutes each. They incurred a greater variability in the shrinkage pattern.”

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Paul, Rajendra D. (1995): Foot Swelling in VDT Operators with Sitting and Sit-Stand Workstations. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 568-572.

“In a controlled field study, effect of sit-stand workstations on foot swelling during the course of a workday was monitored in visual display terminal (VDT) operators. Six VDT operators first worked in offices furnished with nonadjustable sitting workstations. Then they worked in offices furnished with sit-stand adjustable furniture for six weeks. In the later setting, they stood for 15 minutes every hour. In both settings, the foot swelling was measured at 8 a.m., 12 p.m., 1 p.m. and 5 p.m. using a foot volumeter. Between 12 p.m. and 1 p.m., subjects walked for 20 minutes and sat for 40 minutes. The results showed that the average right foot swelling in offices with sit-stand adjustable furniture was significantly less than that in offices with nonadjustable furniture, 12.3 ml (1.1 percent) compared to 21 ml (1.8 percent). These results suggest that activity promoted using sit-stand workstations benefits sedentary office workers.”

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Paul, Rajendra D., Menon, Krishna and Nair, Chandra (1995): Individual Differences in the Activity of Dominant Forearm Muscles during VDT Work. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 926-930.

“In two studies on VDT work, activity of dominant forearm muscles was measured using surface electromyography. In the first study (n = 12), subjects used only a keyboard; whereas in the second study (n = 8), subjects used both keyboard and mouse. In both studies, analysis of results indicated that inter-subject differences in forearm muscle effort were significantly different (p < 0.05). In the first study, the minimum-to-maximum ratio for average extensor muscle activity was 1:3.7. In the second study, the minimum-to-maximum ratio was 1:2.2 for the flexor muscle activity and 1:3.7 for the extensor muscle activity. These results support the notion of differences in individual workstyles proposed by Feuerstein (1995). Individual typing styles play an important role play an important role in the stress on forearm muscles during VDT work and should be included in employee training protocols.”

1993

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Funke, Douglas J., Neal, Jeannette G. and Paul, Rajendra D. (1993): An Approach to Intelligent Automated Window Management. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 38 (6) pp. 949-983.

“The CUBRICON Intelligent Window Manager (CIWM) is a knowledge-based system that automates windowing operations. The CIWM is a component of CUBRICON, a prototype knowledge-based multi-media human-computer interface. CUBRICON accepts inputs and generates outputs using integrated multiple media/modalities including speech, printed/typed natural language, tables, forms, maps, graphics, and pointing gestures. The CIWM automatically performs window management functions on CUBRICON's color and monochrome screens. These functions include window creation, sizing, placement, removal, and organization. These operations are accomplished by the CIWM without direct human inputs, although the system provides for user override of the CIWM decisions. The motivation for automated window management is based on the premise that, by freeing the user's cognitive and temporal resources from the task of managing the human-computer interface, more of these resources are available for the user's application domain activities. As the problems and tasks confronting computer users become more complex and information intensive, the potential of this approach for improving overall performance is enhanced. Recent research discussed in this paper indicates that, for some database management tasks, a significant portion of the user's time is spent in managing the window-based interface. If these findings are representative of the larger range of computer-based tasks that use windowing systems, the concept of automated window management offers great potential for enhancing human performance on these computer-based tasks. This paper provides a brief overview of the CUBRICON system and describes the CIWM and its underlying design principles and premises. The following important CIWM features are discussed: the hybrid tiled and overlapped approach to window layout; an algorithm for determining the importance of a window based on its contents, relation to the ongoing dialogue, time of creation, frequency of use, and recency of use; and an approach to determining window size based on clutter and object resolution requirements. Actual interactive examples are provided to illustrate the CIWM functionality. Results of an evaluation of CUBRICON support the design. Those results which pertain specifically to the CIWM are presented. Limitations and applicability of this research are also discussed.”

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