Peter Pirolli
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"P. Pirolli"
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Publications by Peter Pirolli (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Pirolli, Peter (2009): An elementary social information foraging model. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 605-614. Available online
“User interfaces and information systems have become increasingly social in recent years, aimed at supporting the decentralized, cooperative production and use of content. A theory that predicts the impact of interface and interaction designs on such factors as participation rates and knowledge discovery is likely to be useful. This paper reviews a variety of observed phenomena in social information foraging and sketches a framework extending Information Foraging Theory towards making predictions about the effects of diversity, interference, and cost-of-effort on performance time, participation rates, and utility of discoveries.”
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Budiu, Raluca, Pirolli, Peter and Hong, Lichan (2009): Remembrance of things tagged: how tagging effort affects tag production and human memory. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 615-624. Available online
“We developed a low-effort interaction method called Click2Tag for social bookmarking. Information foraging theory predicts that the production of tags will increase as the effort required to do so is lowered, while the amount of time invested decreases. However, models of human memory suggest that changes in the tagging process may affect subsequent human memory for the tagged material. We compared (1) low-effort tagging by mouse-clicking (Click2Tag), (2) traditional tagging by typing (type-to-tag), and (3) baseline, no tagging conditions. Our results suggest that (a) Click2Tag increases tagging rates, (b) Click2Tag improves recognition of facts from the tagged text when compared to type-to-tag, and (c) Click2Tag is comparable to the no-tagging baseline condition on recall measures. Results suggest that tagging by clicking strengthens the memory traces by repeated readings of relevant words in the text and, thus, improves recognition.”
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Kammerer, Yvonne, Nairn, Rowan, Pirolli, Peter and Chi, Ed H. (2009): Signpost from the masses: learning effects in an exploratory social tag search browser. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 625-634. Available online
“Social tagging arose out of the need to organize found content that is worth revisiting. A significant side effect has been the use of social tagging sites as navigational signposts for interesting content. The collective behavior of users who tagged contents seems to offer a good basis for exploratory search interfaces, even for users who are not using social bookmarking sites. In this paper, we present the design of a tag-based exploratory system and detail an experiment in understanding its effectiveness. The tag-based search system allows users to utilize relevance feedback on tags to indicate their interest in various topics, enabling rapid exploration of the topic space. The experiment shows that the system seems to provide a kind of scaffold for users to learn new topics.”
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Pirolli, Peter, Wollny, Evelin and Suh, Bongwon (2009): So you know you're getting the best possible information: a tool that increases Wikipedia credibility. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1505-1508. Available online
“An experiment was conducted to study how credibility judgments about Wikipedia are affected by providing users with an interactive visualization (WikiDashboard) of article and author editing history. Overall, users who self-reported higher use of Internet information and higher rates of Wikipedia usage tended to produce lower credibility judgments about Wikipedia articles and authors. However, use of WikiDashboard significantly increased article and author credibility judgments, with effect sizes larger than any other measured effects of background media usage and attitudes on Wikiepedia credibility. The results suggest that increased exposure to the editing/authoring histories of Wikipedia increases credibility judgments.”
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Nelson, Les, Held, Christoph, Pirolli, Peter, Hong, Lichan, Schiano, Diane and Chi, Ed H. (2009): With a little help from my friends: examining the impact of social annotations in sensemaking tasks. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1795-1798. Available online
“In prior work we reported on the design of a social annotation system, SparTag.us, for use in sensemaking activities such as work-group reading and report writing. Previous studies of note-taking systems have demonstrated behavioral differences in social annotation practices, but are not clear in the actual performance gains provided by social features. This paper presents a laboratory study aimed at evaluating the learning effect of social features in SparTag.us. We found significant learning gains, and consider implications for design and for understanding the underlying mechanisms in play when people use social annotation systems.”
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Evans, Brynn M., Kairam, Sanjay and Pirolli, Peter (2009): Exploring the cognitive consequences of social search. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 3377-3382. Available online
“To what extent can social interactions augment people's natural search experiences? What factors influence the decision to turn to a friend for help? Our paper presents the preliminary results of a social sensemaking task that begin to address such questions by examining the cognitive consequences of social search.”
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Russell, Daniel M., Pirolli, Peter, Furnas, George, Card, Stuart K. and Stefik, Mark (2009): Sensemaking workshop CHI 2009. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4751-4754. Available online
“How does one make sense of a large or complex task? By the term "sensemaking" we mean the processes people go through to frame, collect, organize and structure information to help understand a problem. Sensemaking is what people do to get from the earliest phases of an information collecting and organizing task to the conclusion. Sensemaking tasks are commonplace, and this workshop is dedicated to understanding the range of sensemaking behaviors and systems that can support sensemaking.”
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» 2008 «
Russell, Daniel M., Furnas, George W., Stefik, Mark, Card, Stuart K. and Pirolli, Peter (2008): Sensemaking. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3981-3984. Available online
“When confronted with a large or complex amount of information, how DO people come to understand it? This workshop will focus on the most recent work in sensemaking, the activities, technologies and behaviors that people do when making sense of their complex information spaces.”
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Sharit, Joseph, Hernández, Mario A., Czaja, Sara J. and Pirolli, Peter (2008): Investigating the Roles of Knowledge and Cognitive Abilities in Older Adult Information Seeking on the Web. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 15 (1) p. 3
“This study investigated the influences of knowledge, particularly Internet, Web browser, and search engine knowledge, as well as cognitive abilities on older adult information seeking on the Internet. The emphasis on aspects of cognition was informed by a modeling framework of search engine information-seeking behavior. Participants from two older age groups were recruited: twenty people in a younger-old group (ages 60-70) and twenty people in an older-old group (ages 71-85). Ten younger adults (ages 18-39) served as a comparison group. All participants had at least some Internet search experience. The experimental task consisted of six realistic search problems, all involving information related to health and well-being and which varied in degree of complexity. The results indicated that though necessary, Internet-related knowledge was not sufficient in explaining information-seeking performance, and suggested that a combination of both knowledge and key cognitive abilities is important for successful information seeking. In addition, the cognitive abilities that were found to be critical for task performance depended on the search problem's complexity. Also, significant differences in task performance between the younger and the two older age groups were found on complex, but not on simple problems. Overall, the results from this study have implications for instructing older adults on Internet information seeking and for the design of Web sites.”
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Hong, Lichan, Chi, Ed Huai-hsin, Budiu, Raluca, Pirolli, Peter and Nelson, Les (2008): SparTag.us: a low cost tagging system for foraging of web content. In: Levialdi, Stefano (ed.) AVI 2008 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces May 28-30, 2008, Napoli, Italy. pp. 65-72. Available online
» 2007 «
Fu, Wai-Tat and Pirolli, Peter (2007): SNIF-ACT: A Cognitive Model of User Navigation on the World Wide Web. In Human-Computer Interaction, 22 (4) pp. 355-412
“We describe the development of a computational cognitive model that explains navigation behavior on the World Wide Web. The model, called SNIF-ACT (Scent-based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT cognitive architecture), is motivated by Information Foraging Theory (IFT), which quantifies the perceived relevance of a Web link to a user's goal by a spreading activation mechanism. The model assumes that users evaluate links on a Web page sequentially and decide to click on a link or to go back to the previous page by a Bayesian satisficing model (BSM) that adaptively evaluates and selects actions based on a combination of previous and current assessments of the relevance of link texts to information goals. SNIF-ACT 1.0 utilizes the measure of utility, called information scent, derived from IFT to predict rankings of links on different Web pages. The model was tested against a detailed set of protocol data collected from 8 participants as they engaged in two information-seeking tasks using the World Wide Web. The model provided a good match to participants' link selections. In SNIF-ACT 2.0, we included the adaptive link selection mechanism from the BSM that sequentially evaluates links on a Web page. The mechanism allowed the model to dynamically build up the aspiration levels of actions in a satisficing process (e.g., to follow a link or leave a Web site) as it sequential assessed link texts on a Web page. The dynamic mechanism provides an integrated account of how and when users decide to click on a link or leave a page based on the sequential, ongoing experiences with the link context on current and previous Web pages. SNIF-ACT 2.0 was validated on a data set obtained from 74 subjects. Monte Carlo simulations of the model showed that SNIF-ACT 2.0 provided better fits to human data than SNIF-ACT 1.0 and a Position model that used position of links on a Web page to decide which link to select. We conclude that the combination of the IFT and the BSM provides a good description of user-Web interaction. Practical implications of the model are discussed.”
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Chi, Ed Huai-hsin, Pirolli, Peter and Lam, Shyong K. (2007): Aspects of Augmented Social Cognition: Social Information Foraging and Social Search. In: Schuler, Douglas (ed.) OCSC 2007 - Online Communities and Social Computing - Second International Conference July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 60-69. Available online
» 2006 «
Budiu, Raluca, Pirolli, Peter and Fleetwood, Michael (2006): Navigation in degree of interest trees. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 457-462. Available online
» 2005 «
Pirolli, Peter (2005): Rational Analyses of Information Foraging on the Web. In Cognitive Science, 29 (3) pp. 343-373
» 2003 «
Pirolli, Peter, Card, Stuart K. and Wege, Mija M. Van Der (2003): The effects of information scent on visual search in the hyperbolic tree browser. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 10 (1) pp. 20-53
“The Hyperbolic Tree is a focus + context information visualization that has been developed to amplify users' ability to navigate large tree-structured information systems. Information scent is a theoretical construct that captures one kind of interaction between task and display. Information scent is provided by task-relevant display cues, such as node labels on a tree that influence a user's visual search behavior and navigation decisions. An empirical Accuracy of Scent (AOS) score was developed to characterize a set of tasks that required users to find (Retrieval Tasks) or compare (Comparison Tasks) information in tree structures. Two experiments investigated the effect of information scent (tasks with different AOS scores) on performance with the Hyperbolic Tree Browser and the Microsoft Windows File Browser, which is a widely available conventional browser. Experiment 1 found no overall difference in performance time between the two browsers, but did reveal a marginal interaction of information scent with browser performance on Retrieval Tasks. On high AOS tasks the Hyperbolic showed faster performance, but on low AOS tasks the Windows File Browser showed faster performance. Experiment 2 focused only on the Retrieval tasks and revealed that Hyperbolic Tree users examined more tree nodes at a faster rate and visually searched through the tree hierarchy at a faster rate than users of a Windows File Browser lookalike, however, visual search paths were shortened in dense areas of the Hyperbolic Tree display when information scent was low. Two processes appear to affect visual search in the Hyperbolic display: strong information scent improves visual search, and the crowding of targets in a compressed region degrades visual search especially when there is weak information scent.”
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Pirolli, Peter (2003): A Theory of Information Scent. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 213-217.
Pirolli, Peter and Fu, Wai-Tat (2003): SNIF-ACT: A Model of Information Foraging on the World Wide Web. In: Brusilovsky, Peter, Corbett, Albert T. and Rosis, Fiorella De (eds.) User Modeling 2003 - 9th International Conference - UM 2003 June 22-26, 2003, Johnstown, PA, USA. pp. 45-54. Available online
» 2002 «
Woodruff, Allison, Rosenholtz, Ruth, Morrison, Julie Bauer, Faulring, Andrew and Pirolli, Peter (2002): A comparison of the use of text summaries, plain thumbnails, and enhanced thumbnails for Web search tasks. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53 (2) pp. 172-185
» 2001 «
Woodruff, Allison, Faulring, Andrew, Rosenholtz, Ruth, Morrsion, Julie and Pirolli, Peter (2001): Using Thumbnails to Search the Web. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 198-205. Available online
“We introduce a technique for creating novel, textually-enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of image thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. We found a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) were more consistent than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best.”
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Chi, Ed H., Pirolli, Peter, Chen, Kim and Pitkow, James (2001): Using Information Scent to Model User Information Needs and Actions and the Web. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 490-497. Available online
“On the Web, users typically forage for information by navigating from page to page along Web links. Their surfing patterns or actions are guided by their information needs. Researchers need tools to explore the complex interactions between user needs, user actions, and the structures and contents of the Web. In this paper, we describe two computational methods for understanding the relationship between user needs and user actions. First, for a particular pattern of surfing, we seek to infer the associated information need. Second, given an information need, and some pages as starting pints, we attempt to predict the expected surfing patterns. The algorithms use a concept called "information scent", which is the subjective sense of value and cost of accessing a page based on perceptual cues. We present an empirical evaluation of these two algorithms, and show their effectiveness.”
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Card, Stuart K., Pirolli, Peter, Wege, Mija M. Van Der, Morrison, Julie B., Reeder, Robert W., Schraedley, Pamela and Boshart, Jenea (2001): Information Scent as a Driver of Web Behavior Graphs: Results of a Protocol Analysis Method for Web Usability. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 498-505. Available online
“The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encountered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of the method to the analysis of eight Web protocols, visualizing the structure of the interaction and showing the strong effect of information scent in determining the path followed.”
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Pirolli, Peter, Card, Stuart K. and Wege, Mija M. Van Der (2001): Visual Information Foraging in a Focus + Context Visualization. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 506-513. Available online
“Eye tracking studies of the Hyperbolic Tree browser [10] suggest that visual search in focus+context displays is highly affected by information scent (i.e., local cues, such as text summaries, used to assess and navigate toward distal information sources). When users detected a strong information scent, they were able to reach their goal faster with the Hyperbolic Tree browser than with a conventional browser. When users detected a weak scent or no scent, users exhibited less efficient search of areas with a high density of visual items. In order to interpret these results we present an integration of the CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) with information foraging theory. Development of the CTVA-foraging theory could lead to deeper analysis of interaction with visual displays of content, such as the World Wide Web or information visualizations.”
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» 2000 «
Chi, Ed H., Pirolli, Peter and Pitkow, James (2000): The Scent of a Site: A System for Analyzing and Predicting Information Scent, Usage, and Usability of a Web Site. In: Turner, Thea, Szwillus, Gerd, Czerwinski, Mary, Peterno, Fabio and Pemberton, Steven (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2000 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 1-6, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 161-168. Available online
“Designers and researchers of users' interactions with the World Wide Web need tools that permit the rapid exploration of hypotheses about complex interactions of user goals, user behaviors, and Web site designs. We present an architecture and system for the analysis and prediction of user behavior and Web site usability. The system integrates research on human information foraging theory, a reference model of information visualization and Web data-mining techniques. The system also incorporates new methods of Web site visualization (Dome Tree, Usage Based Layouts), a new predictive modeling technique for Web site use (Web User Flow by Information Scent, WUFIS), and new Web usability metrics.”
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Pirolli, Peter, Card, Stuart K. and Wege, Mija M. Van Der (2000): The Effect of Information Scent on Searching - Information Visualization of Large Tree Structures. In: Advanced Visual Interfaces 2000 2000. pp. 161-172.
» 1999 «
Pirolli, Peter and Card, Stuart K. (1999): Information foraging. In Psychological Review, 106 (4) pp. 643-675
» 1998 «
Pirolli, Peter (1998): Exploring Browser Design Trade-Offs Using a Dynamical Model of Optimal Information Foraging. In: Karat, Clare-Marie, Lund, Arnold, Coutaz, Joëlle and Karat, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California. pp. 33-40. Available online
“Designers and researchers of human-computer interaction need tools that permit the rapid exploration and management of hypotheses about complex interactions of designs, task conditions, and user strategies. Dynamic programming is introduced as a such a tool for the analysis of information foraging technologies. The technique is illustrated in the context of the Scatter/Gather text clustering browser. Hypothetical improvements in browser speed and text clustering are examined in the context of variations in task deadlines and the quality of the document repository. A complex and non-intuitive set of tradeoffs emerge from even this simple space of factors, illustrating the general utility of the approach.”
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Chi, Ed H., Pitkow, James, Mackinlay, Jock D., Pirolli, Peter, Gossweiler, Rich and Card, Stuart K. (1998): Visualizing the Evolution of Web Ecologies. In: Karat, Clare-Marie, Lund, Arnold, Coutaz, Joëlle and Karat, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California. pp. 400-407. Available online
“Several visualizations have emerged which attempt to visualize all or part of the World Wide Web. Those visualizations, however, fail to present the dynamically changing ecology of users and documents on the Web. We present new techniques for Web Ecology and Evolution Visualization (WEEV). Disk Trees represent a discrete time slice of the Web ecology. A collection of Disk Trees forms a Time Tube, representing the evolution of the Web over longer periods of time. These visualizations are intended to aid authors and webmasters with the production and organization of content, assist Web surfers making sense of information, and help researchers understand the Web.”
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Pirolli, Peter and Card, Stuart K. (1998): Information foraging models of browsers for very large document spaces. In: Catarci, Tiziana, Costabile, Maria Francesca, Santucci, Giuseppe and Tarantino, Laura (eds.) AVI 1998 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces May 24 - 27, 1998, LAquila, Italy. pp. 83-93. Available online
» 1997 «
Pirolli, Peter (1997): Computational Models of Information Scent-Following in a Very Large Browsable Text Collection. In: Pemberton, Steven (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 3-10. Available online
“An ecological-cognitive framework of analysis and a model-tracing architecture are presented and used in the analysis of data recorded from users browsing a large document collection. The users interacted with the Scatter/Gather browser, which clusters documents into groups of similar content and presents users with summaries of cluster content. Predictions made by a computational model of navigation and information foraging are matched against the observed activity.”
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Pitkow, James and Pirolli, Peter (1997): Life, Death, and Lawfulness on the Electronic Frontier. In: Pemberton, Steven (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 383-390. Available online
“To facilitate users' ability to make sense of large collections of hypertext we present two new techniques for inducing clusters of related documents on the World Wide Web. Users' ability to find relevant information might also be enhanced by finding lawful properties of document behavior and use. We present models and analyses of document use and change for the World Wide Web.”
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Pirolli, Peter (1997): AVI '96: An International Workshop. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 29 (1) pp. 23-24
» 1996 «
Pirolli, Peter, Pitkow, James and Rao, Ramana (1996): Silk from a Sow's Ear: Extracting Usable Structure from the Web. In: Tauber, Michael J., Bellotti, Victoria, Jeffries, Robin, Mackinlay, Jock D. and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 96 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 14-18, 1996, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 118-125. Available online
“In its current implementation, the World-Wide Web lacks much of the explicit structure and strong typing found in many closed hypertext systems. While this property probably relates to the explosive acceptance of the Web, it further complicates the already difficult problem of identifying usable structures and aggregates in large hypertext collections. These reduced structures, or localities, form the basis for simplifying visualizations of and navigation through complex hypertext systems. Much of the previous research into identifying aggregates utilize graph theoretic algorithms based upon structural topology, i.e., the linkages between items. Other research has focused on content analysis to form document collections. This paper presents our exploration into techniques that utilize both the topology and textual similarity between items as well as usage data collected by servers and page meta-information lke title and size. Linear equations and spreading activation models are employed to arrange Web pages based upon functional categories, node types, and relevancy.”
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Pirolli, Peter, Schank, Patricia, Hearst, Marti A. and Diehl, Christine (1996): Scatter/Gather Browsing Communicates the Topic Structure of a Very Large Text Collection. In: Tauber, Michael J., Bellotti, Victoria, Jeffries, Robin, Mackinlay, Jock D. and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 96 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 14-18, 1996, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 213-220. Available online
“Scatter/Gather is a cluster-based browsing technique for large text collections. Users are presented with automatically computed summaries of the contents of clusters of similar documents and provided with a method for navigating through these summaries at different levels of granularity. The aim of the technique is to communicate information about the topic structure of very large collections. We tested the effectiveness of Scatter/Gather as a simple pure document retrieval tool, and studied its effects on the incidental learning of topic structure. When compared to interactions involving simple keyword-based search, the results suggest that Scatter/Gather induces a more coherent conceptual image of a text collection, a richer vocabulary for constructing search queries, and communicates the distribution of relevant documents over clusters of documents in the collection.”
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Pirolli, Peter and Rao, Ramana (1996): Table lens as a tool for making sense of data. In: Catarci, Tiziana, Costabile, Maria Francesca, Levialdi, Stefano and Santucci, Giuseppe (eds.) AVI 1996 - Proceedings of the workshop on Advanced visual interfaces May 27-29, 1996, Gubbio, Italy. pp. 67-80. Available online
» 1995 «
Lamping, John, Rao, Ramana and Pirolli, Peter (1995): A Focus+Context Technique Based on Hyperbolic Geometry for Visualizing Large Hierarchies. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 401-408. Available online
“We present a new focus+context (fisheye) technique for visualizing and manipulating large hierarchies. Our technique assigns more display space to a portion of the hierarchy while still embedding it in the context of the entire hierarchy. The essence of this scheme is to lay out the hierarchy in a uniform way on a hyperbolic plane and map this plane onto a circular display region. This supports a smooth blending between focus and context, as well as continuous redirection of the focus. We have developed effective procedures for manipulating the focus using pointer clicks as well as interactive dragging, and for smoothly animating transitions across such manipulation. A laboratory experiment comparing the hyperbolic browser with a conventional hierarchy browser was conducted.”
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Pirolli, Peter and Card, Stuart K. (1995): Information Foraging in Information Access Environments. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 51-58. Available online
“Information foraging theory is an approach to the analysis of human activities involving information access technologies. The theory derives from optimal foraging theory in biology and anthropology, which analyzes the adaptive value of food-foraging strategies. Information foraging theory analyzes trade-offs in the value of information gained against the costs of performing activity in human-computer interaction tasks. The theory is illustrated by application to information-seeking tasks involving a Scatter/Gather interface, which presents users with a navigable, automatically computed, overview of the contents of a document collection arranged as a cluster hierarchy.”
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» 1994 «
Card, Stuart K., Pirolli, Peter and Mackinlay, Jock D. (1994): The Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function: Display Evaluation for Direct-Walk Dynamic Information Visualizations. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 238-244. Available online
“In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing information access from dynamic displays. The paper works out this method for a simple, but important, class of dynamic displays called direct-walk interactive information visualizations, in which information is accessed through a sequence of mouse selections and key selections. The method is used to characterize a simple calendar task for an application of the Information Visualizer, to compute the changes in characterization as the result of possible program variants, and to conduct empirical comparison between different systems with the same function.”
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» 1993 «
Russell, Daniel M., Stefik, Mark, Pirolli, Peter and Card, Stuart K. (1993): The Cost Structure of Sensemaking. In: Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 269-276. Available online
“Making sense of a body of data is a common activity in any kind of analysis. Sensemaking is the process of searching for a representation and encoding data in that representation to answer task-specific questions. Different operations during sensemaking require different cognitive and external resources. Representations are chosen and changed to reduce the cost of operations in an information processing task. The power of these representational shifts is generally under-appreciated as is the relation between sensemaking and information retrieval. We analyze sensemaking tasks and develop a model of the cost structure of sensemaking. We discuss implications for the integrated design of user interfaces, representational tools, and information retrieval systems.”
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» 1992 «
Goel, Vinod and Pirolli, Peter (1992): The Structure of Design Problem Spaces. In Cognitive Science, 16 (3) pp. 395-429
» 1986 «
Pirolli, Peter (1986): A Cognitive Model and Computer Tutor for Programming Recursion. In Human-Computer Interaction, 2 (4) pp. 319-355
“This article discusses cognitive models of learning to program recursion and their relation to lessons on recursion in an intelligent computer tutor for LISP programming (the LISP Tutor). The cognitive models are implemented as production systems in which programming skill is characterized as the decomposition of programming goals into subgoals and elementary actions via the application of programming plans. Two sets of learning mechanisms are used in the cognitive models. Analogical problem-solving mechanisms use declarative knowledge of example program solutions to overcome problem-solving impasses. Knowledge compilation mechanisms summarize problem solutions into efficient problem-solving skill. Analyses and simulations of novice and expert programming were used to develop ideal models of the programming knowledge to confer upon students and bugs that characterize common misconceptions. The LISP Tutor uses the ideal models and bugs to guide its interactions with students. Experimental evaluations of the LISP Tutor indicate that it is more efficient and effective than classroom instruction.”
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