Publication statistics
Pub. period:1987-2012
Pub. count:8
Number of co-authors:12
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Michael A. Vidulich:2Velma L. Velazquez:2Tonya L. Shaner:2 Productive colleagues
Pamela S. Tsang's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Jennie J. Gallimor..:11Michael A. Vidulic..:8Tonya L. Shaner:2
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-- Alfred North Whitehead
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Pamela S. Tsang
Publications by Pamela S. Tsang (bibliography)
Gallimore, Jennie J., Brent, Kiss Steven, Munoz, Ricardo D., Oh, Chang-Geun, Green, Randall, Crory, Timothy, Shingledecker, Clark, Tsang, Pamela S. and Herschler, Dan (2012): Method for Evaluating Data Communication Messages in NextGen Flight Deck Scenarios. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 80-84.
“Data communications (DataComm) is one of the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) key technologies supporting the transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). As communication on the flight deck changes from voice clearances to clearances sent via datalink, human factors experts have anticipated potential implementation challenges, particularly for the data communications that may not be integrated with the flight management system (FMS) and which requires the flight crew to read the DataComm message, interpret it, and then make the appropriate FMS input. Even fully integrated DataComm and FMS flight deck systems could prove challenging for flight crew use in the Trajectory Based Operations context. For example, textual clearances that provide complex 4D trajectory information may be difficult for pilots to interpret in a timely and efficient manner without error. To address this challenge, flight deck displays with graphics, hybrid text and graphics, and other formats integrated with existing navigation displays may enable pilots to more easily identify, understand, and quickly respond to air traffic clearances and instructions. To support FAA Aircraft Certification Service and Flight Standards Service evaluation of new DataComm flight deck technologies and associated procedures for Trajectory Based Operations and other key NextGen applications, this paper describes a method that allows rapid evaluation of new and modified DataComm displays in the cockpit. Our method uses a variety of complex data communications, including the use of concatenated messages to obtain rapid pilot feedback and performance in a part-task, scenario-based simulation. Average data values from an initial study evaluating pilot interpretability measured as percent errors and response time to text-based clearances are presented.”
© All rights reserved Gallimore et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Tsang, Pamela S. and Shaner, Tonya L. (1995): Age, Expertise, Structural Similarity, and Time-Sharing Efficiency. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 124-128.
“Interactive effects of age, expertise, and structural similarity on time-sharing efficiency were examined. Half of 90 subjects who ranged from age 20 to 80 years were nonpilots. The other half were pilots who were considered to have expertise in time-sharing. Five dual tasks were selected to represent various cognitive aspects of flight performance and to represent various degrees of structural similarity defined by Wickens' multiple resource model. Several main findings were of note. One, time-sharing efficiency increased as structural similarity decreased. Two, time-sharing efficiency decreased with increased age. Three, pilots had higher level of time-sharing efficiency than nonpilots. Four, expertise in time-sharing appeared to be able to moderate some of the deleterious age effects. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings were considered.”
© All rights reserved Tsang and Shaner and/or Human Factors Society
Tsang, Pamela S. and Shaner, Tonya L. (1992): Does Secondary Task Measure Outcome Conflict or Resource Allocation?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1398-1402.
“The secondary task technique was used to test two alternative explanations of dual task decrement: outcome conflict and resource allocation. Subjects time-shared a continuous tracking task and a discrete Sternberg memory task. The memory probes were presented under three temporal predictability conditions. Dual task performance decrements in both the tracking and memory tasks suggested that the two tasks competed for some common resources, processes, or mechanisms. Although performance decrements were consistent with both the outcome conflict and resource allocation explanations, the two explanations propose different mechanisms by which the primary task could be protected from interference from the concurrent secondary task. The primary task performance could be protected by resource allocation or by strategic sequencing of the processing of the two tasks in order to avoid outcome conflict. In addition to examining the global trial means, moment-by-moment tracking error time-locked to the memory probe was also analyzed. There was little indication that the primary task was protected by resequencing of the processing of the two tasks. This together with the suggestion that predictable memory probes led to better protected primary task performance than less predictable memory probes lend support for the resource explanation.”
© All rights reserved Tsang and Shaner and/or Human Factors Society
Velazquez, Velma L. and Tsang, Pamela S. (1992): Is Performance Tradeoff an Experimental Artifact?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1403-1407.
“The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of the resource notion, which is the basis for the secondary task technique of workload assessment. The unbiased optimum-maximum method proposed by Navon (1984) was used to manipulate task priority without conveying to the subjects that time-shared performance must tradeoff. Three task pairs that fell on a continuum of degree of shared resources were tested. The data showed that performance tradeoff is not an experimental artifact. Moreover, the data suggested that increased degree of shared resources led to increased resource allocation optimality and decreased time-sharing efficiency, as predicted by multiple resource theories. The present data suggests that resource theories are useful in explaining dual task performance, and that the secondary task can be a useful workload assessment tool.”
© All rights reserved Velazquez and Tsang and/or Human Factors Society
Tsang, Pamela S. and Velazquez, Velma L. (1991): Utility of Secondary Task as a Workload Assessment Technique. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1481-1485.
“Recently Navon (1984) suggests that much of the dual task data that lend support to resource theories are methodologically flawed and that there are non-resource related mechanisms such as outcome conflict that could explain dual task data equally well. If Navon's concerns can be validated, the current view of workload as a resource-related concept would have to be revamped. The present research examined performance tradeoff -- demonstration of resource allocation -- with the optimum-maximum method. The optimum-maximum method was a variation of the secondary task technique proposed by Navon to encourage maximum joint task performance without conveying to the subjects that task performances must tradeoff. A continuous tracking task and a Sternberg memory task were used; three priority levels were used to induce resource allocation. An absence of performance tradeoff with the optimum-maximum method would support Navon's claim that performance tradeoffs may not be true indications of resource competition or task demand and therefore not reliable reflection of mental workload. Performance tradeoff was observed when the tracking task was optimized. When the Sternberg task performance was optimized, Sternberg performance was sensitive to the priority manipulations but the concurrent tracking performance was not. Peripheral vision was proposed to have protected the tracking performance when subjects were visually focusing on the Sternberg stimuli. However, the peripheral vision hypothesis could not account for the graded performance changes across priority levels. The present data suggest that the resource view is still a useful concept and the secondary task technique still could provide informative disclosure about task demand and mental workload.”
© All rights reserved Tsang and Velazquez and/or Human Factors Society
Tsang, Pamela S. and Bates, William E. (1990): Resource Allocation and Object Displays. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1484-1488.
“Object displays are receiving increasing interest due to their potential contribution to display designs and to the understanding of basic visual attention mechanisms. The aim of the present research is to develop a more in depth understanding of the attention mechanisms involved in object perception. Multidimensional information was presented in the form of an object that was defined by its color, form, and size. Subjects' ability to divide and focus attention on a specific dimension of the object were examined as a function of (a) the number of irrelevant varying dimensions, (b) the uncertainty of the relevant dimension, and (c) the number of objects that the subjects simultaneously attend to. Two possible mechanisms by which processing resources can be allocated among the dimensions of an object were explored. Three task conditions with various degrees of irrelevant information were presented in a single or dual object display. The task was to identify one of the dimensions as quickly and as accurately as possible. As predicted by Kahneman and Treisman's object file model, results show that all dimensions of the object appeared to be processed. This was evidenced by the influence of the irrelevant size variation on color and form identification. However, the data suggest that although all dimensions were processed they were not processed without cost. Attention appeared to be divided among the dimensions. As the number of dimensions increased, the amount of attention available for each of the dimensions would be reduced. Further, only a small difference between the single and dual object case was detected. The small difference attests to a relative ease in selective attention between relevant and irrelevant objects.”
© All rights reserved Tsang and Bates and/or Human Factors Society
Tsang, Pamela S. and Vidulich, Michael A. (1987): Time-Sharing Visual and Auditory Tracking Tasks. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 253-257.
“Multiple resource theory suggests that distributing demands over separate resources will reduce resource competition and improve time-sharing efficiency. A recent hypothesis, however, suggests that the benefits of using separate resources for the time-shared tasks may be mitigated if the two tasks are integrated. The present experiment examined the benefits of distributing the input demands of two tracking tasks as a function of task integrality. Visual and auditory compensatory tracking tasks were used. Time-sharing two tracking tasks with the same order of control is said to be more integrated than with different orders of control. Results show that presenting the two tracking signals in two input modalities did not improve time-sharing efficiency. This was attributed to the difficulty insensitivity phenomenon. Whether utilizing the same control dynamics between the time-shared tasks could generate an integrality effect was unclear from the present data. A continuous auditory task that could offer comparable spatial information as the visual counterpart was proposed to be valuable for studying attentional processes, information display alternatives, and workload assessment.”
© All rights reserved Tsang and Vidulich and/or Human Factors Society
Vidulich, Michael A. and Tsang, Pamela S. (1987): Absolute Magnitude Estimation and Relative Judgement Approaches to Subjective Workload Assessment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 1057-1061.
“Two rating scale techniques employing an absolute magnitude estimation method, were compared to a relative judgement method for assessing subjective workload. One of the absolute estimation techniques used was an unidimensional overall workload scale and the other was the multidimensional NASA-Task Load Index technique. Thomas Saaty's Analytic Hierarchy Process was the unidimensional relative judgement method used. These techniques were used to assess the subjective workload of various of single- and dual-tracking conditions. The validity of the techniques was defined as their ability to detect the same phenomena observed in the tracking performance. Reliability was assessed by calculating test-retest correlations. Within the context of the experiment, the Saaty Analytic Hierarchy Process was found to be superior in validity and reliability. These findings suggest that the relative judgement method would be an effective addition to the currently available subjective workload assessment techniques.”
© All rights reserved Vidulich and Tsang and/or Human Factors Society
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