Nick Hammond
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Publications by Nick Hammond (bibliography)
» 1995 «
Bellotti, Victoria, Shum, Simon Buckingham, MacLean, Allan and Hammond, Nick (1995): Multidisciplinary Modeling in HCI Design ...In Theory and in Practice. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 146-153. Available online
“In one of the largest multidisciplinary projects in basic HCI research to date, multiple analytic HCI techniques were combined and applied within an innovative design context to problems identified by designers of an AV communication system, or media space. The problems were presented to user-, system- and design-analysts distributed across Europe. The results of analyses were integrated and passed back to the designers, and to other domain experts, for assessment. The aim of this paper is to illustrate some theory-based insights gained into key problems in media space design and to convey lessons learned about the process of contributing to design using multiple theoretical perspectives. We also describe some obstacles which must be overcome if such techniques are to be transferred successfully to practice.”
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McKendree, Jean, Reader, Will and Hammond, Nick (1995): The "Homeopathic Fallacy" in Learning from Hypertext. In Interactions, 2 (3) pp. 74-82
“Hypertext is like the brain. Hypertext is like the mind. Structural similarity leads to educational effectiveness. Underlying these three fallacies, the authors claim, lies a single underlying fallacy. Combined, they may lead us to expect more of hypertext and hypermedia that can be delivered, especially in the fields of education and training.”
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Hammond, Nick, McKendree, Jean, Reader, Will and Trapp, Annie (1995): The PsyCLE Project: Educational Multimedia for Conceptual Understanding. In: ACM Multimedia 1995 1995. pp. 447-456. Available online
» 1994 «
Buckingham, Simon and Hammond, Nick (1994): Argumentation-Based Design Rationale: What Use at What Cost?. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 40 (4) pp. 603-652
“A design rationale (DR) is a representation of the reasoning behind the design of an artifact. In recent years, the use of semiformal notations for structuring arguments about design decisions has attracted much interest within the human-computer interaction and software engineering communities, leading to a number of DR notations and support environments. This paper examines two foundational claims made by argumentation-based DR approaches: that expressing DR as argumentation is useful, and that designers can use such notations. The conceptual and empirical basis for these claims is examined, firstly by surveying relevant literature on the use of argumentation in non-design contexts (from which current DR efforts draw much inspiration), and secondly, by surveying DR work. Evidence is classified according to the research contribution it makes, the kind of data on which claims are based (anecdotal or experimental), the extent to which the claims made are substantiated, and whether or not the users of the approach were also the researchers. In the survey, a trend towards tightly integrating DR with other design representations is noted, but it is argued that taken too far, this may result in the loss of the original vision of argumentative design. In examining the evidence for each claim, it is demonstrated firstly, that research into semiformal argumentation outside the design context has failed to substantiate convincingly either of the two claims implicitly attributed to it in current DR research, and secondly, that there are also significant gaps in the DR literature. There are emerging indications, however, that argumentation-based DR can assist certain kinds of design reasoning by turning the representational effort to the designer's advantage, and that such DRs can be useful at a later date. This analysis of argumentation research sets an agenda for future work driven by a concern to support the designer in the whole process of externalizing and structuring DR, from initially ill-formed ideas to more rigorous. coherent argumentation. The paper concludes by clarifying implications for the design of DR training, notations, and tools.”
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Shum, Simon Buckingham and Hammond, Nick (1994): Transferring HCI Modelling and Design Techniques to Practitioners: A Framework and Empirical Work. In: Cockton, Gilbert, Draper, Steven and Weir, George R. S. (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers IX August 23-26, 1994, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. pp. 21-36.
“The human-computer interaction (HCI) community is generating a large number of analytic approaches such as models of user cognition and user-centred design representations. However, their successful uptake by practitioners depends on how easily they can be understood, and how usable and useful they are. We present a framework which identifies four different 'gulfs' between HCI modelling and design techniques and their intended users. These gulfs are potential opportunities to support designers if techniques can be encapsulated in appropriate forms. Use of the gulfs framework is illustrated in relation to three very different strands of work: i. representing HCI design spaces and design rationale; ii. modelling user cognition; and iii. modelling interactive system behaviour. We summarise what is currently known about these gulfs, report empirical investigations showing how these gulfs can be 'bridged', and describe plans for further investigations. We conclude that it is desirable for practitioners' requirements to shape analytic approaches much earlier in their development than has been the case to date. The work reported in this paper illustrates some of the techniques which can be recruited to this end.”
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Shum, Simon Buckingham and Hammond, Nick (1994): Delivering HCI Modelling to Designers: A Framework and Case Study of Cognitive Modelling. In Interacting with Computers, 6 (3) pp. 311-341
“The human-computer interaction (HCI) research community is generating a large number of usability-oriented models and design frameworks. However, a critical factor which will determine whether any of these achieve significant penetration into the real world of software design is the effort required by practitioners to understand and apply them. In short, analytic tools for usability design must themselves be usable. In response to this challenge, we present a framework which identifies four different 'gulfs' between user-centred modelling and design approaches, and their intended users. These gulfs are potential opportunities to support designers if a given analytic approach can be encapsulated in appropriate forms. We then illustrate the framework's application with a concrete example. An evaluation is reported which investigates gulfs associated with an approach which uses an expert system to automate cognitive modelling for human factors designers. An early prototype was evaluated in order to assess the knowledge required to use it. The study demonstrates that whilst this tool does shield users from the complexities of the underlying modelling, they need to understand the way in which it builds its description of the task and user interface. Implications for bridging the different gulfs are then considered.”
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» 1991 «
Hammond, Nick, Barnard, Philip J., Coutaz, Joëlle, Harrison, Michael, MacLean, Allan and Young, Richard M. (1991): Modelling User, System and Design: Results of a Scenarios Matrix Exercise. In: Robertson, Scott P., Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 91 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 28 - June 5, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 377-380. Available online
“This panel will discuss the results of an exercise aimed at investigating how various modelling approaches from Cognitive Science and Software Engineering can be integrated into HCI design. Each panelist will outline their approach and present their approach's performance on two agreed upon design scenarios.”
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Diaper, Dan and Hammond, Nick (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VI August 20-23, 1991, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
» 1989 «
Hammond, Nick and Allinson, Lesley (1989): Extending Hypertext for Learning: An Investigation of Access and Guidance Tools. In: Sutcliffe, Alistair and Macauley, Linda (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers V August 5-8, 1989, University of Nottingham, UK. pp. 293-304.
“We argue that hypertext provides a basis for exploratory learning systems, but should be supplemented by more directed guidance and access mechanisms. A system with a variety of such mechanisms is outlined and is the subject of a study in which the provision of facilities is systematically varied. The study highlights some problems with bare hypertext, including inefficient information access and failure to provide an overview, and illustrates how these problems can be addressed.”
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» 1988 «
Hammond, Nick and Allinson, Lesley (1988): Travels Around a Learning Support Environment: Rambling, Orienteering or Touring?. In: Soloway, Elliot, Frye, Douglas and Sheppard, Sylvia B. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 88 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 15-19, 1988, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 269-273.
“The traditionally separate application areas supported by database systems and instructional systems are merging in the area of learning support environments (LSEs). We discuss the provision of tools in LSEs for navigating around large knowledge bases. The optimal form of navigation will depend on the nature of the user and of the learning requirements, and thus a variety of tools must be provided. We propose the use of a travel holiday metaphor as a means for structuring a set of navigation tools and illustrate its use in a system for teaching non-formal fields of knowledge.”
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» 1987 «
Hammond, Nick and Allinson, Lesley (1987): The Travel Metaphor as Design Principle and Training Aid for Navigating Around Complex Systems. In: Carroll, John M. and Tanner, Peter P. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 87 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-9, 1987, Toronto, Canada. pp. 75-90.
“Users often encounter problems navigating around large data structures. This paper discusses the use of metaphors as a means of helping users to understand navigation facilities and developers to design them. We propose an applications model of how metaphors are used, and then exemplify how this model can aid the design of a system. The example is a CAL system we have developed for teaching non-formal fields of knowledge. Evaluations of the system suggest that use of metaphor indeed helps users understand the navigation facilities.”
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Hammond, Nick and Allinson, Lesley (1987): The Travel Metaphor as Design Principle and Training Aid for Navigating Around Complex Systems. In: Diaper, Dan and Winder, Russel (eds.) Proceedings of the Third Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers III August 7-11, 1987, University of Exeter, UK. pp. 75-90.
“Users often encounter problems navigating around large data structures. This paper discusses the use of metaphors as a means of helping users to understand navigation facilities and developers to design them. We propose an applications model of how metaphors are used, and then exemplify how this model can aid the design of a system. The example is a CAL system we have developed for teaching non-formal fields of knowledge. Evaluations of the system suggest that use of metaphor indeed helps users understand the navigation facilities.”
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» 1986 «
Runciman, Colin and Hammond, Nick (1986): User Programs: A Way to Match Computer Systems and Human Cognition. In: Harrison, Michael D. and Monk, Andrew (eds.) Proceedings of the Second Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers II August 23-26, 1986, University of York, UK. pp. 464-481.
“To avoid bias towards machine issues in interactive system design it is proposed that processing to be performed by the human user should be expressed in user programs. The intention is to bring design closer to a human-centred approach without all the costs and uncertainties often associated with experimental prototyping. Topics discussed include the kind of cognitive architecture on which such programs might run, the kind of programming language in which they might be expressed, and the ways in which they might be developed and interpreted. Some specific proposals and examples are given, but these are intended as illustrative rather than definitive.”
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» 1984 «
Barnard, Philip J., MacLean, Allan and Hammond, Nick (1984): User Representations of Ordered Sequences of Command Operations. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 289-293.
“An experiment is reported in which users learned how to operate a "laboratory" system for handling electronic mail. Two variables were manipulated. Users were asked to learn one of two task structures involving eight operations. In one form the task was structured into a sequence of four pairs of semantically related operations (4x2). In the other, operations were structured into two groups of four on the basis of their abstract class. Two sets of command names were employed one being less discriminable than the other. Both variables were found to influence the ways in which users learned the system. The results suggested that users of the 4x2 structure were constructing mental representations in which individual operations were more semantically integrated than users of the 2x4 grouped structure.”
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MacLean, Allan, Barnard, Philip J. and Hammond, Nick (1984): Recall as an Indicant of Performance in Interactive Systems. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 311-315.
“Recall measures are often used in the area of human computer communication as a quick means of obtaining an index of the 'goodness' of alternative command sets. However there is a rich assortment of additional information available to mediate use of an on-line system, which is absent in conditions under which recall is typically elicited. The present paper reviews a number of experiments in which both on-line performance and recall measures are available, with a view to determining the extent to which recall can be used to explore the user's representation of the computer system in interactive performance. In addition, it relates the phenomena observed to established findings from the psychological study of memory.”
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Hammond, Nick, Hinton, Geoffrey, Barnard, Philip J., MacLean, Allan, Long, John and Whitefield, Andy (1984): Evaluating the Interface of a Document Processor: A Comparison of Expert Judgement and User Observation. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 725-729.
“Efforts to improve the usability of systems have resulted in the development of several techniques for interface evaluation. This paper explores evaluation through (1) assessment by Human Factors researchers and (2) analysis of user performance. Three pairs of researchers prepared reports on the interface of a document processor. Separately, five novice users were observed learning the system. The two evaluations generated overlapping but separable classes of information. User testing provided low-level information on procedural and conceptual difficulties, while experts provided a more integrated overview and hypotheses concerning the sources of problems.”
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» 1983 «
Hammond, Nick, Jorgensen, A., MacLean, Allan, Barnard, Philip J. and Long, John (1983): Design Practice and Interface Usability: Evidence from Interviews with Designers. In: Smith, Raoul N., Pew, Richard W. and Janda, Ann (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conferenc December 12-15, 1983, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. pp. 40-44.
» 1982 «
Barnard, Philip J., Hammond, Nick, MacLean, Allan and Morton, J. (1982): Learning and Remembering Interactive Commands. In: Nichols, Jean A. and Schneider, Michael L. (eds.) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems March 15-17, 1982, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. pp. 2-7.
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Mar 18th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
11 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Nick Hammond's author page.17 Jun 2009: Author was edited 28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography
