Publication statistics
Pub. period:1976-1995
Pub. count:16
Number of co-authors:32
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Jens Rasmussen:2John D. Lee:2Barclay G. Jones:1 Productive colleagues
Neville Moray's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Christopher D. Wic..:75Barrett S. Caldwel..:30P. A. Hancock:28
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Neville Moray
Has also published under the name of:
"N. Moray"
Publications by Neville Moray (bibliography)
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Jamieson, Greg, Moray, Neville and Conant, Roger (1995): Experimental Studies of the Lattice Theory Formalism of Mental Models. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 962.
“Complex systems are comprised of numerous displays and controls associated with interconnected dynamic state variables. Limitations in human information processing rates and the fallibility of working memory make it impossible for operators to account for and interact with all of these variables simultaneously. Many engineering psychologists have suggested that, in order to effectively control a complex system, an operator must have a Mental Model of the system. Despite prolific use of the term however, there is little empirical evidence to support the existence of Mental Models. Moray has suggested lattice theory as a comprehensive formalism of the structure of Mental Models. Lattice theory is particularly suited for depicting the interrelationships of components and subsystems that comprise complex systems. The number of elements in a lattice can be reduced through a homomorphic (many-to-fewer) mapping. The resulting lattice is simpler (contains less information) but is still a complete description of the system. Moray suggests Mental Models are hierarchically organized lattices of homomorphic mappings of the properties of a system in the world into the mind. He claims that if operators are indeed using Mental Models in this form, they are expected to attend to a limited set of variables that give sufficient (if partial) knowledge of the system. By observing which aspects of the system an operator attends to, an experimenter should be able to identify the structure of the Mental Model. An empirical study of the lattice theory formalism of mental models is discussed. The Conant Method of subsystem decomposition demonstrates a quantitative means of identifying the subset of system elements which provide the most information about a system component in question. The results suggest that a complex system can indeed be reduced to a manageable number of crucial system variables which could comprise a lattice in a Mental Model.”
© All rights reserved Jamieson et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville, Jones, B. G., Sanderson, P. M., Reising, Dal Vernon C., Shaheen, S. and Rasmussen, Jens (1995): The "Bird's Foot" Integrated Graphical Interface for NPP Operation. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 995-998.
“The traditional single-sensor-single indicator display is poorly matched to the cognitive abilities of operators, especially for large and complex systems. Our research aims to provide direct perception displays which will greatly reduce the cognitive load on the operator and allow the use of perceptual rather than cognitive mechanisms to support start-up, state diagnosis and fault management. In particular we describe a system of displays which supports movement by the operator up the abstraction hierarchy as the plant is brought on line. The aim is to minimise the cognitive load on the operator by providing information only at the level at which the operator is currently thinking, while at the same time showing how close the system is to operational limits.”
© All rights reserved Moray et al. and/or Elsevier Science
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Lee, John D. and Moray, Neville (1994): Trust, Self-Confidence, and Operators' Adaptation to Automation. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 40 (1) pp. 153-184.
“The increasing use of automation to supplant human intervention in controlling complex systems changes the operators' role from active controllers (directly involved with the system) to supervisory controllers (managing the use of different degrees of automatic and manual control). This paper examines the relationship between trust in automatic controllers, self-confidence in manual control abilities, and the use of automatic controllers in operating a simulated semi-automatic pasteurization plant. Trust, combined with self-confidence, predicted the operators' allocation strategy. A Multitrait-multimethod matrix and logit functions showed how trust and self-confidence relate to the use of automation. An ARMAV time series model of the dynamic interaction of trust and self-confidence, combined with individual biases, accounted for 60.9-86.5% of the variance in the use of the three automatic controllers. In general, automation is used when trust exceeds self-confidence, and manual control when the opposite is true. Since trust and self-confidence are two factors that guide operators' interactions with automation, the design of supervisory control systems should include provisions to ensure that operators' trust reflects the capabilities of the automation and operators' self-confidence reflects their abilities to control the system manually.”
© All rights reserved Lee and Moray and/or Academic Press
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Moray, Neville, Lee, John, Vicente, Kim J., Jones, Barclay G. and Rasmussen, Jens (1994): A Direct Perception Interface for Nuclear Power Plants. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 481-485.
“Following the suggestions of Beltracchi (1987) a direct perception interface for the thermal hydraulic systems of a pressurized water nuclear power reactor (PWR) was developed. It presents operators with an animated graphic of the Rankine heat cycle describing the functional relations of steam generation in a PWR. The ability of students of thermal and nuclear systems to recall system states, and detect and diagnose nine transients was compared to that of experienced nuclear power plant operators. The results were compared to a display representing traditional analog meters. The direct perception interface supported better diagnostic performance, but did not improve memory for quantitative information. Problems in evaluating such displays are discussed, in particular concerning choice of scenarios, and investigation of failure modes of advanced displays.”
© All rights reserved Moray et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville (1994): "De Maximus Non Curat Lex," or, How Context Reduces Science to Art in the Practice of Human Factors. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 526-530.
“Frequently claims are made that what the discipline of human factors and ergonomics needs are better and more detailed data bases which can be used by designers as "look up" tables to specify the properties of human beings. Several of these already exist but they seem not to be satisfactory. The experience of teaching user centered design has convinced the author that the problem lies not in the absence of appropriate data tables for designers, but in the nature of the systems we design. Unlike many other engineering disciplines human factors is extremely sensitive to context. The result is that there are no such things as context free laws in applied psychology, and hence the value of data bases and tables is restricted to certain fairly basic ergonomic problems. It is moreover not merely in small details that laws do not apply -- hence the title of this paper. Increasingly the nature of advanced systems renders such data bases of little value unless we can develop equivalent data bases which describe context, not merely the properties of humans.”
© All rights reserved Moray and/or Human Factors Society
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Smith, Thomas J., Flach, John M., Meister, David and Moray, Neville (1994): Human Factors and Design Factors: Two Sides of the Same Coin?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 541-543.
“This panel accompanies the symposium with the same title; the panelists are the symposium presenters. The rationale for offering both a symposium and a panel on the same topic rests upon the following considerations: (1) the nature and extent of interdependence between performance and design factors represents a defining issue for human factors science; and (2) the symposium and the panel together provide a comprehensive forum for addressing the topic, inasmuch as the symposium allows the presenters to offer their perspectives on the topic, and the panel facilitates audience input into the discussion.”
© All rights reserved Smith et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Caldwell, Barrett S., Coury, Bruce G., Meshkati, Najmedin, Moray, Neville and Price, Harold E. (Smoke) (1993): Performance Enhancement and Accident Reduction in Complex Systems: Perspectives and a Research Program. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 870-872.
“Accidents in complex systems seldom arise from a single source, and are most often the result of multiple factors occurring at different levels of the system. Understanding the "systems" aspects of human performance (and performance error) in complex systems is a necessary part of any effort to avoid serious mishaps due to human error. This panel is intended to coincide with the development of a major research effort at the University of Wisconsin to address these issues. The Center for Human Performance in Complex Systems will apply the disciplines of systems engineering and ergonomics design to improve complex systems processes from the perspective of human performance. The purpose of this panel is to foster and demonstrate the Center's interest in bringing together a variety of perspectives and expertise bases to improve the overall quality and breadth of its activities. Each of the participants has a long-standing interest in improving the quality of human performance in complex and critical systems environments. Although they cannot represent the entire spectrum of relevant disciplines and perspectives of ergonomics and systems analysis, they provide a balance of insights, experience, and enthusiasm. This balance is essential to improving our understanding of factors affecting complex socio-technical systems, and implementing strategies to prevent and ameliorate the effects of system degradation and breakdown.”
© All rights reserved Caldwell et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville (1993): Formalisms for Cognitive Modeling. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 581-586.
“The notion of a "mental model" or "cognitive model" is widely accepted in the engineering psychology community, especially among those who model human performance in large complex systems. Several meanings have been given to the word "model", from computer programs to diagrams. In this paper it is proposed that the notion of a model as a mapping provides a definition which is sufficiently strong to encompass most current usage. The formal language for expressing the notion of modeling is a lattice algebra of homomorphic relations.”
© All rights reserved Moray and/or Elsevier Science
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Moray, Neville (1992): Toward an Agenda for Error Research. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 640-643.
“There has been a great increase in interest in human error and its impact on the individual and society in recent years. The present symposium is but one example of this in a restricted area. Several general accounts of human error and the psychological mechanisms which underlie it have appeared in recent years, but for the most part these have concentrated on accounts of error based on research on the cognitive psychology of the individual. In this paper I discuss a more general framework for the study of error, not for the purpose of understanding it alone, but rather for putting into place a program for mitigating its effect in the larger arena of social impact. Only by integrating research at a variety of levels and using a variety of techniques can we hope to understand and control the effects of error.”
© All rights reserved Moray and/or Human Factors Society
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Lee, John D. and Moray, Neville (1992): Operators' Monitoring Patterns and Fault Recovery in the Supervisory Control of a Semi-Automatic Process. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1143-1147.
“Although technological innovations have changed the role of operators from active participants to supervisors of semi-automatic processes, an understanding of the cognitive demands of supervisory control has not kept pace. In particular, little is known about when, and how well, operators might intervene and switch control from automatic to manual. This research addresses this issue by monitoring the information use and control actions of operators of a simulated semi-automatic pasteurization plant. The results of this experiment shows that individual differences in operators' monitoring patterns during the normal operation of the plant correspond to differences in their ability to mitigate the effects of faults. Specifically, an operator who controls the plant well during both normal and fault conditions tends to observe the plant frequently, integrating control actions with other control actions, and does not fixate on narrow sub-systems of the plant. On the other hand, an operator who performs poorly when exposed to faults tends to observe the plant less often, fails to integrate control actions, and fixates attention on a narrow subset of plant variables. Although all operators interacted with the plant using the same interface and automation, large individual differences in the operators' monitoring patterns, and the associated differences in performance suggest that individuals' attitudes, motivation, and training may play a critical role in the successful implementation of automation.”
© All rights reserved Lee and Moray and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville, Hart, Sandra G., Hancock, P. A., Kramer, Arthur F., Strayer, David L., Wickens, Christopher D., Segal, Leon, Raby, Mireille, Dessouky, Mohamed, Sanderson, Penelope and James, Jeffrey M. (1990): The Human Factors of Strategic Behavior. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 596-597.
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Moray, Neville (1989): Human Factors as Design: An Attempt to Bridge the Gap between Basic and Applied Research. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 497-499.
“This paper describes a course in the human factors of the design of complex systems. The course content, methods, and source materials were chosen to emphasize the possibility of using "basic" research in the applied problem of designing complex human-machine systems. Students were required to handle interdisciplinary knowledge and work with engineers on designing a process control plant. Three important principles are proposed to enable basic research to be applied to design problems. These are the Principle of Boundary Conditions which allows false theories to be useful: the Principle of Limiting Values, which allows exact quantities collected in context free research to be used in context dependent design: and the Principle of Importance in statistics, which states that significant results which have small magnitudes should be ignored in design. The paper will describe the experience of centering human factors training on design rather than knowledge acquisition.”
© All rights reserved Moray and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville (1989): Human Factors Research and Nuclear Safety. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 576-578.
“This study was undertaken at the request of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission to advise them as to the necessity for a new program of research into human factors of nuclear safety following the decision to terminate research in that area in 1985. The study showed in a particularly striking way how necessary a systems approach is to the application of human factors to complex systems. It is not possible to foresee the impact of human factors on complex human-machine systems without extending the definition of human factors to include disciplines such as social and organizational psychology, management sciences, and sociology. Following the presentation of the report to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission human factors research has again begun, and the report seems to have had a significant impact on the direction and scale of work supported by NRC in this area.”
© All rights reserved Moray and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville, Kruschelnicky, Eugene, Eisen, Paul, Money, Laura and Turksen, I. B. (1988): A Fuzzy Set Analysis of Skill, Rule and Knowledge-Based Workload. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 164-167.
“Using fuzzy measures of task difficulty the effect of combining different aspects of a task on the overall task workload was explored. A complete set of combination rules is provided, of the general form "if the skill-based component is slightly difficult, the rule-based moderately difficult, and the knowledge-based slightly difficult, then the task as a whole is moderately difficult." Fuzzy linguistic variables provide an adequate systematic framework for such combined judgments.”
© All rights reserved Moray et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Moray, Neville (1987): Intelligent Aids, Mental Models, and the Theory of Machines. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 27 (5) pp. 619-629.
“The purpose of this paper is to establish an analytic theory of the content of an operator's mental models. Using Ashby's general theory of systems, it can be shown that a model can be regarded as a homomorph, rather than an isomorph, of the real system. Homomorphs provide a reasonable way to represent a system which is too complex, in all its details, to be understood. The mental model is probably a set of quasi-independent subsystems into which the total system can be decomposed. Analytic and empirical methods for identifying candidate homomorphs from the structure of the real system are proposed. It is suggested that a theory of design for intelligent displays and decision aids can be developed by regarding the mental model as a lattice, and the role of intelligent displays and aids as providing paths in the lattice which will be otherwise inaccessible to the operator. These proposals are related to recent work on induction.”
© All rights reserved Moray and/or Academic Press
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Moray, Neville (1976): "Control Theory in Biology and Experimental Psychology," by Frederick Toates. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 8 (4) pp. 477-480.
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