Michael J. Kalsher
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Publications by Michael J. Kalsher (bibliography)
» 1995 «
Kalsher, Michael J., Wogalter, Michael S., Brewster, Blair M. and Spunar, Marilyn E. (1995): Hazard Level Perceptions of Current and Proposed Warning Sign and Label Panels. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 351-355.
“A growing number of studies have investigated factors associated with various measures of warning effectiveness, including noticeability, comprehension, and most importantly, compliance. Some research has begun to examine the components comprising signs and labels (e.g., signal words, color). However, there has been virtually no research on people's perceptions of sign/label configurations that are currently found on warnings. The present study evaluates the warning styles that are specified in ANSI (1991) Z535.2 and Z535.4 standards, as well as a set of proposed styles. The results confirmed several specifications in current standards (e.g., the signal word DANGER was perceived as more hazardous than the other currently-specified signal words), whereas other specifications were not fully confirmed (e.g., the WARNING configuration as indicating higher hazard than the CAUTION configuration). Some newly developed warning styles (e.g., using the signal word DEADLY and a skull icon) show promise for better signaling highly hazardous conditions.”
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Spunar, Marilyn E., Racicot, Bernadette M. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1995): Camera Surveillance: The Effect of Policy Characteristics on Perceived Fairness and Organizational Commitment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 814-818.
“The use of camera surveillance in the workplace is increasing. Many corporations have found that cameras are an appropriate tool for reducing employee theft and monitoring employee performance. However, little research has been done on camera surveillance to determine its effects on perceptions of fairness and organizational commitment. Prior research in both electronic performance monitoring and drug testing has shown that measures of fairness and commitment are affected by the purpose of the policy, degree of control allowed to workers, and the severity of outcomes resulting from such policies. The current study examined the effects of purpose (theft reduction versus cheating), type of surveillance (overt versus covert), and consequences of detection (probation versus dismissal) on perceptions of fairness and organizational commitment. Results indicated that participants rated camera surveillance policies intended to reduce theft as more fair than those intended to reduce cheating. Overt policies were perceived as more fair than covert policies. No significant effect of consequence was obtained. Results of a two-stage regression analysis indicated that perceived fairness mediated the relationship between purpose and type of surveillance and organizational commitment. Implications for the development and implementation of camera surveillance policies are discussed.”
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» 1994 «
Kalsher, Michael J., Wogalter, Michael S., Pucci, Shari and Racicot, Bernadette M. (1994): Enchancing the Perceived Readability of Pharmaceutical Container Labels and Warnings: The Use of Alternative Designs and Pictorials. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 384-388.
“The appropriate use of pharmaceuticals, as well as their hazards, are not commonly known to most people. In fact, the only information available to consumers is usually the material found on the product label. Unfortunately, for some consumers this method of communicating instructions and risks may be ineffective, and potentially dangerous. People may have difficulty with the labels because the print on the label is too small for them to read. Two alternative (tag and fold-out) designs were developed to increase the available surface area for information printed on a fictitious prescription drug label. The alternative label designs were compared to a standard control label. The presence versus the absence of pictorials visually depicting several instructions and warnings was also examined. Participants rated the labels on ease of reading the labels, likelihood of noticing the warnings, likelihood of reading the warnings, preference for each of the labels, and likelihood that they would recommend each label for use by a friend or family member. The results showed that participants (n = 84) preferred the alternative label designs, especially the tag labels, and those with illustrative pictorials. Implications of these results and recommendations for future research in this area are discussed.”
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Wogalter, Michael S. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1994): Product Label List Format: Effects of Item Arrangement and Completeness on Comparison Time and Accuracy. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 389-393.
“This research examined the influence of two factors on the ease of gaining information from item lists: the order and completeness of the items displayed. Food nutrition labels served as the vehicle to test the manipulated lists on comparison time and accuracy performance measures. Four booklets, each containing 12 pairs of nutrient labels, were constructed in which the listed items were: (1) either arranged in a standard order or in a random order, and (2) either had a complete set of nutrients (including nutrients not present in the product) or a partial set of nutrients (excluding nutrients with zero or near-zero amounts in the product). Thirty-two participants were instructed to assume that their physician has told them to increase their intake of three specific nutrients and decrease their intake of three other nutrients. One label of each pair contained a higher level of one nutrient that should be increased or a lower level of one nutrient that should be decreased. Participants were to determine which of the two labels would be better given the prescribed diet. Time and accuracy measures were collected. Participants made significantly faster judgments for nutrients arranged in a standard order than for nutrients arranged in a random order. For all conditions, the error rate was low. An interaction indicated that labels with a complete set of nutrients in a standard order produced fewer errors than (a) labels in a standard order with some nutrients missing or (b) labels with a complete set of nutrients in a random order. Implications of making lists compatible with expectations are described.”
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Adler, Jeffrey L. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1994): Human Factors Studies to Investigate Driver Behavior under In-Vehicle Information Systems: An Interactive Microcomputer Simulation Approach. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 461-465.
“In-vehicle traveler information systems are being designed to provide drivers with real-time route guidance and/or traffic advisory information. It is expected that these Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) technologies will have a major impact on travel efficiency by assisting drivers to make better real-time route choices in response to changing network conditions. There is not yet full knowledge as to the impacts that route guidance and traffic advisory systems will have on driver behavior. This paper presents preliminary results from a human factors experiment to investigate the effects of traffic advisory and route guidance information on enroute behavior and travel performance. An interactive microcomputer simulation was used for data collection. The study suggests that both drivers' route choice efficiency and understanding of network conditions can be improved with access to real-time traffic advisory and route guidance information.”
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Wogalter, Michael S., Kalsher, Michael J., Glover, Barbara L., Magurno, Amy B., Fisher, Jake T. and Dunham, Daniel L. (1994): Increasing the Correct Connection of Automobile Battery Jumper Cables with an Enhanced Warning. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. p. 979.
“Every year people are injured while improperly "jump starting" automobiles using battery booster cables. A common scenario leading to injury occurs when people attach both negative leads to the battery terminals instead of properly grounding the negative lead of the "dead" battery to that vehicle's engine block. An incorrect configuration can cause the "dead" battery to explode, discharging strong sulfuric acid. Two experiments examined the effectiveness of pictorial-based tag warnings illustrating the proper connection of jumper cables and the hazards associated with improper connection. Experiment 1 used pictures of cars with open hoods. When the warning was present, participants were significantly more likely to draw the correct connection sequence than when the warning was absent. Experiment 2 used actual booster cables to connect two realistic appearing mock batteries in adjacently parked vehicles. When an enhanced warning was present on the cables, participants were significantly more likely to accurately connect the batteries compared to an unenhanced (a current manufacturer's) warning or no warning. The present research shows that well-designed pictorial warnings can modify inaccurate beliefs and behavior concerning proper jumper cable connection.”
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» 1993 «
Kalsher, Michael J., Rodocker, Angela J., Racicot, Bernadette M. and Wogalter, Michael S. (1993): Promoting Recycling Behavior in Office Environments. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 484-488.
“Rapid declines in available landfill space have sparked specific interest in recycling programs focused on increasing the quantity of materials recycled. This focus on quantity, rather than quality, has produced a glut of paper which currently comprises nearly 40% of all solid waste produced each year in the U.S. In recent years, recycling facilities have become increasingly selective with regard to the paper materials they accept because contaminants (e.g., food, gummy labels, carbon paper, staples, styrofoam products) reduce the recyclability of the collected material. In this study, a "low-tech" sort separation intervention was used to decrease the amount of contaminants in recyclable paper collected from four campus office buildings. A multiple baseline design across settings was used to evaluate the intervention, that consisted of an educational pamphlet, interactive group discussion, attention-getting posters, and environmental arrangement of color-coded paper collection bins to increase ease of use and convenience. Following the intervention, the percentage of correctly sorted paper increased from 25.5%”
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Duffy, Richard R., Kalsher, Michael J. and Wogalter, Michael S. (1993): The Effectiveness of an Interactive Warning in a Realistic Product-Use Situation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 935-939.
“Warning labels are widely used to convey information about the safe use of products. In an attempt to design better warnings, researchers are exploring factors that influence their effectiveness. One design factor that appears promising is an interactive label that requires manipulation by the consumer using the product. In the present research, the effectiveness of two interactive warning labels (with and without a color component) were compared to a standard label in the context of a realistic product-use task. Additionally, task load was manipulated (low vs. higher). The results showed that the interactive labels were noticed, recalled and complied to more often than the standard on-product label. No effect of increasing task load and adding color to the interactive label was observed. The results indicate that the interactive label is a viable means of facilitating warning effectiveness.”
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Wogalter, Michael S., Racicot, Bernadette M., Kalsher, Michael J. and Simpson, S. Noel (1993): Behavioral Compliance with Personalized Warning Signs and the Role of Perceived Relevance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 950-954.
“Recent research has shown that compliance to a posted warning sign is much lower than the same warning located within a set of task instructions, even when the sign is highly visible. One possible reason for this finding is that participants' believe the sign to be less relevant to the task and to themselves than the within-instructions warning. One purpose of the present research was to examine whether a personalized sign (with the participant's name) is more effective than a more conventional impersonal sign (with the signal word CAUTION). A second purpose was to examine the influence of a dynamic display compared to a static display. A sign composed of programmable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) presented the warning message using special effects (apparent motion) or it was displayed continuously. A third purpose was to examine whether various sign placements in a cluttered laboratory environment influences compliance. The wearing of protective equipment by participants as directed by the warning was the measure of behavioral compliance in a chemistry laboratory task. More participants wore the protective equipment when a warning was present than when it was absent. The personalized sign increased compliance compared to the impersonal sign. No effect of dynamic presentation was found, and the only effect among sign placements was found for perceived accuracy. The effect of personalization is explained in terms of the special alerting feature of one's own name and increased perceived relevance that results when the message is directed to them. Implications for flexible control of personalized warning messages using available technology are discussed.”
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Racicot, Bernadette M., Cash, Michele and Kalsher, Michael J. (1993): Perceived Fairness of Drug Screening and Performance Testing as Methods for Detecting Performance Impairment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1161-1164.
“Drug abuse is prevalent and impacts all aspects of society, including the workplace. Testing for impairment due to alcohol or other drug use has become commonplace in organizational settings. Despite potential problems with accuracy, the most commonly used method of screening is urinalysis. As drug testing becomes more common, concern over employees' rights to privacy and fairness of drug testing has also increased. Performance testing has been proposed as a solution to the problems associated with urinalysis, for jobs where eye-hand coordination is critical to job performance. Performance testing is based on the compensatory tracking task and involves correcting for the unpredictable movement of a visual stimulus on a computer screen. Although research suggests that urinalysis testing is perceived as fair in some situations (e.g., where need is high such as in safety-sensitive jobs), no research has been conducted which examines the perceived fairness of performance testing. The purpose of the current research was to examine the effects of type of testing (urinalysis versus performance testing) and need for testing (high versus low accident history) on perceived fairness and invasion of privacy. In addition, the effects of fairness and invasiveness on the willingness to apply for a job in the company and acceptance of the screening policy was examined. One-hundred adults participated in the study. Results indicated that urinalysis screening was perceived as more fair than performance testing. No effects of need (accident rate) were obtained for either fairness or invasion of privacy. Multiple regression analysis indicated that both fairness perceptions and invasion of privacy predicted willingness to apply for a job and acceptance of the policy. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.”
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» 1992 «
Kalsher, Michael J., Wogalter, Michael S. and Gilbert, Carolyn M. (1992): Connoted Quantity of Food-Label Modifier Terms. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 528-532.
“This descriptive study examined a set of modifier terms (e.g., reduced, enriched) that might be used to indicate amounts of substances in food products. In the context of a mock shopping task, participants were asked to complete a survey that assessed the implied meaning of each of 55 terms, 28 connoting varying degrees of decrease and 27 connoting increase. For each set of modifier terms, participants estimated the amount that each term implied and the likelihood that they would purchase a food product with the term paired with substances that they were advised to consume or avoid. The results showed that the terms used in this study connoted a broad range of quantities. Several alternative terms not currently used or under consideration by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration may be effective in helping consumers make finer distinctions among products and, presumably, wiser purchase decisions. The results also suggest that caution be exercised when selecting modifier terms since some terms are less consistent in their connoted meaning than others. Thus, instead of arbitrarily selecting modifier terms and then initiating expensive, large-scale nutrition training programs to train the public, it is recommended that a limited number of modifier terms based on their extant meaning to a broad segment of the population should be used. Future research on developing an optimal set of modifier terms is discussed.”
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Wogalter, Michael S., Kalsher, Michael J. and Racicot, Bernadette M. (1992): The Influence of Location and Pictorials on Behavioral Compliance to Warnings. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1029-1033.
“The efficacy of two warning-related factors to produce cautionary behavior in a chemistry laboratory task was examined. Experiment 1 compared the effects of a posted-sign warning and a within-instruction warning on behavioral compliance. The results showed that a warning embedded in a set of task instructions produced significantly greater compliance (the wearing of protective gear) than a similar, larger warning posted as a sign nearby. Experiment 2 reexamined the effect of location and also examined the influence of the presence versus absence of pictorials. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed the location effect of Experiment 1. No influence of pictorials was noted, although there was a nonsignificant increase in compliance when pictorials were added to the within-instruction warning. The results indicate that warning placement is important for eliciting behavioral compliance to safety messages. Explanations such as differences in field of view and perceived relevance are discussed.”
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» 1991 «
Kalsher, Michael J., Clarke, Steven W. and Wogalter, Michael S. (1991): Posted Warning Placard: Effects on College Students Knowledge of Alcohol Facts and Hazards. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 456-460.
Wogalter, Michael S., Rashid, Raheel, Clarke, Steven W. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1991): Evaluating the Behavioral Effectiveness of a Multi-Modal Voice Warning Sign in a Visually Cluttered Environment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 718-722.
“This research examined the effects of a multi-modal warning sign on compliance behavior. Participants followed a set of printed instructions to perform a chemistry task that involved measuring and mixing disguised (nonhazardous) chemicals. Whether participants wore protective equipment as directed by the warning was measured. The environment around the sign was either visually cluttered or uncluttered. In some conditions, pictorials, a voice warning, and/or a flashing strobe light were added. The results showed that compliance was significantly greater when the warning was presented in an uncluttered environment compared to a cluttered environment. The results also showed that the presence of a voice warning produced a strong and reliable increase in compliance compared to conditions without a voice warning. No statistically reliable effects of pictorials or strobe were found though the results did show a trend of greater compliance when they were present. In addition, compliance was positively related to memory of the warning, perception of hazard, and reported carefulness. The results call attention to the importance of the context in which a warning is placed, and the potential benefits of voice warnings.”
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Wogalter, Michael S., Slot, Laura J. Van't and Kalsher, Michael J. (1991): Bias in Police Lineups and its Reduction by an Alternative Construction Procedure. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1561-1565.
» 1990 «
Streff, Fredrick M. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1990): Preventing Alcohol-Impaired Driving: Evaluating Simple Behavioral Tests and their Effects on Driving Decisions. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1005-1009.
Streff, Fredrick M. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1990): Response Covariation as a Design Consideration in Developing Workplace Safety Interventions. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1067-1071.
Gamble, Katrin A. and Kalsher, Michael J. (1990): Designing Antecedent Strategies for Increasing Safe Driving: A Pledgecard for Encouraging Belts and Discouraging Booze. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1091-1094.
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Mar 18th, 2010
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