Mary Beth Rosson
Has also published under the name of:
"M. B. Rosson"
Virginia Tech
Publications by Mary Beth Rosson (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Mentis, Helena M., Bach, Paula M., Hoffman, Blaine, Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2009): Development of decision rationale in complex group decision making. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1341-1350. Available online
“This study explores the characteristics of rationale development in a complex group decision making task and considers design implications for better supporting rationale development in group decision making. Twelve three-person, multi-role teams performed three instances of a collaborative decision making task with physical maps. We used rhetorical structure theory to analyze the structure of their decision making discourse. We found that groups begin their reasoning processing by stating and relating information and finish their reasoning through a point-counterpoint discussion. We also found that established groups reduced their need to analyze information during the last moments of a decision. Implications for the design of group decision support systems to encourage rationale development are presented.”
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Convertino, Gregorio, Mentis, Helena M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Slavkovic, Aleksandra and Carroll, John M. (2009): Supporting content and process common ground in computer-supported teamwork. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 2339-2348. Available online
“We build on our prior work with computer-supported teams performing a complex decision-making task on maps, where the distinction between content and process common ground is proposed. In this paper we describe a distributed geo-collaboration software prototype. The system design rationale was gleaned from fieldwork, literature on team cognition, and an earlier lab study introducing a reference task with face-to-face teams. We report on a controlled experiment that evaluates this design rationale. Distinct sets of measures show that the prototype supported both content and process common ground, offsetting the costs imposed by the distributed setting. We interpret the results in relation to prior work on common ground and draw implications for moving beyond current models of sharing and coordination.”
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Myers, Brad A., Burnett, Margaret M., Wiedenbeck, Susan, Ko, Andrew J. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2009): End user software engineering: CHI: 2009 special interest group meeting. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 2731-2734. Available online
“End users create software whenever they write, for instance, educational simulations, spreadsheets, or dynamic e-business web applications. Researchers are working to bring the benefits of rigorous software engineering methodologies to these end users to try to make their software more reliable. Unfortunately, errors are pervasive in end-user software, and the resulting impact is sometimes enormous. This special interest group meeting will bring together the community of researchers who are addressing this topic with the companies that are creating and using end-user programming tools.”
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Du, Honglu, Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Ganoe, Craig (2009): "I felt more of a member of this class": increasing students' sense of community with video commenting. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4405-4410. Available online
“Public displays are typically situated in strategic places like town centers, and in salient positions on walls within buildings. However, currently most public displays are non-interactive and are typically used for information broadcasting (TV news, advertisements etc). People passing by pay little attention to them. As a consequence, public displays are under-utilized in the everyday world. We are investigating whether use of interactive public displays might increase people's interaction with one another, with a resulting increase in sense of community. In this paper we describe the design and first deployment experiences of a platform-independent, interactive video commenting system using a large public display in two sections of a large-enrollment university class. Our preliminary evaluation suggests that students enjoyed the activity of commenting, that they participated a great deal, and that their sense of community was greater after using the system. We discuss lessons we have learned from this initial experience, and describe further work we are planning using this and similar interactive activities.”
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Mentis, Helena M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2009): "It's like a circus in here!": affect and information sharing in an emergency department. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4423-4428. Available online
“The following research begins to address the relationship between affect and information sharing in order to inform the design of collaborative systems. Through ethnographic observations of affect and face-to-face information sharing in an emergency department we begin to see trends on the occurrence of affect due to context as well as the relationship between affect and information sharing outcomes.”
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Zang, Nan and Rosson, Mary Beth (2009): Web-active users working with data. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4687-4692. Available online
“Mashups have emerged as an area of interest for end-user programming research. While many users may find the ability to develop mashups useful, there are still many barriers to locating interesting data, figuring out how to "mash" it together and creating a useful view of the result. Furthermore, there is still much to learn about the motivations and needs of the user. In this paper, we present the results of interviews and think-aloud studies of non-programmers working with XML data and a mashup building tool. This work aims to better understand the users' mental models as they first attempt to use a novel mashup tool. We identify key areas where breakdowns occur and propose a future path for research.”
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Du, Honglu, Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Ganoe, Craig (2009): I felt like a contributing member of the class: increasing class participation with ClassCommons. In: GROUP09 - International Conference on Supporting Group Work 2009. pp. 233-242. Available online
“In this paper we describe the design and first deployment experiences of a platform-independent, interactive video commenting system, ClassCommons, using a large public display in two sections of a large-enrollment university class. Our preliminary evaluation suggests that students enjoyed the activity of commenting, that they participated a great deal, and that their sense of community was greater after using the system. Further analysis revealed that reading the comments and posting relevant comments are associated with increases in community members' sense of community. We discuss lessons learned and describe further work we are planning using this and similar interactive activities.”
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Zhao, Dejin and Rosson, Mary Beth (2009): How and why people Twitter: the role that micro-blogging plays in informal communication at work. In: GROUP09 - International Conference on Supporting Group Work 2009. pp. 243-252. Available online
“Micro-blogs, a relatively new phenomenon, provide a new communication channel for people to broadcast information that they likely would not share otherwise using existing channels (e.g., email, phone, IM, or weblogs). Micro-blogging has become popular quite quickly, raising its potential for serving as a new informal communication medium at work, providing a variety of impacts on collaborative work (e.g., enhancing information sharing, building common ground, and sustaining a feeling of connectedness among colleagues). This exploratory research project is aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of how and why people use Twitter -- a popular micro-blogging tool -- and exploring micro-blog's potential impacts on informal communication at work.”
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Ocker, Rosalie J., Kracaw, Dana, Hiltz, Starr Roxanne, Rosson, Mary Beth and Plotnick, Linda (2009): Enhancing Learning Experiences in Partially Distributed Teams: Training Students to Work Effectively Across Distances. In: HICSS 2009 - 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 5-8 January, 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. pp. 1-10. Available online
» 2008 «
Convertino, Gregorio, Mentis, Helena M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M., Slavkovic, Aleksandra and Ganoe, Craig H. (2008): Articulating common ground in cooperative work: content and process. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 1637-1646. Available online
“We study the development of common ground in an emergency management planning task. Twelve three-person multi-role teams performed the task with a paper prototype in a controlled setting; each team completed three versions of the task. We use converging measures to document the development of common ground in the teams and present an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the common ground development process. Our findings indicate that in complex collaborative work, process common ground increases, thus diminishing the need for acts like information querying or strategy discussions about how to organize the collaborative activities. However, content common ground is created and tested throughout the three runs; in fact dialogue acts used to clarify this content increase over time. Discussion of the implications of these findings for the theory of common ground and the design of collaborative systems follows.”
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Myers, Brad A., Burnett, Margaret, Rosson, Mary Beth, Ko, Andrew J. and Blackwell, Alan (2008): End user software engineering: chi'2008 special interest group meeting. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 2371-2374. Available online
“End users create software whenever they write, for instance, educational simulations, spreadsheets, or dynamic e-business web applications. Researchers are working to bring the benefits of rigorous software engineering methodologies to these end users to try to make their software more reliable. Unfortunately, errors are pervasive in end-user software, and the resulting impact is sometimes enormous. This special interest group meeting has two purposes: to incorporate attendees' and feedback into an emerging survey of the state of this interesting new sub-area, and generally to bring together the community of researchers who are addressing this topic, with the companies that are creating end-user programming tools.”
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Zang, Nan, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nasser, Vincent (2008): Mashups: who? what? why?. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3171-3176. Available online
“In recent years major web services have opened their systems to outside use through the implementation of public APIs. As a result, web developers have begun to experiment with mashups -- software applications that merge separate APIs and data sources into one integrated interface. Because the APIs and data sources are publicly available, in principle anyone can create a mashup. However, because relatively advanced programming languages are required to integrate these APIs, creating a mashup still requires considerable programming expertise. In this paper we share the results of an exploratory study of web developers and their experiences with building mashups. We profile the characteristics of mashup developers, examine the mashups they create, and the reasons they create mashups. From the results of this initial survey we outline a course for future research.”
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Kase, Sue E., Zhang, Yang, Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2008): Sustainable informal it learning in community-based nonprofits. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3435-3440. Available online
“Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) play a substantial role in the economies of many countries, in the delivery of social services, and in many quasi-government functions. But NPOs face many resource challenges; for example, they depend on volunteer labor that is often under-trained and has high turnover resulting in limited knowledge acquisition and decreased sustainability. Ethnographic data from a three-year multi-organizational analysis reveals the occurrence of social and technical patterns during informal technology learning. Construction of a pattern schema grounded in organizational learning and activity theories will enable the development of lightweight interventions in establishing information technology sustainability, self-directed learning, and management processes in NPOs.”
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Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2008): Theorizing mobility in community networks. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 20 (12) pp. 944-962
“Community networks emerged in North America during the late 1970s and early 1980s. During the past three decades, paradigms for networked information, services, and collaboration as resources for community development have evolved in many respects. In this paper we revisit a theoretical analysis of broadband Internet community networks [Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., 2003a. A trajectory for community networks. The Information Society 19(5), 381-393], and extend that analysis to mobile/wireless community networks. This analysis is part of the planning for a specific municipal wireless project in the town of State College, Pennsylvania. But more broadly, it is intended to engage and to help focus human-computer interaction (HCI) design perspectives in the development of wireless community networks throughout North America and elsewhere.”
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Xiao, Lu, Carroll, John M., Clemson, Pat and Rosson, Mary Beth (2008): Support of Case-Based Authentic Learning Activities: A Collaborative Case Commenting Tool and a Collaborative Case Builder. In: HICSS 2008 - 41st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 7-10 January, 2008, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 6. Available online
Plotnick, Linda, Ocker, Rosalie J., Hiltz, Starr Roxanne and Rosson, Mary Beth (2008): Leadership Roles and Communication Issues in Partially Distributed Emergency Response Software Development Teams: A Pilot Study. In: HICSS 2008 - 41st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 7-10 January, 2008, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 29. Available online
Zang, Nan and Rosson, Mary Beth (2008): What's in a mashup? And why? Studying the perceptions of web-active end users. In: VL-HCC 2008 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 15-19 September, 2008, Herrsching am Ammersee, Germany. pp. 31-38. Available online
Diaz, Paloma, Aedo, Ignacio and Rosson, Mary Beth (2008): Visual representation of web design patterns for end-users. In: Levialdi, Stefano (ed.) AVI 2008 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces May 28-30, 2008, Napoli, Italy. pp. 408-411. Available online
» 2007 «
Farooq, Umer, Ganoe, Craig H., Xiao, Lu, Merkel, Cecelia B., Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2007): Supporting community-based learning: case study of a geographical community organization designing its website. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 26 (1) pp. 5-21
“Community computing supports human-computer interaction among neighbours in geographical or place-based community organizations. Using a case study of such an organization, we investigate the process of designing their website. Our long-term participatory design approach, integrating developmental informal learning, allowed us to understand how this community organization adopts, evaluates, and sustains website technology. Based on our case study analysis, we present three design heuristics for developing community-based technology: align and afford new possibilities for participation, dynamically manage organizational knowledge and learning, and enhance social capital within community organizations and with the broader community.”
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Convertino, G., Farooq, U., Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Meyer, B. J. F. (2007): Supporting intergenerational groups in computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). In Behaviour and Information Technology, 26 (4) pp. 275-285
“The workforce is ageing as older workers re-enter the workforce or delay retirement. One consequence is that work groups are increasingly becoming intergenerational. Because group work relies on many collaborative tools (e.g. email, shared calendars), it is essential to understand the special requirements that intergenerational groups have for groupware. Can we design collaborative tools that leverage the differing abilities and contributions of older and younger workers in groups? We focus on how best to support intergenerational groups, offering an analytical framework that combines ideas from the theory of small groups and activity theory. We consider design implications for computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and outline design principles for groupware that supports intergenerational groups. Finally, we discuss methodological issues that arise when studying intergenerational cooperative work.”
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Convertino, Gregorio, Mentis, Helena M., Ting, Alex Y. W., Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2007): How does common ground increase?. In: GROUP07: International Conference on Supporting Group Work 2007. pp. 225-228. Available online
“We studied the process of sharing and managing knowledge (common ground process) in three-member teams performing emergency management planning tasks on shared maps. We built a reference task and a role-based multi-view prototype for studying this process. In this paper we empirically test the claim that common ground increases through joint experience on a task over time. We model the common ground process using a realistic task, a controlled setting, and multiple measures. We present findings from the analysis of questionnaires, communication transcripts, videos, and artifacts.”
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Gross, Joshua B. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2007): End user concern about security and privacy threats. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security 2007. pp. 167-168. Available online
“End users are typically seen as the weakest link in ensuring security and privacy in computing environments. Our own prior work suggested that end users may have difficulty differentiating between privacy/security problems and other hardware/software concerns. However, a survey of a broad group of internet users showed that, in fact, these users believe that they can not only differentiate between these two sets of concerns, but that in fact users are more concerned with security/privacy concerns than they are with other types of computer problems.”
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Begole, Bo, Payne, Stephen J., Churchill, Elisabeth, Amant, Robert St., Gilmore, David and Rosson, Mary Beth (eds.) CHI 07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 28-May 03, 2007, San Jose, CA, USA.
Xiao, Lu, Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2007): Support Case-Based Authentic Learning Activities: A Collaborative Case Commenting Tool and a Collaborative Case Builder. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part IV 2007. pp. 371-380. Available online
Convertino, Gregorio, Zhao, Dejin, Ganoe, Craig H., Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2007): A Role-Based Multiple View Approach to Distributed Geo-Collaboration. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part IV 2007. pp. 561-570. Available online
Zhao, Dejin, Rosson, Mary Beth and Purao, Sandeep (2007): The Future of Work: What Does Online Community Have to Do with It?. In: HICSS 2007 - 40th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 3-6 January, 2007, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 180. Available online
Rosson, Mary Beth, Dunlap, Daniel R., Isenhour, Philip L. and Carroll, John M. (2007): Teacher Bridge: Creating a Community of Teacher Developers. In: HICSS 2007 - 40th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 3-6 January, 2007, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 5. Available online
Pane, John F. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2007): Broadening the Audience for Computational Thinking: Graduate Student Consortium. In: VL-HCC 2007 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 23-27 September, 2007, Coeur dAlene, Idaho, USA. p. 249. Available online
Rosson, Mary Beth, Sinha, Hansa, Bhattacharya, Mithu and Zhao, Dejin (2007): Design Planning in End-User Web Development. In: VL-HCC 2007 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 23-27 September, 2007, Coeur dAlene, Idaho, USA. pp. 189-196. Available online
Merkel, Cecelia, Farooq, Umer, Xiao, Lu, Ganoe, Craig H., Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2007): Managing technology use and learning in nonprofit community organizations: methodological challenges and opportunities. In: Kandogan, Eser and Jones, Patricia M. (eds.) CHIMIT 2007 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM Symposium on Computer Human Interaction for Management of Information Technology March 30-31, 2007, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. p. 8. Available online
Gross, Joshua B. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2007): Looking for trouble: understanding end-user security management. In: Kandogan, Eser and Jones, Patricia M. (eds.) CHIMIT 2007 - Proceedings of the 1st ACM Symposium on Computer Human Interaction for Management of Information Technology March 30-31, 2007, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. p. 10. Available online
» 2006 «
Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Convertino, Gregorio and Ganoe, Craig H. (2006): Awareness and teamwork in computer-supported collaborations. In Interacting with Computers, 18 (1) pp. 21-46
“A contemporary approach to describing and theorizing about joint human endeavor is to posit 'knowledge in common' as a basis for awareness and coordination. Recent analysis has identified weaknesses in this approach even as it is typically employed in relatively simple task contexts. We suggest that in realistically complex circumstances, people share activities and not merely concepts. We describe a framework for understanding joint endeavor in terms of four facets of activity awareness: common ground, communities of practice, social capital, and human development. We illustrate the sort of analysis we favor with a scenario from emergency management, and consider implications and future directions for system design and empirical methods.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth (2006): End Users Who Meet Their Own Requirements. In: 14th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering RE 2006 11-15 September, 2006, Minneapolis/St.Paul, Minnesota, USA. p. 2. Available online
Rosson, Mary Beth and Kase, Sue E. (2006): Work, Play, and In-Between: Exploring the Role of Work Context for Informal Web Developers. In: VL-HCC 2006 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 4-8 September, 2006, Brighton, UK. pp. 151-156. Available online
Zhao, Dejin and Rosson, Mary Beth (2006): From Webspace to Workspace and Back Again: Seamless Instantiation, Composition, and Use of Interactive Project Objects. In: VL-HCC 2006 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 4-8 September, 2006, Brighton, UK. pp. 177-180. Available online
Kissinger, Cory, Burnett, Margaret M., Stumpf, Simone, Subrahmaniyan, Neeraja, Beckwith, Laura, Yang, Sherry and Rosson, Mary Beth (2006): Supporting end-user debugging: what do users want to know?. In: Celentano, Augusto (ed.) AVI 2006 - Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. pp. 135-142. Available online
» 2005 «
Kavanaugh, Andrea, Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Reese, Debbie D. and Zin, Than T. (2005): Participating in civil society: the case of networked communities. In Interacting with Computers, 17 (1) pp. 9-33
“A community computer network facilitates civic participation by providing pervasive local resources online and by connecting people to local communication and discussion channels, public and non-profit organization leaders and members, and many other civic resources. We present findings from longitudinal data (two rounds between 2001 and 2002) of a stratified random survey of 100 households in a mature community network, the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV). We offer exploratory and confirmatory analyses, including a 'civic effects' model, that show demographic characteristics (education, age) and psychological factors (extroversion) explain staying informed, collective efficacy, group membership, activism, and using the Internet for civic and political purposes. The model further explains differences in respondents' involvement in local issues once they go online. Informed activists with multiple group memberships become more involved in local issues once going online, whereas informed non-activists become less involved once online. Our study suggests that in order to play a constructive role in creating a more civil society, community networks should explicitly pursue strategies that encourage community activism. One way to do this, given the strong role of association membership in activism, is for ISPs to offer bundled standard Internet applications at low cost to non-profit community groups (e.g. email for leadership, online discussion for members, web space). Community networks should also promote and support the use by local groups of innovative tools for non-experts, such as easy collaborative web-based tools for information production and collaboration.”
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Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth and Zhou, Jingying (2005): Collective efficacy as a measure of community. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1-10. Available online
“As human-computer interaction increasingly focuses on mediated interactions among groups of individuals, there is a need to develop techniques for measurement and analysis of groups that have been scoped at the level of the group. Bandura's construct of perceived self-efficacy has been used to understand individual behavior as a function of domain-specific beliefs about personal capacities. The construct of collective efficacy extends self-efficacy to organizations and groups, referring to beliefs about collective capacities in specific domains. We describe the development and refinement of a collective efficacy scale, the factor analysis of the construct, and its external validation in path models of community-oriented attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.”
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Myers, Brad A., Burnett, Margaret and Rosson, Mary Beth (2005): End users creating effective software. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 2047-2048. Available online
“Is it possible to bring the benefits of rigorous software engineering methodologies to end users? End users create software when they use spreadsheet systems, web authoring tools and graphical languages, when they write educational simulations, spreadsheets, and dynamic e-business web applications. Unfortunately, however, errors are pervasive in end-user software, and the resulting impact is sometimes enormous. A growing number of researchers and developers are working on ways to make the software created by end users more reliable. This special interest group meeting will help support the community of researchers who are addressing this topic.”
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Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Dunlap, Dan and Isenhour, Philip L. (2005): Frameworks for Sharing Teaching Practices. In Educational Technology & Society, 8 (3) pp. 162-175
Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2005): A case library for teaching usability engineering: Design rationale, development, and classroom experience. In ACM Journal of Educational Resources in Computing, 5 (1) pp. 1-22
Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2005): Cases as Minimalist Information. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
Convertino, Gregorio, Farooq, Umer, Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2005): Old is Gold: Integrating Older Workers in CSCW. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
Farooq, Umer, Merkel, Cecelia, Nash, Heather, Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Xiao, Lu (2005): Participatory Design as Apprenticeship: Sustainable Watershed Management as a Community Computing Application. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
Xiao, Lu, Merkel, Cecelia, Nash, Heather, Ganoe, Craig H., Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M., Shon, Eva, Lee, Roderick and Farooq, Umer (2005): Students as Teachers and Teachers as Facilitators. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
Rosson, Mary Beth, Ballin, Julie F. and Rode, Jochen (2005): Who, What, and How: A Survey of Informal and Professional Web Developers. In: VL-HCC 2005 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 21-24 September, 2005, Dallas, TX, USA. pp. 199-206. Available online
» 2004 «
Convertino, Gregorio, Neale, Dennis C., Hobby, Laurian, Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2004): A laboratory method for studying activity awareness. In: Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction October 23-27, 2004, Tampere, Finland. pp. 313-322. Available online
“Many failures in long-term collaboration occur because of a lack of activity awareness. Activity awareness is a broad concept that involves awareness of synchronous and asynchronous interactions over extended time periods. We describe a procedure to evaluate activity awareness and collaborative activities in a controlled setting. The activities used are modeled on real-world collaborations documented earlier in a field study. We developed an experimental method to study these activity awareness problems in the laboratory. Participants worked on a simulated long-term project in the laboratory over multiple experimental sessions with a confederate, who partially scripted activities and probes. We present evidence showing that this method represents a valid model of real collaboration, based on participants' active engagement, lively negotiation, and awareness difficulties. We found that having the ability to define, reproduce, and systematically manipulate collaborative situations allowed us to assess the effect of realistic conditions on activity awareness in remote collaboration.”
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Neale, Dennis C., Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2004): Evaluating computer-supported cooperative work: models and frameworks. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW04 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2004. pp. 112-121. Available online
“Evaluating distributed CSCW applications is a difficult endeavor. Frameworks and methodologies for structuring this type of evaluation have become a central concern for CSCW researchers. In this paper we describe the problems involved in evaluating remote collaborations, and we review some of the more prominent conceptual frameworks of group interaction that have driven CSCW evaluation in the past. A multifaceted evaluation framework is presented that approaches the problem from the relationships underlying joint awareness, communication, collaboration, coordination, and work coupling. Finally, recommendations for carrying out multifaceted evaluations of remote interaction are provided.”
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Merkel, Cecelia, Xiao, Lu, Farooq, Umer, Ganoe, Craig H., Lee, Roderick, Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2004): Participatory design in community computing contexts: tales from the field. In: Clement, Andrew and Besselaar, Peter Van den (eds.) PDC 2004 - Proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Participatory Design July 27-31, 2004, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pp. 1-10. Available online
Rode, Jochen, Rosson, Mary Beth and Perez-Quinones, Manuel A. (2004): End-Users' Mental Models of Concepts Critical to Web Application Development. In: VL-HCC 2004 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 26-29 September, 2004, Rome, Italy. pp. 215-222. Available online
Rosson, Mary Beth, Ballin, Julie F. and Nash, Heather (2004): Everyday Programming: Challenges and Opportunities for Informal Web Development. In: VL-HCC 2004 - IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing 26-29 September, 2004, Rome, Italy. pp. 123-130. Available online
» 2003 «
Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2003): Design Rationale as Theory. In: Carroll, John M. "HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks". Morgan Kaufman Publishers pp. 431-461
Ganoe, Craig, Somervell, Jacob P., Neale, Dennis C., Isenhour, Philip, Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth and McCrickard, D. Scott (2003): Classroom BRIDGE: using collaborative public and desktop timelines to support activity awareness. In: Proceedings of the 16th annural ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology November, 2-5, 2003, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 21-30. Available online
“Classroom BRIDGE supports activity awareness by facilitating planning and
goal revision in collaborative, project-based middle school science. It
integrates large-screen and desktop views of project times to support
incidental creation of awareness information through routine document
transactions, integrated presentation of awareness information as part of
workspace views, and public access to subgroup activity. It demonstrates and
develops an object replication approach to integrating synchronous and
asynchronous distributed work for a platform incorporating both desktop and
large-screen devices. This paper describes an implementation of these concepts
with preliminary evaluation data, using timeline-based user interfaces.”
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Carroll, John M., Neale, Dennis C., Isenhour, Philip, Rosson, Mary Beth and McCrickard, D. Scott (2003): Notification and awareness: synchronizing task-oriented collaborative activity. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58 (5) pp. 605-632
“People working collaboratively must establish and maintain awareness of one
another's intentions, actions and results. Notification systems typically
support awareness of the presence, tasks and actions of collaborators, but they
do not adequately support awareness of persistent and complex activities. We
analysed awareness breakdowns in use of our Virtual School system -- stemming
from problems related to the collaborative situation, group, task and tool
support -- to motivate the concept of activity awareness. Activity awareness
builds on prior conceptions of social and action awareness, but emphasizes the
importance of activity context factors like planning and coordination. This
work suggests design strategies for notification systems to better support
collaborative activity.”
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Carroll, John M., Bowman, Doug, McCrickard, Scott, North, Chris, Perez-Quinones, Manuel A. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2003): Center for Human-Computer Interaction at Virginia Tech. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 1061.
Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2003): A Trajectory for Community Networks. In The Information Society, 19 (5)
Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Dunlap, Dan and Isenhour, Philip L. (2003): rameworks for Sharing Knowledge Toward a Professional Language for Teaching Practices. In: HICSS 2003 2003. p. 120. Available online
Rode, Jochen and Rosson, Mary Beth (2003): Programming at runtime: requirements and paradigms for nonprogrammer web application development. In: HCC 2003 - IEEE Symposium on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments 28-31 October, 2003, Auckland, New Zealand. pp. 23-30.
» 2002 «
Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M., Seals, Cheryl D. and Lewis, Tracy L. (2002): Community design of community simulations. In: Proceedings of DIS02: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 2002. pp. 75-83. Available online
“We report on a participatory design workshop in which residents of a community collaborated in learning about and designing projects for a visual simulation environment. Nine participants (five middle school teachers, four senior citizens) first conducted a participatory evaluation of a tutorial developed for the Stagecast Creator simulation tool. They then worked in pairs to brainstorm ideas for Creator simulation projects that would help raise and promote discussion of issues relevant to their community. After sharing these ideas, each pair chose 2-3 simulation ideas to refine as a specification for subsequent implementation. We discuss the participants' learning and design activities, as well as their contributions to our long term goal of supporting cross-generational collaboration and learning through community simulation projects.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2002): Scenario-based usability engineering. In: Proceedings of DIS02: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 2002. p. 413. Available online
“This tutorial introduces scenario-based development, an approach to usability engineering that relies on user interaction scenarios as a central representation. The course format includes a mix of overview lecture, group analysis and design activities, and general discussion.”
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Lloyd, Wesley James, Rosson, Mary Beth and Arthur, James D. (2002): Effectiveness of Elicitation Techniques in Distributed Requirements Engineering. In: 10th Anniversary IEEE Joint International Conference on Requirements Engineering RE 2002 9-13 September, 2002, Essen, Germany. pp. 311-318. Available online
Kim, Kibum, Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2002): An Empirical Study of Web Personalization Assistants: Supporting End-Users in Web Information Systems. In: HCC 2002 - IEEE CS International Symposium on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments 3-6 September, 2002, Arlington, VA, USA. pp. 60-62. Available online
Lewis, Tracy, Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Seals, Cheryl D. (2002): A Community Learns Design: Towards a Pattern Language for Novice Visual Programmers. In: HCC 2002 - IEEE CS International Symposium on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments 3-6 September, 2002, Arlington, VA, USA. pp. 168-176. Available online
Seals, Cheryl D., Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M., Lewis, Tracy and Colson, Lenese (2002): Fun Learning Stagecast Creator: An Exercise in Minimalism and Collaboration. In: HCC 2002 - IEEE CS International Symposium on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments 3-6 September, 2002, Arlington, VA, USA. pp. 177-. Available online
» 2001 «
Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2001): Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human Computer Interaction. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
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Rosson, Mary Beth and Seals, Cheryl D. (2001): Teachers as Simulation Programmers: Minimalist Learning and Reuse. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 237-244. Available online
“Five public school teachers were observed during two self-study sessions where they learned to use Visual AgenTalk (VAT). The first session emphasized the basic visual programming skills, while the second introduced ways to reuse existing simulations. Two versions of the reuse tutorial were developed, one offering a concrete example world for reuse, and the second an abstract world. During their learning and reuse sessions, the teachers thought out loud as they worked, enabling a detailed analysis of their goals, reactions, problems, and successes. After each session, the teachers also completed user reaction questionnaires. Although all teachers succeeded in learning the basics of VAT, they varied considerably in their reuse of the example simulations. It appears that the simplified components of the abstract world supported reuse to a greater degree than those of the concrete example world.”
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Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (2001): Better Home Shopping or New Democracy?: Evaluating Community Network Outcomes. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 372-379. Available online
“This is a perspective paper on community networks - socio-technical infrastructure supporting villages, towns, and neighborhoods. Community networking is well-established, world wide, and addresses critical societal issues, such as the "crisis of community" and the sociality of the Internet. However, community network projects have not emphasized evaluation. Relatively little is known about the economic, social, and psychological consequences of community networks for the individuals, groups, and communities served. Evaluating community networks is a momentous mutual opportunity for the development of CHI evaluation methodologies and for bringing technical CHI expertise to bear on societal issues.”
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Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Isenhour, Philip, Ganoe, Craig, Dunlap, Dan, Fogarty, James, Schafer, Wendy and Metre, Christina Van (2001): Designing Our Town: MOOsburg. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 54 (5) pp. 725-751
“MOOsburg is a community-oriented multi-user domain. It was created to enrich the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV) by providing real-time, situated interaction and a place-based model for community information. Three versions of MOOsburg have been developed: a classic text-based MOO, a MOO extended to drive a Web-browser, and a Java-based system. The most recent version of MOOsburg is fundamentally different from classic MOOs, supporting distributed system development and management and a direct manipulation approach to navigation. We are currently developing a variety of community-oriented applications, including a virtual science fair and a dispersed natural history museum.”
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Isenhour, Philip, Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (2001): Supporting Interactive Collaboration on the Web with CORK. In Interacting with Computers, 13 (6) pp. 655-676
“The World Wide Web has served as a medium for collaboration since its inception. Web-based collaboration has, however, been dominated by systems supporting asynchronous activities such as sharing documents and participating in discussion forums. Supporting interactive, synchronous collaboration on the Web has proven much more challenging. In this paper we describe three of the challenges encountered in the context of supporting network-based collaboration among middle and high school science students: integrating synchronous and asynchronous modes of interaction, minimizing consumption of bandwidth, and adapting non-collaborative software components for collaborative use. We then present the Content Object Replication Kit, a toolkit for building interactive Java-based collaborative systems for use on the Web.”
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» 2000 «
Carroll, John M., Chin, George, Rosson, Mary Beth and Neale, Dennis C. (2000): The Development of Cooperation: Five Years of Participatory Design in the Virtual School. In: Proceedings of DIS00: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 2000. pp. 239-251. Available online
“During the past five years, our research group worked with a group of public school teachers to define, develop, and assess network-based support for collaborative learning in middle school physical science and high school physics. From the outset, we committed to a participatory design approach. This design collaboration has now existed far longer than is typical of participatory design endeavors, particularly in North America. The nature of our interactions, and in particular the nature of the role played by the teachers has changed significantly through the course of the project. We suggest that there may be a long-term developmental unfolding of roles and relationships in participatory design.”
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Isenhour, Philip L., Carroll, John M., Neale, Dennis C., Rosson, Mary Beth and Dunlap, Dan (2000): The Virtual School: An integrated collaborative environment for the classroom. In Educational Technology & Society, 3 (3)
Rosson, Mary Beth and Seals, Cheryl D. (2000): Learning and Reuse of a Visual Programming Language. In: VL 2000 2000. pp. 85-86. Available online
» 1999 «
Begole, James, Rosson, Mary Beth and Shaffer, Clifford A. (1999): Flexible Collaboration Transparency: Supporting Worker Independence in Replicated Application-Sharing Systems. In ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 6 (2) pp. 95-132
“This article presents a critique of conventional collaboration transparency systems, also called "application-sharing" systems, which provide the real-time shared use of legacy single-user applications. We find that conventional collaboration transparency systems are inefficient in their use of network resources and lack support for key groupware principles: concurrent work, relaxed WYSIWIS, and group awareness. Next, we present an alternative approach to implementing collaboration transparency that provides many features previously seen only in collaboration-aware applications. Our approach is based on a replicated architecture where selected single-user interface components are dynamically replaced by multiuser versions. The replacement occurs at run-time and is transparent to the single-user application and its developers. As an instance of this approach, we describe its incorporation into a Java-based collaboration transparency system for serializable, Swing-based Java applications, called Flexible JAMM (Java Applets Made Multiuser). To validate that the flexible collaboration transparency system is truly an improvement over conventional systems, we conducted an empirical study of collaborators performing both tightly and loosely coupled tasks using Flexible JAMM versus a representative conventional collaboration transparency system, Microsoft NetMeeting. Completion times were significantly faster in the loosely coupled task using Flexible JAMM and were not adversely affected in the tightly coupled task. Accuracy was equivalent for both systems. Participants greatly preferred Flexible JAMM.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth (1999): I Get by With a Little Help from My Cyber-Friends: Sharing Stories of Good and Bad Times on the Web. In: HICSS 1999 1999. . Available online
Rosson, Mary Beth (1999): I Get By With A Little Help From My Cyber-Friends: Sharing Stories of Good and Bad Times on the Web. In J. Computer-Mediated Communication, 4 (4)
Rosson, Mary Beth (1999): Integrating Development of Task and Object Models. In Communications of the ACM, 42 (1) pp. 49-56
» 1998 «
Chin Jr., George and Rosson, Mary Beth (1998): Progressive Design: Staged Evolution of Scenarios in the Design of a Collaborative Science Learning Environment. In: Karat, Clare-Marie, Lund, Arnold, Coutaz, Joëlle and Karat, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California. pp. 611-618. Available online
“Scenario-based design techniques are increasingly popular in HCI design. Although many techniques exist, we see a growing demand for more structured and systematic methods of scenario generation and development. This paper describes a case study in which a collaborative science learning environment was designed using an evolutionary scenario-based design approach. The case study has attempted to make consistent use of scenarios and claims as design representations, to integrate the design of both the system and the activities that incorporate it, and to evolve design in an organized and principled manner. We have termed this approach progressive design.”
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Begole, James, Rosson, Mary Beth and Shaffer, Clifford A. (1998): Supporting Worker Independence in Collaboration Transparency. In: Mynatt, Elizabeth D. and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology November 01 - 04, 1998, San Francisco, California, United States. pp. 133-142. Available online
“Conventional collaboration-transparency systems, which provide real-time shared use of legacy single-user applications, are inefficient in their use of network resources and lack support for key groupware principles: concurrent work, relaxed WYSIWIS, and group awareness. We present an alternative implementation approach to collaboration transparency that provides many features previously seen only in collaboration-aware applications. Our approach is based on an object-oriented replicated architecture where selected single-user interface objects are dynamically replaced by multi-user extensions. The replacement occurs at run-time and is transparent to the single-user application and its developers. As an instance of this approach, we describe its incorporation into a new Java-based collaboration-transparency system for serializable, Swing-based Java applications, called Flexible JAMM (Java Applets Made Multiuser). We conducted an empirical study to evaluate the effectiveness of Flexible JAMM versus a representative conventional collaboration-transparency system, Microsoft NetMeeting. Completion times were significantly faster in a loosely-coupled task using Flexible JAMM, and were not adversely affected in a tightly-coupled task, which had been a concern. Accuracy was unaffected by the system used. Participants greatly preferred Flexible JAMM.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth (1998): Synthesizing Diverse Perspectives. In ACM SIGDOC *Journal of Computer Documentation, 22 (1) pp. 18-19
“In a third commentary on Bader and Nyce, Mary Beth Rosson thinks that cultural analysts who employ known "techniques to ensure sharing and synthesis" can indeed influence software development.”
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Kies, Jonathan K., Williges, Robert C. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1998): Coordinating Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: A Review of Research Issues and Strategies. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 49 (9) pp. 776-791
» 1997 «
Chin Jr, George, Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (1997): Participatory Analysis: Shared Development of Requirements from Scenarios. In: Pemberton, Steven (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 162-169. Available online
“Participatory design typically focuses on envisionment and evaluation activities. We explored a method for pushing the participatory activities further "upstream" in the design process, to the initial analysis of requirements. We used a variant of the task-artifact framework, carrying out a participatory claims analysis during a design workshop for a project addressing collaborative science education. The analysis used videotaped classroom sessions as source material. The participant-teachers were highly engaged by the analysis process and contributed significantly to the analysis results. We conclude that the method has promise as a technique for evoking self-reflection and analysis in a participatory design setting.”
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Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Chin, George and Koenemann, Jurgen (1997): Requirements Development: Stages of Opportunity for Collaborative Needs Discovery. In: Proceedings of DIS97: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 1997. pp. 55-64. Available online
“We consider the process of requirements development in participatory design through discussion of a design case study. In our project, a group of teachers and system designers initially set out to create a virtual physics laboratory. Through the course of a series of participatory design activities, the nature of our project requirements has evolved. We reflect upon this process this both from the standpoint of understanding requirements development and of managing requirement development work activity.”
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Harmelen, Mark van, Artim, John, Butler, Keith A., Henderson, Austin, Roberts, Dave, Rosson, Mary Beth, Tarby, Jean-Claude and Wilson, Stephanie (1997): Object Models in User Interface Design: A CHI 97 Workshop. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 29 (4) pp. 55-62
» 1996 «
Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Messner, David (1996): A Web StoryBase. In: Sasse, Martina Angela, Cunningham, R. J. and Winder, R. L. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers XI August, 1996, London, UK. pp. 369-382.
“We describe the Web StoryBase, a system using HTML forms technology to collect and share stories and story annotations from users of the World Wide Web. We analyse usage data collected over a period of 26 weeks, from the perspective of how the system was advertised, contributed to, and browsed. We also discuss several themes extracted from the reported Web experiences: usability, learnability, diversity, communication, just-in-time information, capture and fun.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (1996): The Reuse of Uses in Smalltalk Programming. In ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 3 (3) pp. 219-253
“Software reuse, a long-standing and refractory issue in software technology, has been specifically emphasized as an advantage of the object-oriented programming paradigm. We report an empirical study of expert Smalltalk programmers reusing user interface classes in small graphical applications. Our primary goal was to develop a qualitative characterization of expert reuse strategies that could be used to identify requirements for teaching and supporting reuse programming. A secondary interest was to demonstrate to these experts the Reuse View Matcher -- a prototype reuse tool -- and to collect some initial observations of this tool in use during reuse programming. We observed extensive "reuse of uses" in the programmers' work: they relied heavily on code in example applications that provided an implicit specification for reuse of the target class. We called this implicit specification a "usage context." The programmers searched for relevant usage contexts early. They repeatedly evaluated the contextualized information to develop solution plans, and they borrowed and adapted it when the sample context suited their immediate reuse goals. The process of code development was highly dynamic and incremental; analysis and implementation were tightly interleaved, frequently driven by testing and debugging. These results are considered in terms of the tradeoffs that inhere in the reuse of uses and the teaching and tool support that might improve the efficiency and accuracy of this approach to reuse.”
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Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1996): Developing the Blacksburg Electronic Village. In Communications of the ACM, 39 (12) pp. 69-74
Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (1996): Scaffolded Examples for Learning Object-Oriented Design. In Communications of the ACM, 39 (4) pp. 46-47
» 1995 «
Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado.
Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (1995): Integrating Task and Software Development for Object-Oriented Applications. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 377-384. Available online
“We describe an approach to developing object-oriented applications that seeks to integrate the design of user tasks with the design of software implementing these tasks. Using the Scenario Browser -- an experimental environment for developing Smalltalk applications -- a designer employs a single set of task scenarios to envision and reason about user needs and concerns and to experiment with and refine object-oriented software abstractions. We argue that the shared context provided by the scenarios promotes rapid feedback between usage and software concerns, so that mutual constraints and opportunities can be recognized and addressed early and continuingly in the development process.”
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Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth, Cohill, Andrew M. and Schorger, John R. (1995): Building a History of the Blacksburg Electronic Village. In: Proceedings of DIS95: Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, & Techniques 1995. pp. 1-6.
“We are developing a history of the Blacksburg Electronic Village community network; gathering a broad spectrum of materials from and about the development process. We are providing browsing and authoring access to these materials through a World-Wide Web-based information system. The system is at once both a tool for the technical work of developing design-history, and a highly democratic forum for evolving a community-history. We believe this project raises fundamental questions and possibilities regarding the concept of history itself.”
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Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1995): Managing Evaluation Goals for Training. In Communications of the ACM, 38 (7) pp. 40-48
» 1994 «
Koenemann-Belliveau, Jurgen, Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth and Singley, Mark K. (1994): Comparative Usability Evaluation: Critical Incidents and Critical Threads. In: Adelson, Beth, Dumais, Susan and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 94 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-28, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 245-251. Available online
“Empirical usability evaluations (particularly formative evaluations [13]) hinge on observing and interpreting critical incidents [8] of use. We proposed [3,5] augmenting critical incident methods by analysis of what we called critical threads: sets of causally related user episodes that, taken together, define major usability themes. This paper extends this work to the comparative usability analysis of a related artifact. We discuss how our earlier claims analysis was used to orient and simplify our current evaluation efforts.”
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Carroll, John M., Mack, Robert L., Robertson, Scott P. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1994): Binding Objects to Scenarios of Use. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 41 (1) pp. 243-276
“Scenarios are a natural and effective medium for thinking in general and for design in particular. Our work seeks to develop a potential unification between recent scenario-oriented work in object-oriented analysis/design methods and scenario-oriented work in the analysis/design of human-computer interaction. We illustrate this perspective by showing: (1) how scenario questioning can be used to systematically interrogate the knowledge and practices of potential users, and thereby to create object-oriented analysis models that are psychologically valid; (2) how depicting an individual object's point-of-view can serve as a pedagogical scaffold to help students of object-oriented analysis see how to identify and assign object responsibilities in creating a problem domain model; and (3) how usage scenarios can be employed to motivate and coordinate the design implementation, refactoring and reuse of object-oriented software.”
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Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1994): Putting metaphors to work. In: Graphics Interface 94 May 18-20, 1994, Banff, Alberta, Canada. pp. 112-119.
» 1993 «
Carroll, John M., Rosson, Mary Beth and Singley, Mark K. (1993): The Collaboration Thread: A Formative Evaluation of Object-Oriented Education. In: Cook, Curtis, Scholtz, Jean and Spohrer, James C. (eds.) Empirical Studies of Programmers - Fifth Workshop December 3-15, 1993, 1993, Palo Alto, California. pp. 26-41.
“We are exploring a type of critical incident analysis that groups together sets of causally related user episodes; we refer to these as "critical threads." The episodes of a critical thread are sometimes less-than-critical when viewed in isolation, which can be a problem in formative evaluation, since when taken together, these same episodes can expose major underlying usability issues. We use psychological design rationale to construct a unifying description of the set of user episodes comprising a critical thread (i.e., as a sort of abstract and distributed user scenario). Such a description guides the recognition of pieces of a critical thread in data and the articulation of underlying usability themes embodied across the various constituent episodes.”
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Carroll, John M., Koenemann-Belliveau, Jurgen, Rosson, Mary Beth and Singley, Mark K. (1993): Critical Incidents and Critical Themes in Empirical Usability Evaluation. In: Alty, James L., Diaper, Dan and Guest, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VIII August 7-10, 1993, Loughborough University, UK. pp. 279-292.
“Empirical usability evaluations (particularly 'formative' evaluations) hinge on observing and interpreting critical incidents of use: the causes of such critical incidents can often be found in the immediate contexts of their occurrence and can guide specific design changes. However, it can also happen that the causes of a critical incident are temporally remote from its context of occurrence or distributed throughout the user's prior experiences. We propose augmenting critical incident methods by analysis of what we call 'critical threads': sets of causally related user episodes that, taken together, define major usability themes.”
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» 1992 «
Myers, Brad A. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1992): Survey on User Interface Programming. In: Bauersfeld, Penny, Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 3-7, 1992, Monterey, California. pp. 195-202. Available online
“This paper reports on the results of a survey of user interface programming. The survey was widely distributed, and we received 74 responses. The results show that in today's applications, an average of 48% of the code is devoted to the user interface portion. The average time spent on the user interface portion is 45% during the design phase, 50% during the implementation phase, and 37% during the maintenance phase. 34% of the systems were implemented using a toolkit, 27% used a UIMS, 14% used an interface builder, and 26% used no tools. The projects using only toolkits spent the largest percentage of the”
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Carroll, John M., Singley, Mark K. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1992): Integrating Theory Development with Design Evaluation. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 11 (5) pp. 247-255
“In this paper, we recruit the construct of psychological design rationale as a framework for integrating theory development with design evaluation in HCI. We propose that, in some cases, part of an artefact's psychological design rationale can be regarded as inherited from second-order artefacts (prescriptive design models, architectures and genres, tools and environments, interface styles). We show how evaluation data pertaining to an artefact can be used to test and develop the second-order artefact from which it inherits.”
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Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1992): Getting Around the Task-Artifact Cycle: How to Make Claims and Design by Scenario. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 10 (2) pp. 181-212
“We are developing an "action science" approach to human-computer interaction (HCI), seeking to better integrate activities directed at understanding with those directed at design. The approach leverages development practices of current HCI with methods and concepts to support a shift toward using broad and explicit design rationale to reify where we are in a design process, why we are there, and to guide reasoning about where we might go from there. We represent a designed artifact as the set of user scenarios supported by that artifact and more finely by causal schemas detailing the underlying psychological rationale. These schemas, called claims, unpack wherefores and whys of the scenarios. In this paper, we stand back from several empirical projects to clarify our commitments and practices.”
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Carroll, John M., Singley, Mark K. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1992): Integrating Theory Development with Design Evaluation. In: East-West International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Proceedings of the EWHCI92 1992. pp. 446-452.
» 1991 «
Carroll, John M., Kellogg, Wendy A. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1991): The Task-Artifact Cycle. In: Carroll, John M. "Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface". Cambridge University Press
Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Sweeney, Christine (1991): A View Matcher for Reusing Smalltalk Classes. In: Robertson, Scott P., Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 91 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 28 - June 5, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 277-283. Available online
“A prime attraction of object-oriented programming languages is the possibility of reusing code. We examine the support provided by Smalltalk to programmers attempting to incorporate an existing class into a new design, focussing on issues of usage examples, object-specific analysis, how-to-use-it information, and object connections. We then describe a View Matcher for reuse, a tool that documents reusable classes through a set of coordinated views onto concrete usage examples; in three scenarios, we illustrate how the tool addresses the issues raised in our analysis of reuse in Smalltalk.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Sweeney, Christine (1991): Demonstrating a View Matcher for Reusing Smalltalk Classes. In: Robertson, Scott P., Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 91 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 28 - June 5, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 431-432. Available online
Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1991): Deliberated Evolution: Stalking the View Matcher in Design Space. In Human-Computer Interaction, 6 (3) pp. 281-318
“Technology development in human-computer interaction (HCI) can be interpreted as a coevolution of tasks and artifacts. The tasks people actually engage in (successfully of problematically) and those they wish to engage in (or perhaps merely to imagine) define requirements for future technology and, specifically, for new HCI artifacts. These artifacts, in turn, open up new possibilities for human tasks, new ways to do familiar things, and entirely new kinds of things to do. In this article, we describe psychological design rationale as an approach to augmenting HCI technology development and to clarifying the sense in which HCI artifacts embody psychological theory. A psychological design rationale is an enumeration of the psychological claims embodied by an artifact for the situations in which it is used. As an example, we present our design work with the View Matcher, a Smalltalk programming environment for coordinating multiple views of an example application. In particular, we show how psychological design rationale was used to develop a view matcher for code reuse from prior design rationales for related programming tasks and environments.”
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Myers, Brad A. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1991): User Interface Programming Survey. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (2) pp. 27-30
» 1990 «
Rosson, Mary Beth, Carroll, John M. and Bellamy, Rachel K. E. (1990): Smalltalk Scaffolding: A Case Study of Minimalist Instruction. In: Carrasco, Jane and Whiteside, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 90 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference 1990, Seattle, Washington,USA. pp. 423-429.
“A curriculum was developed to introduce users to the Smalltalk object-oriented programming language. Applying the Minimalist model of instruction, we developed a set of example-based learning scenarios aimed at supporting real work, getting started fast, reasoning and improvising, coordinating system and text, supporting error recognition and recovery, and exploiting prior knowledge. We describe our initial curriculum design as well as the significant changes that have taken place as we have observed it in use.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth and Alpert, Sherman R. (1990): The Cognitive Consequences of Object-Oriented Design. In Human-Computer Interaction, 5 (4) pp. 345-379
“The most valuable tools or methodologies supporting the design of interactive systems are those that simultaneously ease the process of design and improve the usability of the resulting system. We consider the potential of the object-oriented paradigm in providing this dual function. After briefly reviewing what is known about the design process and some important characteristics of object-oriented programming and design, we speculate on the possible cognitive consequences of this paradigm for problem understanding, problem decomposition, and design result. We conclude with research issues raised by our analyses.”
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Dudley, Tim, Baecker, Ronald M., Eisenstadt, Marc, Glinert, Ephraim P. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1990): Multi-Dimensional Interfaces for Software Design. In: Diaper, Dan, Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 90 - 3rd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 27-31, 1990, Cambridge, UK. pp. 1063-1066.
Rosson, Mary Beth and Carroll, John M. (1990): Climbing the Smalltalk Mountain. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 21 (3) pp. 76-79
» 1988 «
Rosson, Mary Beth, Maaß, Susanne and Kellogg, Wendy A. (1988): The Designer As User: Building Requirements for Design Tools From Design Practice. In Communications of the ACM, 31 (11) pp. 1288-1298
» 1987 «
Foss, Donald J., Smith-Kerker, Penny L. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1987): On Comprehending a Computer Manual: Analysis of Variables Affecting Performance. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26 (3) pp. 277-300
“In two experiments novice computer users were taught a text editor from one of a set of manuals describing the commands and their functions. The manuals varied systematically in how information was presented. In Experiment II (the more extensive study) half of the 72 college subjects got the commands via an "abstract syntax", following the presentation style of the original manual for the system. For the other half of the subjects the commands were presented in a more concrete form. Crossed with the syntax variable was one of manual organization. For half the subjects the manual presented many alternative ways of accomplishing a sub-task as soon as that sub-task was introduced -- again following the original design of the manual. For the other half the alternatives were minimized at the introduction of the sub-task, but all were provided before the editing itself began. A third variable was also studied: presence vs absence of a surrogate model (a mental model) for the editor. Half of the subjects were presented with such a model and half were not. A time-stamped keystroke record was kept while the subjects tried to use the editor, and a variety of dependent variables involving accuracy and speed were measured. The results showed significant effects of the manual variables (syntax and organization), though the locus of the effects -- the dependent variables influenced -- varied between the two independent variables. The surrogate model had little effect. The results are discussed in terms of the planning and execution stages of novices' performance and how the independent variables affect these stages.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth and Grischkowsky, Nancy L. (1987): Transfer of Learning in the Real World. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jorg and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 87 - 2nd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 1-4, 1987, Stuttgart, Germany. pp. 891-896.
“Twenty-one users of two existing procedural formatting systems were studied during a week-long course on a new tag-based system. Users' performance on class exercises was monitored, and subjective reactions were assessed at several points in the process. Users were classified along two experience dimensions: formatting history, and intensity of use. Our analyses revealed that heavier users of the existing systems made more errors on the exercises; particularly common were omitted and extraneous commands. We also found that attitudes of the participants diverged over the five-day period as a function of formatting history, with the more sophisticated users becoming more negative, and the more casual users more positive.”
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Rosson, Mary Beth, Maass, Susanne and Kellogg, Wendy A. (1987): Designing for designers: An analysis of design practice in the real world. In: Graphics Interface 87 (CHI+GI 87) April 5-9, 1987, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pp. 137-142.
Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth (1987): Paradox of the Active User. In: Carroll, John M. "Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction". MIT Press pp. 80-111
» 1985 «
Rosson, Mary Beth (1985): Listener Training for Speech-Output Applications. In: Borman, Lorraine and Curtis, Bill (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 85 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 14-18, 1985, San Francisco, California. pp. 193-196.
“The specificity of the adaptation to synthetic speech known to occur with practice was examined by giving listeners selective exposure to a subset of English phonemes (a control group was "trained" on analogous materials produced by a human speaker), and then testing their ability to identify words created from both the previously heard and novel phonemes. The results indicated that while synthetic voice training was generally facilitative, it was most helpful in the identification of the sounds heard before. However, this specific learning effect occurred for only certain phonemes. The findings imply that one way to maximize early adaptation to synthetic speech is to identify the "learnable" sounds, and to increase users' exposure to them during introductory or training dialogs.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1984 «
Rosson, Mary Beth (1984): The Role of Experience in Editing. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 45-50.
“An important question for designers of text-editing systems is the use to which the systems are put by experienced users. Most systems provide a range of function from basic to very advanced, yet their designers typically do not know whether users ultimately make use of the full range of function, or indeed whether they develop effective use of even the most basic function. In the present work, survey and automatic monitoring methodologies were combined to study experienced editor users. The two methods provided converging evidence that not all users learn to exploit a system's facilities simply through continued experience with the system. Many time-saving strategies (e.g., assignment and use of program function keys) were associated with job type and with prior experience on other editing systems. The implications of the results for the design of editors are discussed.”
Copyrights may apply
Thomas, John C., Rosson, Mary Beth and Chodorow, Martin (1984): Human Factors and Synthetic Speech. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 219-224.
“Recent advances in linguistics, speech science, psychology, and especially in computers have made unlimited text-to-speech conversion systems a practical reality. However, the use of audio output from a computer poses special problems in ergonomics, most of which have not been dealt with in the literature. In this paper, we review relevant findings in the literature and recent work in our own laboratory. We then provide some guidelines for good human factors in applications that use speech synthesis. These guidelines address both the process of development and suggestions for the end-product. The latter must be considered highly tentative due to the nascent nature of this research area.”
Copyrights may apply
» 1983 «
Rosson, Mary Beth (1983): Patterns of Experience in Text Editing. In: Smith, Raoul N., Pew, Richard W. and Janda, Ann (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conferenc December 12-15, 1983, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. pp. 171-175.
» 1982 «
Foss, Donald J., Rosson, Mary Beth and Smith, Penny L. (1982): Reducing Manual Labor: An Experimental Analysis of Learning Aids for a Text Editor. In: Nichols, Jean A. and Schneider, Michael L. (eds.) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems March 15-17, 1982, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. pp. 332-336.
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Mar 21st, 2010
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