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Mark Stefik

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Publications by Mark Stefik (bibliography)

» 2009 «

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Russell, Daniel M., Pirolli, Peter, Furnas, George, Card, Stuart K. and Stefik, Mark (2009): Sensemaking workshop CHI 2009. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4751-4754. Available online

“How does one make sense of a large or complex task? By the term "sensemaking" we mean the processes people go through to frame, collect, organize and structure information to help understand a problem. Sensemaking is what people do to get from the earliest phases of an information collecting and organizing task to the conclusion. Sensemaking tasks are commonplace, and this workshop is dedicated to understanding the range of sensemaking behaviors and systems that can support sensemaking.”

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» 2008 «

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Russell, Daniel M., Furnas, George W., Stefik, Mark, Card, Stuart K. and Pirolli, Peter (2008): Sensemaking. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3981-3984. Available online

“When confronted with a large or complex amount of information, how DO people come to understand it? This workshop will focus on the most recent work in sensemaking, the activities, technologies and behaviors that people do when making sense of their complex information spaces.”

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» 1993 «

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Russell, Daniel M., Stefik, Mark, Pirolli, Peter and Card, Stuart K. (1993): The Cost Structure of Sensemaking. In: Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 269-276. Available online

“Making sense of a body of data is a common activity in any kind of analysis. Sensemaking is the process of searching for a representation and encoding data in that representation to answer task-specific questions. Different operations during sensemaking require different cognitive and external resources. Representations are chosen and changed to reduce the cost of operations in an information processing task. The power of these representational shifts is generally under-appreciated as is the relation between sensemaking and information retrieval. We analyze sensemaking tasks and develop a model of the cost structure of sensemaking. We discuss implications for the integrated design of user interfaces, representational tools, and information retrieval systems.”

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» 1988 «

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Bannon, Liam, Ehn, Pelle, Greif, Irene, Howard, Robert, Kling, Rob and Stefik, Mark (1988): CSCW -- What Does it Mean?. In: Greif, Irene (ed.) Proceedings of the 1988 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work September 26 - 28, 1988, Portland, Oregon, United States. pp. 191-192.

» 1987 «

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Stefik, Mark, Bobrow, Daniel G., Foster, Gregg, Lanning, S. and Tatar, D. (1987): WYSIWIS Revised: Early Experiences with Multiuser Interfaces. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 5 (2) pp. 147-167

“WYSIWIS (What You Is What I See) is a foundational abstraction for multiuser interfaces that expresses many of the characteristics of a chalkboard in face-to face meetings. In its strictest interpretation, it means that everyone can also see the same written information and also see where anyone else is pointing. In our attempts to build software support for collaboration in meetings, we have discovered that WYSIWIS is crucial, yet too inflexible when strictly enforced. This paper is about the design issues and choices that arose in our first generation of meeting tools based on WYSIWIS. Several examples of multiuser interfaces that start from this abstraction are presented. These tools illustrate that there are inherent conflicts between the needs of a group and the needs of individuals, since user interfaces compete for the same display space and meeting time. To help minimize the effect of these conflicts, constraints were relaxed along four key dimensions of WYSIWIS: display space, time of display, subgroup population, and congruence of view. Meeting tools must be designed to support the changing needs of information sharing during process transitions, as subgroups are formed and dissolved, as individuals shift their focus of activity, and as the group shifts from multiple parallel activities to a single focused activity and back again.”

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Stefik, Mark, Foster, Gregg, Bobrow, Daniel G., Kahn, Kenneth M., Lanning, Stan and Suchman, Lucy A. (1987): Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer Support for Collaboration and Problem Solving in Meetings. In Communications of the ACM, 30 (1) pp. 32-47

» 1986 «

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Bobrow, Daniel G., Mittal, Sanjay and Stefik, Mark (1986): Expert Systems: Perils and Promise. In Communications of the ACM, 29 (9) pp. 880-894

» 1985 «

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Stefik, Mark (1985): Strategic Computing at DARPA: Overview and Assessment. In Communications of the ACM, 28 (7) pp. 690-704

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Changes to this page (author)

25 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Mark Stefik's author page.
18 Aug 2009: Author was edited

18 Aug 2009: Author was edited
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09 May 2009: Author was edited
12 May 2008: Author was edited
28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography

Publication statistics

Publication period:1985-2009
Publication count:8
Number of co-authors:18

Productive colleagues

Mark Stefik's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:

Stuart K. Card:68
Rob Kling:52
Daniel M. Russell:42

Collaboration count

Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:

Peter Pirolli:3
Stuart K. Card:3
Daniel M. Russell:3

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Conference Calendar

Mar 21

WritersUA Conf. for Software User Assistance

Mar 22

UX People

Mar 22

ETRA '10 - Eye Tracking Research & Applications Symp.

Mar 20

“ Computer programs emerge as the outcome of complex human processes of cognition, communication and negotiation, which serve to establish the meaningful embedding of the computer system in its intended use context. ”

-- Floyd, 1992, p. 24 ”

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