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Mark Chignell
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"Mark H. Chignell"
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No description available of Mark Chignell...Publications by Mark Chignell (bibliography)
» 2008 «
Yasumura, Michiaki, Watanabe, Keita and Chignell, Mark (2008): Game 2.0 and beyond: an interaction design approach to digital game evolution. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Future Play 2008. pp. 268-269. Available online
“In this research, the authors discuss the evolution of video games from the viewpoint of interaction design. It is argued that recent video games are qualitatively different from earlier video games in their use of multiple user layers and novel domains. These qualitatively different newer games are referred to as Game 2.0, with older games being referred to as Game1.0. Appropriate design of interactions is presented as a key issue in Game 2.0 development. The relationship between game interfaces and computer interfaces is also considered.”
Chin, Alvin and Chignell, Mark (2008): Automatic detection of cohesive subgroups within social hypertext: A heuristic approach. In New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 14 (1) pp. 121-143
“The problem of identifying cohesive subgroups in social hypertext is reviewed. A computationally efficient three-step framework for identifying cohesive subgroups is proposed, referred to as the Social Cohesion Analysis of Networks (SCAN) method. In the first step of this method (Select), people within a social network are screened using a level of network centrality to select possible subgroup members. In the second step (Collect), the people selected in the first step are collected into subgroups identified at each point in time using hierarchical cluster analysis. In the third step (Choose), similarity modeling is used to choose cohesive subgroups based on the similarity of subgroups when compared across different points in time. The application of this SCAN method is then demonstrated in a case study where a subgroup is automatically extracted from a social network formed based on the online interactions of a group of about 150 people that occurred over a two-year period. In addition, this paper also demonstrates that similarity-based cohesion can provide a different, and in this case more compelling, subgroup representation than a method based on splitting a hierarchical clustering dendrogram using an optimality criterion.”
» 2007 «
Zhao, Shengdong, Dragicevic, Pierre, Chignell, Mark, Balakrishnan, Ravin and Baudisch, Patrick (2007): Earpod: eyes-free menu selection using touch input and reactive audio feedback. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 1395-1404. Available online
“We present the design and evaluation of earPod: an eyes-free menu technique using touch input and reactive auditory feedback. Studies comparing earPod with an iPod-like visual menu technique on reasonably-sized static menus indicate that they are comparable in accuracy. In terms of efficiency (speed), earPod is initially slower, but outperforms the visual technique within 30 minutes of practice. Our results indicate that earPod is potentially a reasonable eyes-free menu technique for general use, and is a particularly exciting technique for use in mobile device interfaces.”
Chin, Alvin and Chignell, Mark (2007): Identifying subcommunities using cohesive subgroups in social hypertext. In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia 2007. pp. 175-178. Available online
“Web pages can be modeled as nodes in a social network, and hyperlinks between pages form links (relationships) between the nodes. Links may take the form of comments, for example on blogs, creating explicit connections between authors and readers. In this paper, we describe a novel methodology and framework for identifying subcommunities as cohesive subgroups of n-cliques and k-plexes within social hypertext. We apply our methodology to a group of computer technologists in Toronto called TorCamp who communicate using a Google group. K-plex analysis is then used to identify a group of people that forms a subcommunity within the larger community. The results are then validated against the experienced sense of community of people inside and outside the subcommunity. Statistically significant differences in experienced sense of community are found, with people within the subcommunity showing higher levels of perceived influence and emotional connection.”
» 2006 «
Ranjan, Abhishek, Balakrishnan, Ravin and Chignell, Mark (2006): Searching in audio: the utility of transcripts, dichotic presentation, and time-compression. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006. pp. 721-730. Available online
“Searching audio data can potentially be facilitated by the use of automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology to generate text transcripts which can then be easily queried. However, since current ASR technology cannot reliably generate 100% accurate transcripts, additional techniques for fluid browsing and searching of the audio itself are required. We explore the impact of transcripts of various qualities, dichotic presentation, and time-compression on an audio search task. Results show that dichotic presentation and reasonably accurate transcripts can assist in the search process, but suggest that time-compression and low accuracy transcripts should be used carefully.”
Chin, Alvin and Chignell, Mark (2006): A social hypertext model for finding community in blogs. In: Proceedings of the Seventeenth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2006. pp. 11-22. Available online
“Blogging has become the newest communication medium for creating a virtual community, a set of blogs linking back and forth to one another's postings, while discussing common topics. In this paper, we examine how communities can be discovered through interconnected blogs as a form of social hypertext [14]. We propose a method and model that detects structures of community in the social network of blogs by integrating McMillan and Chavis' sense of community [26] along with network analysis [8, 11]. From the model, we measure community in the blogs by aligning centrality measures from social network analysis [17] with measures of sense of community obtained using behavioural surveys. We then illustrate the use of this approach with a case study built around an independent music blog. The strength of community measures were found to be well aligned with the network structure, based on centrality measures. Even though the sample size from the case study was small, once the structure and measure of communities are calibrated according to our social hypertext model, communities can be automatically found and measured for other blogs without the need for behavioural surveys.”
Wang, Hua, Chignell, Mark and Ishizuka, Mitsuru (2006): Are two talking heads better than one?: when should use more than one agent in e-learning?. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2006. pp. 366-368. Available online
“Recent interest in the use of software character agents raises the issue of how many agents should be used in online learning. In this paper we review evidence concerning the relative effectiveness of multi-agent systems and introduce a multiple agent system that we have developed for online instruction. A user test is carried out that compares one and two agent versions of the learning system. The results are interpreted in terms of their implications for selecting when and how more than one agent should be used in online learning. We conclude with some recommendations on when multiple agents may help online learners to interact with the learning environment more easily and efficiently.”
» 2005 «
Mizobuchi, Sachi, Chignell, Mark and Newton, David (2005): Mobile text entry: relationship between walking speed and text input task difficulty. In: Proceedings of 7th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2005. pp. 122-128. Available online
“The effect of key size on text entry on a handheld device while walking and standing was examined in order to answer the following questions: 1) Will the additional workload of walking amplify the effect of input difficulty? and 2) Can walking speed be used as a secondary task measure of mental workload during mobile text entry? 13 participants (7 males and 6 females) input well known sayings (sentences) in English into a handheld device in each of four size conditions, with the text input box ranging in width between 2 and 5 millimetres (mm). Text input speed increased with larger size of text box up to a size of 3mm, and text input speed was faster when standing (vs. walking). The effect of size did not depend on whether participants were walking or standing. Errors were significantly higher for the 2mm size condition but did not vary for the wider sizes, while subjective ease of input increased with increasing input box width, only crossing the midpoint of the rating scale (i.e., more easy than difficult) at an input box width of 3mm. Based on these results it is recommended that a minimum text input box width of 3mm be used for handheld text input. Walking speed during text entry in this study was relatively low (with a mean of 1.77 km/h) but width of text input box had no additional effect on walking speed over and above the general slowing caused by text entry. Thus the answers to both of the main questions posed in this study were in the negative, although the fact that people had to enter text slowed walking speed by a fixed amount (independent of level of input difficulty) that varied between individuals. Implications for measuring workload in mobile text entry tasks are discussed.”
» 2004 «
Gwizdka, Jacek and Chignell, Mark (2004): Individual differences and task-based user interface evaluation: a case study of pending tasks in email. In Interacting with Computers, 16 (4) pp. 769-797
“This paper addresses issues raised by the ever-expanding role of email as a multi-faceted application that combines communication, collaboration, and task management. Individual differences analysis was used to contrast two email user interfaces in terms of their demands on users. The results of this analysis were then interpreted in terms of their implications for designing more inclusive interfaces that meet the needs of users with widely ranging abilities. The specific target of this research is the development of a new type of email message representation that makes pending tasks more visible. We describe a study that compared a new way of representing tasks in an email inbox, with a more standard representation (the Microsoft Outlook inbox). The study consisted of an experiment that examined how people with different levels of three specific cognitive capabilities (flexibility of closure, visual memory, and working memory) perform when using these representations. We then identified combinations of representation and task that are disadvantageous for people with low levels of the measured capabilities.”
» 2002 «
Graham, Michelle, Chignell, Mark and Takeshita, Harumi (2002): Design of documentation for handheld ergonomics: presenting clinical evidence at the point of care. In: ACM 20th International Conference on Computer Documentation 2002. pp. 44-48. Available online
“Medical doctors require high quality clinical evidence at the point of care in order to support their decision-making. Presentation of clinical evidence on handheld devices, and in a timely fashion, requires an integrated approach to documentation and ergonomic design. This paper reports on results from The Bringing Evidence to the Point of Care Project at the University of Toronto, concerning the display of quantitative data as part of clinical evidence. After introducing the problem and some of the relevant background literature, we indicate some prototype designs for presenting quantitative information on a handheld device, as graphs or tables. We then report on an initial usability study that compares the different prototypes. The results indicate that the doctors preferred statistical information to be presented as tables on the handheld device used in this study (in preference to lists or graphs).”
Yaltaghian, Behnak and Chignell, Mark (2002): Searching the Hypermedia Web: Improved Topic Distillation Through Network Analytic Relevance Ranking. In New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 8 pp. 171-197
“The Web is a large hypermedia space that is generally explored using search engines. These search engines are evolving to make more effective use of the hypermedia structure of the Web. This paper contributes to this evolution by proposing new methods of topic distillation in structured search based on co-citation and network analysis. We describe a set of 21 network analysis measures of relevance in Web search output. These measures are then compared with human judgments in two studies. In the first study, we compare the average judged relevance of the top 20 search results selected by Google vs. the top 20 results as selected by each of the 21 network analysis measures. All but one of the network analysis measures ("inlink") showed significantly (p<.05) better (as compared to Google) average judged relevance amongst their top 20 selections. Stepwise regression analysis was then used to identify a linear model with three network analysis measures as predictors, which accounted for roughly 17% of the variance in relevance judgments. In the second study the human judges compared ranked output from Google with the ranked output from the best fitting one- and three-predictor regression models. There was a tendency for people to prefer the ranked output from the three-predictor regression model. Only four of the 21 subjects made the Google output their first choice (out of the three options given to them). The output as ranked by the three-predictor model was also rated as having (within the top 20 ranked results) significantly more highly relevant results, and significantly fewer irrelevant results, than the corresponding ratings for Google. While these results need to be extended with more detailed analysis of a wide range of queries and topics, they suggest that network analysis of search output adjacency matrices (where adjacency/proximity is based on Web-wide co-citations) may significantly improve topic distillation by search engines.”
» 1998 «
Abrams, David, Baecker, Ronald M. and Chignell, Mark (1998): Information Archiving with Bookmarks: Personal Web Space Construction and Organization. In: Karat, Clare-Marie, Lund, Arnold, Coutaz, Joëlle and Karat, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 98 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 18-23, 1998, Los Angeles, California. pp. 41-48. Available online
“Bookmarks are used as "personal Web information spaces" to help people remember and retrieve interesting Web pages. A study of personal Web information spaces surveyed 322 Web users and analyzed the bookmark archives of 50 Web users. The results of this study are used to address why people make bookmarks, and how they create, use, and organize them. Recommendations for improving the organization, visualization, representation, and integration of bookmarks are provided. The recommendations include simple mechanisms for filing bookmarks at creation time, the use of time-based visualizations with automated filters, the use of contextual information in representing bookmarks, and the combination of hierarchy formation and Web page authoring to aid in organizing and viewing bookmarks.”
» 1997 «
Golovchinsky, Gene, Chignell, Mark and Charoenkitkarn, Nipon (1997): Formal experiments in casual attire: case studies in information exploration. In New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 3 pp. 123-157
“This paper addresses the issue of how research methodology can be developed for the specific needs of research into information exploration behaviour, based on a four year program of research on individual strategies in information exploration. We propose a meta-experimental framework where research is carried out through a dynamic interaction between what and why questions, and between confirmatory and exploratory analyses. This approach preserves many of the advantages of formal experimentation, while permitting a more holistic examination of phenomena that is characteristic of ethnography. The application of the meta-theoretical framework is illustrated in three case studies that examined new information exploration functionalities and interfaces and their relationship to expertise and exploration strategy.”
» 1996 «
Chignell, Mark and Keevil, Benjamin (1996): Developing Usable Online Information for a Web Authoring Tool. In: ACM 14th International Conference on Systems Documentation 1996. pp. 115-123. Available online
“This paper discusses the development of an informal checklist that improves the usability of online information for a software user guide. The paper: 1. summarizes existing ways to measure the usability of documentation; 2. describes the development of a checklist to informally measure usability and quality assurance; 3. applies the checklist to an online user guide for a World Wide Web authoring tool called Tapestry. The paper also describes how the checklists were developed from academic and industry research and illustrates the importance of the Web for distributing user information.”
Golovchinsky, Gene and Chignell, Mark (1996): Merging Hypertext and Information Retrieval in the Interface. In: Proceedings of the 19th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 1996. pp. 341-342. Available online
“Information Retrieval (IR) is concerned with facilitating users' access to large amounts of (predominantly textual) information. In the 1980s, hypertext was introduced as an interactive, dynamic user interface style that did away with complicated query syntaxes typical of IR systems of the day. In this work, we propose a logical continuum of interface functionality that unites traditional information retrieval and hypertext interfaces. We describe VOIR, an information exploration interface that combines the immediacy and user-centeredness of hypertext interfaces with the flexibility and generality of modern information retrieval algorithms. This interface, implemented in a software prototype, presents the search results in parallel (newspaper-style), enabling the user to compare search results and to evaluate the effectiveness of the query. It uses term frequency heuristics to identify terms that will serve as anchors, and uses the context around the selected anchor to determine the collection of destination documents. The algorithms developed in this prototype are being applied to a Web-based dynamic hypertext.”
» 1995 «
Zuberec, Sarah and Chignell, Mark (1995): Contextual Linking: Supporting Weak Models of Navigation in Information Exploration. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. .
Chignell, Mark, Motoyama, Tetsuro and Melo, Venicio (1995): Discount Video Analysis for Usability Engineering. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 323-328.
“Usability analysis has to be cost-effective. In this paper we discuss the role of video analysis in usability engineering, outlining an approach for making it easier and less time consuming. After reviewing the various approaches to usability analysis, the role of video in iterative design and evaluation is discussed. A method is proposed for simplifying video analysis by automating clip segmentation based on sound analysis and other techniques. This is followed by a brief description of a direct manipulation video editor that we are developing for usability engineers.”
» 1993 «
Charoenkitkarn, Nipon, Tam, Jim, Chignell, Mark and Golovchinsky, Gene (1993): Browsing Through Querying: Designing for Electronic Books. In: Stotts, P. David and Furuta, Richard (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 93 Conference November 14-18, 1993, Seattle, Washington. pp. 206-216. Available online
“The emerging technologies of pen-based navigation and hand-held computing pose a number of challenges for hypertext and the development of electronic books. In this paper we explore methods of query-based browsing that meet some of these challenges. We describe an existing prototype (Queries-R-Links) that we have developed and we then discuss an enhanced version of query-based browsing that uses methods of text analysis and related approaches to provide a more focused set of hits (links) during browsing.”
Waterworth, John A., Chignell, Mark and Zhai, Shumin (1993): From Icons to Interface Models: Designing Hypermedia from the Bottom Up. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 39 (3) pp. 453-472
“We describe a method to derive design models for hypermedia interfaces from the bottom up. Firstly, we compile a list of hypermedia interface features which we classify according to the category of functions they fulfill. We then describe an experiment in which candidate designs for low-level interface features were designed and tested for recognizability. In the experiment, icons for each of 61 hypermedia concepts were generated and then judged. Finally, we outline and illustrate a model induction phase in which low-level features are combined into an overall interface model, via "micro-models" that take account of the types of icons that worked best for each class of interface feature. We suggest that, at least for hypermedia systems, a bottom-up approach to interface design based on the functions of low-level features is preferable to the dominant, top-down approach based around one or more metaphors.”
Fitzmaurice, George W., Zhai, Shumin and Chignell, Mark (1993): Virtual Reality for Palmtop Computers. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 11 (3) pp. 197-218
“We are exploring how virtual reality theories can be applied toward palmtop computers. In our prototype, called the Chameleon, a small 4-inch hand-held monitor acts as a palmtop computer with the capabilities of a Silicon Graphics workstation. A 6D input device and a response button are attached to the small monitor to detect user gestures and input selections for issuing commands. An experiment was conducted to evaluate our design and to see how well depth could be perceived in the small screen compared to a large 21-inch screen, and the extent to which movement of the small display (in a palmtop virtual reality condition) could improve depth perception. Results show that with very little training, perception of depth in the palmtop virtual reality condition is about as good as corresponding depth perception in a large (but static) display. Variations to the initial design are also discussed, along with issues to be explored in future research. Our research suggests that palmtop virtual reality may support effective navigation and search and retrieval, in rich and portable information spaces.”
Golovchinsky, Gene and Chignell, Mark (1993): Queries-R-Links: Browsing and Retrieval via Interactive Querying. In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 1993. p. 359. Available online
“In this demonstration we introduce an interactive querying style of interaction that combines features of hypertext with Boolean querying, using direct markup of text to launch queries. We show the Queries-R-Links system that we have developed at the University of Toronto. The current implementation of Queries-R-Links is a SmallTalk (ObjectWorks from ParcPlace) program that runs on a SparcStation in tandem with a full text retrieval system. Queries-R-Links uses the graphical markup method to launch Boolean queries interactively using direct markup of text. Queries-R-Links is fully expressive for non-negated Boolean queries. Queries are expressed in disjunctive normal form by grouping selected words into AND clusters. This form is used as a relatively simple but expressive method of querying that avoids the use of negations, parentheses and nested expressions. Expressions in non-negated disjunctive normal form (DNF) do not use the NOT operator, and each expression is a collection of disjoint AND clusters (e.g., [A AND B] OR [C AND D]). Words are selected by clicking on them, and dragging between words creates a line representing the AND operator. OR relations are indicated by the absence of connecting lines. Queries-R-Links also allows the user to enter additional keywords in the margin. These words may then be linked in the same manner. Thus queries may include words that do not appear in the text currently being viewed. Experimental evidence in support of the use of this type of graphical querying as an alternative to textual Boolean queries is described in Golovchinsky and Chignell (1993).”
Chignell, Mark, Poblete, Ferdie and Zuberec, Sarah (1993): An Exploration in the Design Space of Three-Dimensional Hierarchies. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 333-337.
“Three dimensional hierarchies may be used to visualize and manipulate a variety of types of information, including tables of contents, taxonomies, fault trees, and code libraries in languages such as C++. Based on a review of the literature, it is suggested that visual scanning and perceived organization are two main processes involved in the understanding and use of 3D hierarchies. A general system (Info-TV) is described which can be used to explore a 3D design space. Info-TV is an information tree visualization system that takes hierarchical information and displays it in a three dimensional format. It has been designed to include the major parameters of the tree visualization design space and can be used to explore this space. Two experiments are reported that assess the effect of different tree shapes on different tasks. The results of these experiments are then discussed in terms of their implications for the design space of three-dimensional hierarchies.”
» 1992 «
Harrison, Beverly L., Chignell, Mark and Baecker, Ronald M. (1992): Out of Site, Still in Mind? A Case Study in Video Mediated Communication. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 242-246.
“Video mediated communication alters our perception of the way in which we interact and communicate. In contrast to face to face or audio only (e.g., telephone) communication, there is relatively little systematic research on the effect of video conferencing on communication within groups of people at dispersed locations (Harrison, 1991b; Harrison et al, 1992b; Sellen, 1992; Wolf, 1988; Cohen, 1982; Short, Williams, and Christie, 1976). In this paper we describe a study of how participants at three distant locations perceived differences between face to face (within site) and video mediated (between site) communication. Results indicate that participants perceived between site, mediated communication to be unnatural and uncomfortable. They felt there were problems with gaining floor control and with conversation flow. Additionally, participants perceived the between site, mediated communication to be less interactive, less social, and less enjoyable than the face to face, within site communication. The insights gained through this and other case studies, summarized here, will be used to guide our future research. This study is one in a series of field trials and controlled experiments aimed at understanding the human factors issues associated with video communication and the design of such systems.”
Golovchinsky, Gene and Chignell, Mark (1992): Making Queries Look Like Links: An Interaction Style for Information Exploration. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. .
» 1991 «
Waterworth, John A. and Chignell, Mark (1991): A Model of Information Exploration. In Hypermedia, 3 (1) pp. 35-58
“A three-dimensional model of information exploration is presented. By pointing to three distinct dimensions of exploration, we attempt to clarify the respective roles of the human and the system in browsing and information retrieval, and to characterise alternative interaction styles to maximise retrieval effectiveness. We illustrate the applicability of our model of exploration by describing eight paradigmatic cases of information exploration that represent different vertices of the model. We also briefly describe an initial experiment that attempted to assess the pragmatic impact of various combinations of exploration features. We then discuss methods for integrating hypermedia and information retrieval into general information exploration systems and discuss some of the processes that people use in information exploration. We conclude with a plea for the development of hybrid information systems combining exploration features in the most appropriate way according to the task needs of users.”
Chignell, Mark, Nordhausen, Bernd, Valdez, J. Felix and Waterworth, John A. (1991): The HEFTI Model of Text to Hypertext Conversion. In Hypermedia, 3 (1991) pp. 187-205
“Manual authoring is a major bottleneck in the more widespread use of hypertext. The authoring process has been shown to be slow and labour intensive and hence expensive. Yet there already exists a large body of printed material which can be adopted for hypertext and hypermedia. In the project HEFTI (Hypertext Extraction From Text Incrementally), we are exploring methods of convening printed text into hypertext. We have developed a model which breaks the conversion process into a sequence of six modular components. The output of the conversion process are hypertext documents in a general specification language. In this paper we detail the model and our implementation of the HEFTI model. We believe the system demonstrates the validity of the model as it was used to convert a medium-sized technical textbook into hypertext within a (long) working day. We furthermore discuss two usability experiments that we carried out on HEFTI produced documents. In the conclusion of this paper we look at some open research issues.”
Chignell, Mark and Waterworth, John A. (1991): WIMPs and NERDs: An Extended View of the User Interface. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (2) pp. 15-21
Nordhausen, Bernd, Chignell, Mark and Waterworth, John A. (1991): The Missing Link? Comparison of Manual and Automated Linking in Hypertext Engineering. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 310-314.
“Most discussions of hypertext usability are not founded in empirical measurement but more on conjectures based on personal experience. In this paper we report on two empirical analyses of hypertext usability, focusing on the quality of links produced by different means. We conducted two experiments to test the predicted relevance and the evaluated relevance of links, that is, where links are evaluated either before or after they are traversed. In order to evaluate these two kinds of relevance, we conducted two experiments where a hypertext document was created from a printed text. In each experiment we compared the relevances of three different sets of links. One set was created by a human author, whereas the second set was created automatically using the HEFTI (Hypertext Extraction From Text Incrementally) model for converting text into hypertext. We also generated a third set of links by assigning links randomly between nodes. The main goal of this research was to develop empirical tests that evaluate the usability of hypertext links. A second goal was to test the validity of automatically generated links using the HEFTI model. In this paper we detail the two experiments, and discuss their implication for methods of hypertext usability assessment and design.”
» 1990 «
Chignell, Mark (1990): A Taxonomy of User Interface Terminology. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 21 (4) pp. 27-34
“User interface design and analysis is an inherently interdisciplinary activity that merges cognitive, computing, and engineering sciences. Due to the rapid pace of technological change, there is as yet no science of human-computer interaction and little consensus on what the core knowledge of the discipline should be. In other sciences, the development of taxonomies, such as the taxonomy of living organisms in biology, has proved to be a useful foundation for scientific activity. This paper proposes a taxonomy of user interface terminology as a possible basis for the eventual development of human-computer interaction as a science. This taxonomy includes a model of the basic components of the interface and coverage of some of the major cognitive engineering principles that form the basis for human-computer interaction.”
» 1989 «
Smith, Philip J., Shute, Steven J., Galdes, Deborah and Chignell, Mark (1989): Knowledge-Based Search Tactics for an Intelligent Intermediary System. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 7 (3) pp. 246-270
“Research on the nature of knowledge-based systems for bibliographic information retrieval is summarized. Knowledge-based search tactics are then considered in terms of their role in the functioning of a semantically based search system for bibliographic information retrieval, EP-X. This system uses such tactics to actively assist users in defining or refining their topics of interest. It does so by applying these tactics to a knowledge base describing topics in a particular domain and to a database describing the contents of individual documents in terms of these topics. This paper, then, focuses on the two central concepts behind EP-X: semantically based search and knowledge-based search tactics.”
Waterworth, John A. and Chignell, Mark (1989): A Manifesto for Hypermedia Usability Research. In Hypermedia, 1 (3) pp. 205-234
“Following a brief introductory review of existing findings, we discuss key aspects of hypermedia usability in the light of the differences, and similarities, between the design of hypermedia applications and that of more conventional user interfaces. Conversational interaction, techniques for visualisation of structure, considerations of relevance and importance, and the provision of selective views of knowledge bases are all considered. We then focus on the role of analogy and of dynamism in hypermedia interface design, with particular emphasis on the advantages and pitfalls of using metaphor. The concluding section summarises our manifesto for future hypermedia usability research.”
Smith, Philip J., Shute, Steven J., Galdes, Deb and Chignell, Mark (1989): In Search of Knowledge-Based Search Tactics. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 1989. pp. 3-10.
“Knowledge-based search tactics are discussed in terms of their role in the functioning of a semantically-based search system for bibliographic information retrieval. This prototype system, EP-X, actively assists users in defining or refining their topics of interest. It does so by applying search tactics to a knowledge-base describing topics in a particular domain and a database describing the contents of individual documents. This paper reviews the empirical studies that lead to the two central concepts implemented in EP-X: 1. Semantically-based search; 2. Knowledge-based search tactics. It then describes the capabilities of a system based on such concepts.”
» 1988 «
Higgins, Thomas J. and Chignell, Mark (1988): Mental Models: A Fifth Paradigm?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 145-149.
“This paper describes ongoing research concerned with the development of a mental model for human pilots performing the final phases of an instrument landing approach. The results of three experiments are reported. The first experiment (reported more extensively by Higgins and Chignell, 1987) was used to select the parameters used in the subsequent experiments. The second experiment tested the validity of collecting verbal protocols during simulated instrument landings, while the third experiment studied the behavior of pilots when a wind condition, and additional information, are introduced to the task. In the third experiment, theoretically useful information was provided by an experimenter simulating the advice that would be given by an expert system. However, the results of this experiment showed that information hurt, rather than helped, performance. Verbal protocols were also collected in the three experiments. The second experiment tested the effect that collecting verbal protocols had on pilot performance on the task. Although some perturbation of task performance was observed, think aloud protocols were found to give satisfactory results, while the newly developed method "division of labor" (Higgins and Chignell, 1987) was found to be unsatisfactory as currently used (without specific training of each pilot-copilot pair).”
Lacy, Richard M., Chignell, Mark and Kinnell, Susan K. (1988): Authoring Hypermedia for Computer Based Instruction. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 313-317.
“Recent recognition of the importance of writing and critical thinking skills, both within and beyond the scope of the university, has focused attention on the role of the research paper in the composition course. However attempts to teach the research paper, for the most part, have been unsuccessful. What is needed is a new model for the research paper which can be incorporated into the composition course. At USC we have developed such a model in the Project Jefferson interface. In this paper we discuss our experience in using the Project Jefferson model to author hypermedia based curricular tools and discuss issues in authoring hypermedia structures based on that experience. We report the results of structured interviews carried out with the personnel who were responsible for authoring the hypertext and index for Project Jefferson. We also interpret features of the authoring process in terms of their impact on the resulting compatibility between software structures and student cognitive structures, as observed in two related studies (Teshiba and Chignell, 1988; Valdez, Chignell, and Kinnel, 1988). The version of the Project Jefferson prototype interface used in this research is an adaptation of HyperCard to teach freshman students how to do research within the framework of a writing assignment. It is a self-contained research tool which assists in the development of skills to do research in the real world. Its overall conceptual metaphor is that of an electronic notebook with which students can gain access to a paper assignment on the US Constitution; read a dictionary or encyclopedia for background information on Constitutional issues, and download key ideas to their electronic notebook; search a database of bibliographic information, taking notes if need be, or simply downloading citations; and finally dumping all this information into a text file as the raw materials of a research paper. In this paper we discuss our experience in using the Project Jefferson model to author hypermedia based curricular tools and discuss general issues in authoring hypermedia structures based on that experience.”
Valdez, Felix, Chignell, Mark and Glenn, Bernice (1988): Browsing Models for Hypermedia Databases. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 318-322.
“Hypertext can be simply defined as the creation and representation of links between discrete pieces of data. When this data can be graphics, or sound, as well as text or numbers, the resulting structure is referred to as hypermedia. The strengths of hypermedia arise from its flexibility in storing and retrieving knowledge. Any piece of information, whether it be text, graphics, sound, numerical data, etc., can be linked to any other piece of information. In many ways, the problems of hypermedia stem from the very flexibility that is its chief advantage and justification. It is difficult to maintain a sense of where things are in a relatively unstructured network of information. While the associative nature of hypermedia increases the availability of large amounts of diverse information, this very diversity makes it easy for information and users to get lost. Hypermedia exacerbates the problem of getting "lost in information space" by providing a complex associative structure that can be traversed, but not fully visualized. Information gets lost because it becomes difficult to organize and tag effectively, while users get lost as they lose sense of where they are in the hypermedia. Getting lost or disoriented occurs when one doesn't know where one is. Solutions to the problem of disorientation in hypermedia appear to fall into two general classes. First, one can create maps or browsers that allows users to determine where they are in terms of the overall network, or regions thereof. Second, one can create tags, markers or milestones which represent familiar locations, much as a lighthouse signals location in the middle of a foggy night. This paper reports basic research on the identification of landmarks in a hypermedia application.”
Teshiba, Kenneth and Chignell, Mark (1988): Development of a User Model Evaluation Technique for Hypermedia Based Interfaces. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 323-327.
“The model underlying the interface and its interpretation by the user is a key element of successful interface usage (Chignell and Hancock, 1986; Norman, 1986). Some of the critical characteristics of the system model that determine its effectiveness are: 1) the proximity between the user's model and the system model, 2) how well the system model is matched to its application, and 3) how easily the system model lends itself to navigation through the interface. Several interesting issues arise from studying these system model characteristics. One of these is how the system model can be built in order to meet the needs of all users. Ideally, a system model must be flexible to meet the requirements of users from varied knowledge bases and computing experience, yet must be specific enough to perform its function in an efficient manner. Evaluation of human computer interfaces has traditionally been limited to determining the effectiveness of linear text and graphics. Evaluation tools have generally been formulated as checklists which assess predominantly static characteristics of interfaces either through user (e.g. Chin, Diehl, and Norman, 1988) or expert evaluation (Hamel and Clark, 1986). The use of a hypermedia interface, with its many nested levels and pathways, may produce varied user models. Thus it is particularly important to evaluate a user's perceived system model versus the actual system model in order to determine the effectiveness and deficiencies of the interface when it involves a hypermedia application. Traditional evaluation techniques include user evaluation and feedback, analysis of user learning, analysis of user interface usage patterns. However, modifications to these traditional methods must be considered to meet the different challenges that a hypermedia interface presents. Methods of evaluation are needed for hypermedia, and for other applications where the human factors characteristics of the interface are not obvious from an assessment of its static characteristics. Through comparison of the user's perceived system model versus the actual system model it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of a hypermedia interface in large part, and identify obvious deficiencies. The interface designer can then determine why idiosyncratic or inappropriate user models occurred and then alter the interface or user thinking (through training or online help) to improve the interface. This paper discusses two experiments carried out at the University of Southern California using the Jefferson prototype interface (a computer assisted assignment/online retrieval tool). These experiments use a novel method of evaluating the proximity between student models of the interface and the intended system model through the comparison of hierarchies built by students before and after using the software.”
» 1987 «
Higgins, Thomas J. and Chignell, Mark (1987): Cognitive Processes during Instrument Landing. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 1216-1220.
“Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the cockpit require a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes of the pilot. This paper describes ongoing research concerned with developing cognitive models of pilot behavior that can support the development of expert systems and machine reasoning within the cockpit. An experiment is reported where the behavior of pilots within a flight simulator is observed. Verbal instructions given by the controlling pilot in a "division of labor" task are used to identify salient features of pilot cognitive models of the task. The results of this experiment are interpreted in terms of their implications for the development of future expert systems within the cockpit. Continued research on the cognitive models used by pilots should permit the development of a knowledge base that will assist display design, training programs, and research on mental workload within the cockpit.”
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Publication statistics
Publication period:1987-2008
Publication count:37
Number of co-authors:42
Productive colleagues
Mark Chignell's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Ravin Balakrishnan:86Ronald M. Baecker:58
Shumin Zhai:55
Collaboration count
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
John A. Waterworth:6Gene Golovchinsky:5
Alvin Chin:3
Other options
Learn more about Mark Chignell:
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“ Computer programs emerge as the outcome of complex human processes of cognition, communication and negotiation, which serve to establish the meaningful embedding of the computer system in its intended use context. ”
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