Mark Bernstein
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Publications by Mark Bernstein (bibliography)
» 2006 «
Bernstein, Mark (2006): Intimate information: organic hypertext structure and incremental formalization for everyone's everyday tasks. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Wikis 2006. pp. 9-10. Available online
“Much of our most important writing is written to ourselves and to our immediate circle of family, friends, and allies. This intimate or nobitic information includes not merely calendars and grocery lists, but also work for planning our future endeavors, as well as correspondence to our future selves and our progeny. Tinderbox is a tool for making, analyzing, and sharing notes -- offers a range of representational tools ranging from conventional links and WikiLinks to prototype inheritance and spatial hypertext. People exploit this complex tool set to help discover and express the structure of everyday ideas; of particular interest is the problem of creating structure for work that has not yet been written and that will evolve in unexpected directions. The history of constructive hypertext and the success of early wikis provides invaluable guidance for structuring nobitic writing tools.”
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» 2004 «
Bernstein, Mark (2004): Lust, touch, metadata: meaning and the limits of adaptation. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2004. pp. 36-37. Available online
“Adding and removing links carries great rhetorical weight. Modern hypertext tools often treat links as metadata and use metadata to provide navigational access. To view links or metadata as extrinsic information applied to an underlying document may no longer be a viable strategy.”
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» 2003 «
Bernstein, Mark (2003): Collage, composites, construction. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2003. pp. 122-123. Available online
“Tinderbox, a hypertext tool for making, analyzing, and sharing notes, explores the use of collage to build and share linked conceptual structures. Adopting a simple, regular data structure that exploits prototype inheritance and transclusion, Tinderbox helps build malleable, personal documents that are partially self-organizing.”
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» 2002 «
Bernstein, Mark, Millard, David E. and Weal, Mark J. (2002): On writing sculptural Hypertext. In: Hypertext'02 - Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 11-15, 2002, College Park, Maryland, USA. pp. 65-66. Available online
“Sculptural hypertext is proposed as an alternative domain for hypertext writing, proceeding chiefly by the removal of links rather than by adding links to an initially unlinked text. Relatively little is known about authoring sculptural hypertexts. This paper examines some issues that arise in the course of composing sculptural hypertexts and proposes tools which might help support such designs.”
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Rosenberg, Jim, Bernstein, Mark, Marshall, Catherine C., Bra, Paul De, Millard, David E. and Shipman III, Frank M. (2002): Chain saws for sculptural Hypertext. In: Hypertext'02 - Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 11-15, 2002, College Park, Maryland, USA. p. 137. Available online
“The term "Sculptural Hypertext", coined by Mark Bernstein in his Hypertext '01 paper "Card Shark and Thespis," refers to a style of writing hypertext where the document author starts with a massively connected structure, and the task of authoring links consists of cutting away those links that are not wanted, much as someone sculpting in stone in the traditional way starts with a block of stone and forms an image by cutting away the "excess" material. The opposing term, "Calligraphic Hypertext," refers to the more familiar method of finely authoring each link. This panel seeks to address questions pertaining to authorship and tools for the sculptural approach to hypertext. Among the questions we want to address are: How does one write a sculptural hypertext? How does this concept scale -- or is it only suited to small works? What differences are there for the reader of a sculptural hypertext vs. a calligraphic hypertext? How does the "subtractive" concept work with other models of hypertext than the node-link model, e.g. spatial hypertext? What are the differences in requirements for tool designers of sculptural vs. calligraphic hypertext systems.”
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Moulthrop, Stuart, Bernstein, Mark and Carton, Sean (2002): Self-assembling hypertexts, weblogs, and wikis. In: Hypertext'02 - Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 11-15, 2002, College Park, Maryland, USA. p. 149. Available online
“Although most theory and research in the hypertext community has been directed toward systems and implementations with fairly conventional patterns of authorship, hypertext as it has evolved on the Internet contains a number of stranger species: Web logs (or "blogs") that consist largely of citations or pointers to other Web content; reader-writeable text spaces sometimes called "Wikis"; and in spaces outside the Web, shared writing environments like MUDs and MOOs. This panel brings together several writer/designers who have experience in one or more of these areas. The panelists will consider how open-form and self-assembling texts fit and stretch the hypertext paradigm, and what contribution these writing practices might make to the future of writing on the Net.”
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Bernstein, Mark (2002): Storyspace 1. In: Hypertext'02 - Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 11-15, 2002, College Park, Maryland, USA. pp. 172-181. Available online
“Storyspace, a hypertext writing environment, has been widely used for writing, reading, and research for nearly fifteen years. The appearance of a new implementation provides a suitable occasion to review the design of Storyspace, both in its historical context and in the context of contemporary research. Of particular interest is the opportunity to examine its use in a variety of published documents, all created within one system, but spanning the most of the history of literary hypertext.”
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Moulthrop, Stuart, Slattery, Diana, Rosenberg, Jim, Bernstein, Mark and Montfort, Nick (2002): Hypermedia and multimedia. In: Hypertext'02 - Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 11-15, 2002, College Park, Maryland, USA. p. 196. Available online
“Though Nelson gave us "hypermedia" practically in the same breath as "hypertext," initial literary explorations of hypermedia stuck fairly closely to verbal models. Over the last five years this bias has begun notably to decay. As poets, graphic, and narrative artists become more familiar with powerful end-user tools like Macromedia Flash, and as these tools evolve more sophisticated scripting support, the old line between multi-dimensional hypertext and more linear multimedia has considerably blurred. This process raises important questions both for artists and for hypertext theorists. What is the place of verbal forms in a context of dynamic images? How can the spatial agenda of hypertext navigation be reconciled with animation, simulation, and other primarily temporal techniques? What can creators of hypertext systems learn from aesthetic encounters between word and image.”
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» 2001 «
Bernstein, Mark (2001): Card shark and thespis: exotic tools for hypertext narrative. In: Hypertext'01 - Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia August 14-18, 2001, Aarhus, Denmark. pp. 41-50. Available online
“Card Shark and Thespis are two newly-implemented hypertext systems for creating hypertext narrative. Both systems depart dramatically from the tools currently popular for writing hypertext fiction, and these departures may help distinguish between the intrinsic nature of hypertext and the tendencies of particular software tools and formalisms. The implementation of these systems raises interesting questions about assumptions underlying recent discussion of immersive, interactive fictions, and suggests new opportunities for hypertext research.”
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» 2000 «
Bernstein, Mark (2000): More than Legible: On Links that Readers Don't Want to Follow. In: Hypertext 00 - Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia May 30 - June 03, 2000, San Antonio, Texas, USA. pp. 216-217. Available online
» 1999 «
Bernstein, Mark (1999): Anticipations of Hypertext: STOP and the Literary Machine. In ACM SIGDOC *Journal of Computer Documentation, 23 (3) pp. 79-86
“"In addressing document engineering needs of the 1960s," contends Bernstein, "STOP anticipates the [hypertext] documentation controversies of the 1990s" (79), including debates about the importance of information modularity, the value of "explicit hierarchical structure and persuasive navigational cues" (81), and the role of images in technical text. But STOP overlooked the impact of both audience diversity and reader participation in interpreting complex publications.”
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» 1998 «
Bernstein, Mark (1998): Patterns of Hypertext. In: Hypertext 98 - Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 20-24, 1998, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. pp. 21-29. Available online
“The apparent unruliness of contemporary hypertexts arises, in part, from our lack of a vocabulary to describe hypertext structures. From observation of a variety of actual hypertexts, we identify a variety of common structural patterns that may prove useful for description, analysis, and perhaps for design of complex hypertexts. These patterns include: Cycle Counterpoint Mirrorworld Tangle Sieve Montage Split/Join Missing Link Feint”
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Lowe, David B., Bernstein, Mark, Paolini, Paolo and Schwabe, Daniel (1998): Developing Hypermedia. In: Hypertext 98 - Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 20-24, 1998, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. p. 307. Available online
“Although various hypertexts and hypertext-based applications exist which demonstrate the power of HT concepts, hypertext still tends to be underutilised in many systems, especially the Web. This can possibly be attributed in part to the lack of appropriate approaches to the creation or development of hypertext-based applications and sites. This panel will focus on different perspectives relating to how we should be approaching the development. In particular, the panel will consider development which enhances both the quality of the creative or development process, and the quality of the (hypertext) results of our development. The panelists will discuss aspects such as their positions with respect to the level of formality needed in the process and where the strong focus of attention during the development should be placed.”
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» 1997 «
Bernstein, Mark, Carr, Leslie and Osterbye, Kasper (eds.) Hypertext 97 - Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext April 06-11, 1997, Southampton, UK.
Bernstein, Mark, Brooks, Kevin M., Crampes, Michel, Nanard, Marc, Balpe, Jean Pierre and Cayley, John (1997): Hypermedia and The Future of Authorship. In: Bernstein, Mark, Carr, Leslie and Osterbye, Kasper (eds.) Hypertext 97 - Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext April 06-11, 1997, Southampton, UK. p. 238. Available online
“Hypertexts and customizable, interactive media are playing a growing role in our technical and literary culture. Through interactive stories, novels, and narratives, readers are taking control of stories, ranging from Web drama to their daily news media. Active characters and computational agents, too, participate in shaping these New Narratives. Do hypermedia still need human authors? Narrative is an essential -- and complex -- component of a wide variety of writing, ranging from storytelling and journalism to historical accounts, clinical case studies, and technical protocol specifications. Current research in automatic generation of narrative from abstract knowledge representations may lead to autonomously generated narratives for technical documentation as well as for art. Hypertext systems that write (and rewrite) themselves present many fascinating questions. What will be the human author's role? Is this change an enrichment or a degeneration of authorship? Will these techniques cause the emergence of new forms of art? Will they open new ways of reading?”
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Ashman, Helen, Balasubramanian, V., Hill, Gary, Smith, John, Bernstein, Mark and Nurnberg, Peter J. (1997): The WWW and Hypertext Research. In: Bernstein, Mark, Carr, Leslie and Osterbye, Kasper (eds.) Hypertext 97 - Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext April 06-11, 1997, Southampton, UK. p. 239. Available online
“From its beginnings as a poster presentation in the Hypertext '91 conference, the World Wide Web has grown into an independent research field which far outstrips the hypertext field in the production of research and software. Hypertext research cannot afford to ignore the Web, but it does not seem to play a large part in Web research. "Hypertext" is a key word in both of the important Web acronyms, HTTP and HTML, yet hypertext research seems to be only a minor part of the whole of Web research. To many people these days, hypertext and the Web are synonymous. Does this mean that the Web research community now represents hypertext research? Is this the end of hypertext research as we know it? On the other hand, the Web has created a much wider interest in hypertext. Is the Web our opportunity to test and sell hypertext ideas? Commercial enterprises invest money into Web research on a scale far outstripping their investments in general hypertext research. Can we make use of some of those resources by placing hypertext research firmly in a Web context? What hypertext research needs to be implemented in the Web? If we can identify what needs to be done, are we doing it? Conversely, what issues has the Web raised which hypertext researchers need to address more closely? We hope to come away from this panel discussion with a better understanding of the part we, as hypertext researchers, have to play in the future of the Web.”
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» 1996 «
Bernstein, Mark, Landow, George P., Mylonas, Elli and Smith, John B. (1996): The Process of Discovery: Hypertext and Scholarship. In: Hypertext 96 - Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext March 16-20, 1996, Washington, DC. p. 258. Available online
“We have all seen hypertext applied to teaching and publication, and certainly as an object of research in itself. What is far more rare are examples of hypertext systems and documents integrated into the research process in other fields. Where are the scholars who are taking notes and organizing their thoughts and data using a hypertext system? Why do so many hypertext researchers still work with conventional word processors? Is This lack due to intrinsic problems with the systems? Or is it a problem of the scholars and researchers? Will this change in a generation? The participants will discuss these questions based on their own experience both positive and negative, with an especial focus on the use (or non-use) of hypertext(s) as laboratory, or "sandbox" for scholarship and scientific work.”
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» 1993 «
Bernstein, Mark (1993): Enactment in Information Farming. In: Stotts, P. David and Furuta, Richard (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 93 Conference November 14-18, 1993, Seattle, Washington. pp. 242-249. Available online
“Information farming views the cultivation of information as a continuing, collaborative activity performed by groups of people working together to achieve changing individual and common goals. Failure to differentiate information farming from related but distinct activities like information mining and data factories has been a fruitful source of misunderstanding and discord in the hypertext literature and in the design of hypertext environments. Dramatic enactment and visual salience -- not recall, precision, or usability -- assume primary roles in design for information gardening. In this technical briefing, we examine how enactment contribute to the success and failure of a variety of Hypergate and Storyspace features.”
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Bernstein, Mark, Marshall, Catherine C. and Streitz, Norbert A. (1993): Argumentation in Action. In: Stotts, P. David and Furuta, Richard (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 93 Conference November 14-18, 1993, Seattle, Washington. pp. 274-275. Available online
“Can explicit hypertext structure shed light on complicated arguments? Three hypertext systems -- Storyspace, Aquanet, and SEPIA -- will be used to explore and to represent issues from the Hypertext 93 panel, "Hypertext Fiction: Structure and Narrative." Through a realistic experiment in capturing a particularly challenging exchange of views, this panel seeks to illuminate different approaches to hypertext argumentation.”
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» 1992 «
Bernstein, Mark, Joyce, Michael and Levine, David (1992): Contours of Constructive Hypertexts. In: Lucarella, D., Nanard, Jocelyne, Nanard, Marc and Paolini, P. (eds.) Proceedings of ECHT 92 the Fourth ACM Conference on Hypertext November 30 - December 04, 1992, Milano, Italy. pp. 161-170. Available online
“Discussion of hypertext rhetoric and criticism has focused on small, fixed hypertexts that are typically used by casual readers for comparatively short periods. Here we explore complex, constructive hypertexts, intended to inform and to influence dedicated and thoughtful readers. Recurrence and multivalence, both deplored in small hypertexts, prove from study of more complex texts to be very valuable. While static, graph-theoretic measures facilitate understanding of local hypertext structure, the structures of meaning or contours we observe in current hypertext fiction and scholarship do not appear to reside in static structures, but rather in the complex and dynamic perceptions of the engaged reader.”
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Bernstein, Mark, Bieber, Michael, Furuta, Richard, Kibby, Michael, Marshall, Catherine C. and Paolini, Paolo (1992): Hypermedia Production: Hand-Craft of Witchcraft?. In: Lucarella, D., Nanard, Jocelyne, Nanard, Marc and Paolini, P. (eds.) Proceedings of ECHT 92 the Fourth ACM Conference on Hypertext November 30 - December 04, 1992, Milano, Italy. pp. 282-283. Available online
“Many successful hypermedia systems are hand-crafted; creating and navigating their networks of nodes and links is entirely under user control. In other systems, concern for the economics of manually linking large bodies of existing information, coupled with a desire to promote more responsive and reconfigurable interfaces, has spurred the development of automated tools, intensional or virtual structures, automatic node content generation and automatic link discovery. Some claim that, apart from annotation features such as commenting, the significant hypermedia systems of the future will be entirely automated. In this panel we explore the potential and dangers of automating hypermedia.”
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Polillo, Roberto, Bernstein, Mark, Garzotto, F., Hardman, Lynda and Kahn, Peter H. (1992): Hypermedia Readability. In: Lucarella, D., Nanard, Jocelyne, Nanard, Marc and Paolini, P. (eds.) Proceedings of ECHT 92 the Fourth ACM Conference on Hypertext November 30 - December 04, 1992, Milano, Italy. p. 286. Available online
“Since the appearance of the first hypertext applications, it is customary to blame the hypertext technology for "disorienting" readers and causing "cognitive overload". On the other hand, the user interface of many hypertext and hypermedia applications on the market is often very poorly designed. Many applications show a tendency to "over-linking" or "over-buttoning", and only a few show a clearly recognizable structure.”
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» 1991 «
Bernstein, Mark, Bolter, Jay David, Joyce, Michael and Mylonas, Elli (1991): Architectures for Volatile Hypertext. In: Walker, Jan (ed.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 91 Conference December 15-18, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 243-260. Available online
Bernstein, Mark, Brown, Peter J., Frisse, Mark, Glushko, Robert J., Landow, George P. and Zellweger, Polle T. (1991): Structure, Navigation, and Hypertext: The Status of the Navigation Problem. In: Walker, Jan (ed.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 91 Conference December 15-18, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 363-366. Available online
» 1990 «
Bernstein, Mark (1990): An Apprentice that Discovers Hypertext Links. In: Rizk, Antoine, Streitz, Norbert A. and Andre, Jacques (eds.) ECHT 90 - European Conference on Hypertext November 27-30, 1990, Versailles, France. pp. 212-223.
“A simple apprentice that proposes new content links in hypertexts has been added to the Hypergate hypertext environment, and its behaviour and performance are evaluated under realistic conditions. Despite a fundamentally lexical approach, the link apprentice finds a significant number of intriguing and meaningful links very quickly and without substantial overhead.”
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» 1989 «
Bernstein, Mark, Critz, James, Mulvany, Nancy, Simpson, Rosemary M. and Leunen, Mary-Claire van (1989): Indexing and Hypertext. In: Halasz, Frank and Meyrowitz, Norman (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 89 Conference November 5-8, 1989, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. pp. 387-390.
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Mar 20th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
12 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Mark Bernstein's author page.24 Jul 2007: Author was edited 24 Jul 2007: Author was edited
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28 Apr 2003: Added the author to the bibliography
