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Lothar Muhlbach

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Publications by Lothar Muhlbach (bibliography)

1995

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Bocker, Martin, Runde, Detlef and Muhlbach, Lothar (1995): On the Reproduction of Motion Parallax in Videocommunications. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 198-202.

“The paper addresses the question whether reproducing motion parallax increases the extent of telepresence in videocommunications. Motion parallax is defined as the change of the view due to the observer's movements. It was hypothesized that reproducing motion parallax (a) leads to more precise depth judgments by providing further depth cues, (b) allows 'interactive viewing', i.e. the observer can actively explore the visual scene by changing his/her position, and (c) compensates for stereoscopic "apparent movements". In a Human Factors study, two videoconferencing set-ups providing motion parallax (one stereoscopic and one monoscopic version) were compared with two set-ups (monoscopic and stereoscopic) without motion parallax. Each set-up was used and rated by 32 subjects. The results supported the hypotheses only in part. Even though there was some evidence for more "spatial presence" and for a greater explorability of the scene through motion parallax, the compensation of apparent movements could not be achieved.”

1994

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Prussog, Angela, Muhlbach, Lothar and Bocker, Martin (1994): Telepresence in Videocommunications. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 180-184.

“The paper discusses factors that affect the impression of telepresence in video-communications. Telepresence is experienced by interlocutors to the extent to which natural visual cues from the remote site are adequately transferred by the medium. The paper reports on two experimental Human Factors studies investigating the effects of various features of videoconferencing systems in terms of, inter alia, the conferees' impression of telepresence as well as user satisfaction and the willingness to use those systems. Within the framework of Experiment 1 the system features that were varied were the scale of representing the conferees (natural vs. reduced size) and the representation of the conferees' surroundings (small vs. large sector of the remote room). In Experiment 2 the system feature being tested was the stereoscopic representation of the conferees. Results showed that both the natural-size representation of conferees as well as the stereoscopic representation increase the impression of telepresence. The expected benefits of a representation of the conferees' surroundings could not be verified. Given a fixed size of the screen, the trade-off between the conferees' size and the representation of surroundings is in favor of the natural size representation.”

1993

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Bocker, Martin and Muhlbach, Lothar (1993): Communicative Presence in Videocommunications. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 249-253.

“This paper deals with factors affecting Communicative Presence in video-communications. Communicative Presence is defined as the capacity of a system to transfer mutual communicative signals of interlocutors. The experiment the paper reports on examined the effects of various features of videoconferencing systems in terms of several aspects, such as the conferees' feeling of being individually addressed by non-verbal signals (e.g. eye-contact), the flow of conversation, user satisfaction, and the willingness to use videoconferencing systems. One system feature that was systematically varied was the degree of vertical and horizontal eye-contact angles. In order to reduce the horizontal eye-contact angles for the two test subjects acting as conferees at one site of the experimental set-up, two different images (one per conferee) which were in accordance with the perspectives the conferees would have in a similar face-to-face meeting were displayed ("view-per-person" principle). Another feature that was examined was the spatial resolution of the displayed images. The results showed that large eye-contact angles as well as a low resolution decrease the feeling of Communicative Presence. Within the framework of the experiment, the hypothesis concerning the benefits of a view-per-person representation could not be verified.”

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