Linda Candy
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Publications by Linda Candy (bibliography)
» 2008 «
Candy, Linda and Hewett, Thomas T. (2008): Special Issue Introduction: Investigating and Cultivating Creativity. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24 (5) pp. 441-443
» 2007 «
Zhang, Yun and Candy, Linda (2007): An in-depth case study of art-technology collaboration. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007, Washington DC, USA. pp. 53-62. Available online
“This paper presents an in-depth case study of the collaborative process of a creative art-technology project. We begin by providing a brief description of art-technology collaboration research and go on to describe the particular art-technology collaboration project called "GEO Narrative Landscapes". This is followed by an account of a novel method for the analysis of the interaction between artists and technologists based on five communication modes. Findings include common types of conversation topics of communication modes, how these modes related to each other and how they were distributed in terms of frequencies and duration across meetings. Finally, we discuss the contribution of this work to our understanding of art-technology collaboration.”
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Candy, Linda and Bilda, Zafer (2007): Understanding and evaluating creativity. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2007, Washington DC, USA. pp. 303-304. Available online
“The aim of this tutorial is to provide the participants with an understanding of the significance of creativity for interaction design and to give guidance about the design and evaluation of systems with respect to their role in creativity support. Participants will also be provided with tools for analyzing and evaluating situations in which creative engagement and interaction may be taking place.”
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Zhang, Yun and Candy, Linda (2007): A Communicative Behaviour Analysis of Art-Technology Collaboration. In: Smith, Michael J. and Salvendy, Gavriel (eds.) Symposium on Human Interface 2007 - Part II July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 212-221. Available online
» 2006 «
Seevinck, Jennifer, Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (2006): Exploration and reflection in interactive art: glass pond. In: Kjeldskov, Jesper and Paay, Jane (eds.) Proceedings of OZCHI06, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2006. pp. 143-150. Available online
“Glass Pond is an interactive artwork designed to engender exploration and reflection through an intuitive, tangible interface and a simulation agent. It is being developed using iterative methods. A study has been conducted with the aim of illuminating user experience, interface, design, and performance issues. The paper describes the study methodology and process of data analysis including coding schemes for cognitive states and movements. Analysis reveals that exploration and reflection occurred as well as composing behaviours (unexpected). Results also show that participants interacted to varying degrees. Design discussion includes the artwork's (novel) interface and configuration.”
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Shneiderman, Ben, Fischer, Gerhard, Czerwinski, Mary, Resnick, Mitchel, Myers, Brad A., Candy, Linda, Edmonds, Ernest, Eisenberg, Michael, Giaccardi, Elisa, Hewett, Tom, Jennings, Pamela and Kules, Bill (2006): Creativity Support Tools: Report From a U.S. National Science Foundation Sponsored Workshop. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 20 (2) pp. 61-77
“Creativity support tools is a research topic with high risk but potentially very high payoff. The goal is to develop improved software and user interfaces that empower users to be not only more productive but also more innovative. Potential users include software and other engineers, diverse scientists, product and graphic designers, architects, educators, students, and many others. Enhanced interfaces could enable more effective searching of intellectual resources, improved collaboration among teams, and more rapid discovery processes. These advanced interfaces should also provide potent support in hypothesis formation, speedier evaluation of alternatives, improved understanding through visualization, and better dissemination of results. For creative endeavors that require composition of novel artifacts (e.g., computer programs, scientific papers, engineering diagrams, symphonies, artwork), enhanced interfaces could facilitate exploration of alternatives, prevent unproductive choices, and enable easy backtracking. This U.S. National Science Foundation sponsored workshop brought together 25 research leaders and graduate students to share experiences, identify opportunities, and formulate research challenges. Two key outcomes emerged: (a) encouragement to evaluate creativity support tools through multidimensional in-depth longitudinal case studies and (b) formulation of 12 principles for design of creativity support tools.”
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» 2005 «
Edmonds, Ernest, Weakley, Alastair, Candy, Linda, Fell, Mark, Knott, Roger and Pauletto, Sandra (2005): The studio as laboratory: Combining creative practice and digital technology research. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 63 (4) pp. 452-481
“Creativity research is a large and varied field in which the subject is characterized on many different levels. The arrival of digital media and computational tools has opened up new possibilities for creative practice. The cutting edge in the digital arts is a highly fertile ground for the investigation of creativity and the role of new technologies. The demands of such work often reveal the limitations of existing technologies and open the door to developing new approaches and techniques. This provides the creativity researcher with opportunities to understand the multi-dimensional characteristics of the creative process. At the same time, it places new demands upon the creators of the technological solutions and pushes forward our understanding of the future requirements of creative technologies. This paper is concerned with the nature of creativity and the design of creativity enhancing computer systems. The research has multi-disciplinary foundations in human-computer interaction and creative practice in Art, Design, Science and Engineering. As a result of a series of studies of creative people and the associated developments in technology, a strategy for practice-based research has evolved in which research and practice are interdependent activities that have mutual benefits as well as distinctive outcomes. This paper charts the development of that co-evolutionary process from the foundation studies to recent outcomes of a major project in art and technology collaboration. The notion of the Studio as a laboratory in the field is introduced and a new methodology for systematic practice-based research is presented. From the results of the investigations that took place, opportunities for the development of technology environments for creative collaboration are proposed.”
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» 2004 «
Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest A. (2004): Creative Expertise and Collaborative Technology Design. In: Masoodian, Masood, Jones, Steve and Rogers, Bill (eds.) Computer Human Interaction 6th Asia Pacific Conference - APCHI 2004 June 29 - July 2, 2004, Rotorua, New Zealand. pp. 60-69. Available online
» 2003 «
Candy, Linda and Hori, Koichi (2003): The digital muse: HCI in support of creativity: "creativity and cognition" comes of age: towards a new discipline. In Interactions, 10 (4) pp. 44-54
Edmonds, Ernest A., Candy, Linda, Fell, Mark, Knott, Roger and Weakley, Alastair (2003): Macaroni Synthesis: A Creative Multimedia Collaboration. In: Banissi, Ebad, Börner, Katy, Chen, Chaomei, Clapworthy, Gordon, Maple, Carsten, Lobben, Amy, Moore, Christopher J., Roberts, Jonathan C., Ursyn, Anna and Zhang, Jian (eds.) IV 2003 - Seventh International Conference on Information Visualization 16-18 July, 2003, London, UK. pp. 646-651. Available online
» 2002 «
Candy, Linda, Ferran, Bronac, Mottram, Judith, Edmonds, Ernest, Haworth, John and Pettigrew, Jon (2002): Panel: research into art and technology. In: Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2002. pp. 25-30. Available online
“The panel will discuss the nature of research in creative practice. The participants will draw upon their current studies and experiences of projects that investigate creativity and the role of digital technology. Edmonds and Candy are applying a practice-led research approach to the study of collaborative work between artists and technologists. Mottram discusses practice-based research approaches and discusses the particular role of digital technologies in such research. Howarth is concerned with theories of perception and art and ongoing research into the interplay between mind, body and technology in fine art. Pettigrew is investigating how children act as creative artists using computers and proposes that children are different from adults.”
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Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (2002): Modeling co-creativity in art and technology. In: Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Creativity and Cognition 2002. pp. 134-141. Available online
“Collaborative projects in art and technology provide an opportunity to investigate how co-creativity takes place. This paper describes some of the characteristics of collaborative work that were identified from empirical evidence captured during the COSTART project [4]. We examine the way the information was analyzed and the results of that exercise. An approach to modeling co-creativity based on case study data is described and three example models proposed. This work enabled us to consider the implications of the different models for supporting creativity and their relationship to success factors. We conclude that the provision of 'support' for co-creativity in art and technology needs to include ongoing collaborative relationships that are fostered by organizations dedicated to the co-evolution of both art and new technology.”
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Edmonds, Ernest A. and Candy, Linda (2002): Creativity, art practice, and knowledge. In Communications of the ACM, 45 (10) pp. 91-95
Mamykina, Lena, Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest A. (2002): Collaborative creativity. In Communications of the ACM, 45 (10) pp. 96-99
» 2000 «
Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest A. (2000): The human element: creativity enhancement with emerging technologies. In Communications of the ACM, 43 (8) pp. 62-65
» 1998 «
Britton, James, Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (1998): Software Support for Usability Measurement: An Application to Systems Engineering Data Exchange Development. In: Johnson, Hilary, Nigay, Laurence and Roast, C. R. (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers XIII August 1-4, 1998, Sheffield, UK. pp. 37-52.
“The goal of ensuring that usability measurement results can contribute to the ongoing development of a software product in a formative way is, in practice, difficult to achieve. The paper presents an innovative approach to supporting that process exemplified in SEDRES, a large European Aerospace collaborative project on developing a data exchange capability for systems engineering design tools. The main subject is the role of a software tool called NUD*IST (Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theorizing), in providing a method for longitudinal data collection and analysis and support for feedback to the project partners about the product under development. It describes the analysis techniques employed, the main features and operational use, followed by examples of results that can be obtained. The implications of the use of this tool for both the analysis process and support for formative evaluation are discussed and recommendations for improvements made.”
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» 1995 «
Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (1995): Creativity in Knowledge Work: A Process Model and Requirements for Support. In: Proceedings of OZCHI95, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1995. pp. 242-248.
“This paper is concerned with the requirements of computer support for creativity. Our objective was to understand the creative process in knowledge intensive work and to draw from that the constraints and possibilities for helpful human-computer interaction. A study of a scientist using a knowledge support system is described. We present the process model of support for creative knowledge work and show how it can be used to specify HCI requirements for computer support.”
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Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (1995): Cognitive Style and Computer Support to Creative Design. In: Proceedings of OZCHI95, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1995. pp. 262-263.
“Research into innovative design provides a source for considering opportunities for computer support to creative work. We have identified aspects of cognitive style in creative design from an empirical study. Future research directions for the provision of support to creative knowledge work are proposed.”
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Candy, Linda, Edmonds, Ernest, Heggie, Susan, Murray, Bryan and Rousseau, Nick (1995): A Strategy and Technology for Front End System Development. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 103-108.
“This paper describes an approach to the enhancement of existing software and the development of new applications based upon the premise that advanced software technology is not in itself sufficient to realise high quality usable systems. Development strategies designed to ensure quality must be accompanied by appropriate system architectures and effective implementation tools. We describe a technology and strategy that together enable the efficient development of user and task support systems in a wide variety of contexts.”
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» 1994 «
Edmonds, Ernest A., Candy, Linda, Jones, Rachel M. and Soufi, Bassel (1994): Support for Collaborative Design: Agents and Emergence. In Communications of the ACM, 37 (7) pp. 41-47
» 1993 «
Rousseau, N. P., Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (1993): Influence, Discretion and Time Available: A Case Study of HCI Practice in Software Development. In Interacting with Computers, 5 (4) pp. 397-411
“In the field of human-computer interaction, reports of the involvement of its practitioners in system development projects are rarely available for general scrutiny. The paper draws upon the experience of an HCI team at work within a large collaborative software development project. This experience of four years of HCI practice suggests three key, interdependent, factors that are central to the effectiveness of HCI input. The factors are influence, discretion and time available, and are discussed in the context of other report, of the role of HCI practitioners in the field. A number of issues are identified about the nature and scope of HCI in practice. The experience reported is relevant to software development in general, particularly where there are several groups working, sometimes in different sites, towards a unified outcome.”
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Edmonds, Ernest and Candy, Linda (1993): Knowledge Support Systems for Conceptual Design: The Amplification of Creativity. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 350-355.
“The paper is concerned with computer-based support for conceptual design and, in particular, with the support of creative design. The nature of conceptual design is briefly reviewed and the lack of effective computer support noted. Recent developments in computer-based Knowledge Support Systems, that offer interesting possibilities, are reviewed. The study of the early design of a clearly innovative product, the Lotus bicycle, is used to inform a discussion of the requirements for Knowledge Support Systems that can support conceptual design.”
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Candy, Linda (1993): Hypothetical Design in the Perfect World: Observations on Design Rationale in Knowledge Support System Development. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Poster Sessions: Abridged Proceedings 1993. p. 222.
» 1992 «
Candy, Linda (1992): Participatory Research for Knowledge Support Systems Development. In: Proceedings of OZCHI92, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1992. pp. 192-193.
“Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a technology-centred field that employs well established scientific disciplines such as Psychology alongside Engineering concerns. Thus the research methods employed do not form a set of unified scientific approaches. HCI research is directed towards methods and tools that aid the construction of well designed artefacts or products. The goal of deriving generally applicable scientific knowledge is often subordinated to the drive for well designed and engineered products that incorporate sound principles. In reality, the rapid time scales of technology driven research is in conflict with the needs of basic science. The selection of lines of scientific investigation and the research methods employed, can be seen as one dependent to a large extent upon the set of the "beliefs" that prevail in the community of researchers in any given discipline (Barnes, 1974). Lakatos (1970) argues that scientific progress is not about the successive overthrow of dominant theories but a situation of "progressive and degenerative problemshifts" and the outcome of rival research programs in contention. In the development of computer technology particularly in the field of interactive computing, there is a wide diversity of approaches and a steady shift away from traditional "mainstream" scientific methods. This paper will survey the research methods current in HCI and place our research strategy proposed in that context. Based on empirical studies, we have derived a strategy for participatory research for knowledge support systems development. This encompasses the intertwining roles of the personnel involved, whether domain specialist or designer or investigator, and different techniques according to the goal of the exercise at any given point in the cycle of studies. In that context, the centre of concern is the role of a knowledge support system in that process and the reflexive relationship between research problem and research methods (Woolgar, 1988). From an initial emphasis upon the development of a knowledge-based system for Speech Recognition (Connolly et al, 1986) a quest for appropriate research methods for studying the "co-operative" interaction between domain specialist and knowledge-based system emerged (Candy and O'Brien, 1992). A study of the approach to knowledge development we have adopted and the implications for system design are described. A key element is knowledge representation at the user interface represented to the user in domain familiar language, abstractions and images which are then mapped to the machine representation. We found that not only did the system enable the specialist to capture expertise in an effective manner, more significantly, it opened new avenues of research and supported the evolution of new understanding about the domain (Candy and Edmonds, 1992). This form of support to scientific investigation is an exciting and ongoing research question. Two issues are of particular interest: developing machine tractable representation of domain specific knowledge and discovering design principles for user interfaces that actively support that process. In the course of this work a research strategy has been developed and used. The paper proposes that the research strategy that has been developed is more generally applicable.”
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» 1991 «
Jones, Rachel, Candy, Linda and Edmonds, Ernest (1991): Knowledge-Based System Requirements. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1991. pp. 796-800.
“This paper describes an approach to the identification of user requirements for Knowledge Based Front Ends (KBFEs) to existing software systems. The work took place as part of the FOCUS Project, the main goal of which is to provide KBFE support to users in scientific and industrial environments. Investigations into end-user requirements that assume the use of existing software are described and a framework for the structuring of user requirements obtained from field investigations is presented.”
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Mar 20th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
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