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Lawrence R. Hoffman

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Publications by Lawrence R. Hoffman (bibliography)

1988

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Wiklund, Michael E. and Hoffman, Lawrence R. (1988): When Electronic Devices Outnumber Flower Bouquets in the Hospital Room. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 430-434.

“Today's hospital room is dominated by electronic devices that monitor, control, and document a patient's condition. The devices do what machines do best: tedious, repetitive tasks such as cardiac and respiratory monitoring requiring unerring accuracy. However, the proliferation of the devices, fueled by technological advances and the application of computers, is causing environmental and usability problems. Innumerable controls, displays, and alarms produce sensory overload. The devices congest the workspace, present tripping hazards, and produce unwanted noise, heat, and light. Using the equipment is not intuitive and requires substantial training. As a result, nurses and physicians spend more time working with the equipment and less time providing direct patient care. Reversing this trend requires better design and integration of equipment through the application of a usability engineering approach to product design and a commitment to design standards.”

1987

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Wiklund, Michael E., Dumas, Joseph S. and Hoffman, Lawrence R. (1987): Optimizing a Portable Terminal Keyboard for Combined One-Handed and Two-Handed Use. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 585-589.

“Human factors experimentation facilitated the design of a portable terminal keyboard for combined one-handed and two-handed operation. To ensure a comfortable grip, the terminal had to be made smaller by reducing the size of its keyboard. The product design team needed to know how small the keyboard could be before it degraded the usability of the keyboard and the overall product. The keyboard experiment was designed primarily to determine the effect of both the number of hands used in typing and key spacing on typing speed and accuracy. A total of six commercially available keyboards with key spacings varying from 0.75 to 0.45 inches were tested. Test subjects with typing skills ranging from expert to novice typed separate samples of text on each keyboard, once using one hand and once using two hands. The difference in typing speed between two and one-handed typing averaged 2-1. A key spacing less than about 0.7 inches substantially reduced typing speed but did not increase errors. Poor typists typed at roughly the same speed no matter the key spacing or number of hands used. These findings and additional human factors studies provided parameters for a keyboard smaller than standard size that is expected to allow users to achieve 90 percent of the typing speed possible on a standard size keyboard without decreasing accuracy.”

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