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ReferencesNavigation arrowAuthorsNavigation arrowLawrence M. Paul
Jun 18

“ Computer programs emerge as the outcome of complex human processes of cognition, communication and negotiation, which serve to establish the meaningful embedding of the computer system in its intended use context. ”

-- Floyd, 1992, p. 24

 
 

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Lawrence M. Paul

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Publications by Lawrence M. Paul (bibliography)

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1993
 
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Paul, Lawrence M. (1993): Comedy in the Service of Science: Maintaining Motivation and Attention in Exploring Call Waiting. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 438-442.

“A hardware incompatibility in a telephone call waiting system with direct effects on the end users required a rapid solution. Designers proposed to address this incompatibility by increasing the tone components of each call waiting pattern. The Human Factors Group reviewed this proposed solution and were concerned that it might lead to unacceptable durations of call interruption, and to discrimination problems in some cases. Experiment 1 was conducted to explore these concerns. Although the study was conducted in a laboratory setting, a rather novel attempt was made to simulate realistic motivation and attention. An "Artificial Caller" was used in the form of professional comedy routines which appeared to work very satisfactorily. The results of Experiment 1 suggested that discrimination of the patterns was not a significant problem. Participants did find the longest of the lengthened patterns to be somewhat disruptive of the simulated telephone call. However, the disruption caused by the longest pattern may still be marginally acceptable to actual users. A second study explored a different approach to solving the hardware incompatibility. New patterns were generated which maintained the identification levels and suggested the possibility of less call disruption for the longest patterns. Further work is briefly discussed.”

© All rights reserved Paul and/or Human Factors Society

1988
 
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Paul, Lawrence M. (1988): When Lips and Voice Disagree: Determining the Practical Limits and Consequences of Visual-Auditory Asynchrony. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 229-231.

“This talk explores the limits and costs of the visual-auditory asynchrony that occurs in video teleconferencing systems using separate transmission paths for the video and audio signals. After a brief review of video teleconferencing, the special problem of asynchrony in two-path systems is developed, and the small quantity of directly applicable research is reviewed. The two human factors questions which needed to be answered were: 1) What are the "just tolerable" limits of asynchrony?, and 2) What is the cost in terms of misperceptions of living with asynchrony? The experiment had nine participants determine their "just tolerable" asynchrony limits with video first and with audio first, and their "perfect synchrony" point. The average "just tolerable" limit with video preceding audio was 104 msec with a small variability. Very surprisingly, the "just tolerable" limit with audio first was at least 160 msec. Thus, common wisdom not withstanding, it is apparently easier to live with the audio preceding the video. Research is currently underway to measure the cost of living with asynchrony. MacDonald and McGurk, 1978, found that particular combinations of spoken and seen syllables led to the perception of completely different syllables. The present research extends MacDonald and McGurk' work to word pairs with first syllables from the corresponding special syllable pairs to determine if living with asynchrony necessarily means living with misperceptions in addition to just simple "annoyance".”

© All rights reserved Paul and/or Human Factors Society

 
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26 Jun 2007: Modified
25 Jun 2007: Added

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Jun 18

“ Computer programs emerge as the outcome of complex human processes of cognition, communication and negotiation, which serve to establish the meaningful embedding of the computer system in its intended use context. ”

-- Floyd, 1992, p. 24

 
 

Featured chapter

Read the fascinating history of Wearable Computing, told by its father, Steve Mann

Read Steve's chapter !

 
 

Latest books

The Social Design of Technical Systems: Building technologies for communities
by Brian Whitworth and Adnan Ahmad

 
Start reading

The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, 2nd Ed.
by Mads Soegaard and Rikke Friis Dam

 
Start reading
 
 

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