Kirstie Hawkey
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Publications by Kirstie Hawkey (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Raja, Fahimeh, Hawkey, Kirstie and Beznosov, Konstantin (2009): Towards improving mental models of personal firewall users. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4633-4638. Available online
“Windows Vista's personal firewall provides its diverse users with a basic interface that hides many operational details. However, our study of this interface revealed that concealing the impact of network context on the security state of the firewall results in mental models that are unclear about the protection provided by the firewall resulting in an inaccurate understanding of the firewall configuration. We developed a prototype to support more contextually complete mental models through inclusion of network context information. Results from our initial evaluation of the prototype support our approach of improving user understanding of underlying system states by revealing hidden context, while considering the tension between complexity of the interface and security of the system.”
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Raja, Fahimeh, Hawkey, Kirstie and Beznosov, Konstantin (2009): Revealing hidden context: improving mental models of personal firewall users. In: Proceedings of the 2009 Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security 2009. p. 1. Available online
“The Windows Vista personal firewall provides its diverse users with a basic interface that hides many operational details. However, concealing the impact of network context on the security state of the firewall may result in users developing an incorrect mental model of the protection provided by the firewall. We present a study of participants' mental models of Vista Firewall (VF). We investigated changes to those mental models and their understanding of the firewall's settings after working with both the VF basic interface and our prototype. Our prototype was designed to support development of a more contextually complete mental model through inclusion of network location and connection information. We found that participants produced richer mental models after using the prototype than when working with the VF basic interface; they were also significantly more accurate in their understanding of the configuration of the firewall. Based on our results, we discuss methods of improving user understanding of underlying system states by revealing hidden context, while considering the tension between complexity of the interface and security of the system.”
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Jaferian, Pooya, Botta, David, Hawkey, Kirstie and Beznosov, Konstantin (2009): A multi-method approach for user-centered design of identity management systems. In: Proceedings of the 2009 Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security 2009. p. 36. Available online
» 2008 «
Hawkey, Kirstie, Botta, David, Werlinger, Rodrigo, Muldner, Kasia, Gagné, André and Beznosov, Konstantin (2008): Human, organizational, and technological factors of IT security. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3639-3644. Available online
“This paper describes the HOT Admin research project, which is investigating the human, organizational, and technological factors of IT security from the perspective of security practitioners. We use qualitative methods to examine their experiences along several themes including: unique characteristics of this population, the challenges they face within the organization, their activities, their collaborative interactions with other stakeholders, the sub-optimal situations they face as a result of distributed security management, and the impact of the security management model in place. We present preliminary results for each theme, as well as the implications of these results on the field of usable security and other research areas within HCI.”
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Werlinger, Rodrigo, Hawkey, Kirstie and Beznosov, Konstantin (2008): Security practitioners in context: their activities and interactions. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 3789-3794. Available online
“This study develops the context of interactions of IT security practitioners. Preliminary qualitative analysis of 22 interviews (to date) and participatory observation has identified eight different types of activities that require interactions between security practitioners and different stakeholders. Our analysis shows that the tools used by our participants do not provide sufficient support for their complex security tasks, including the interactions with other stakeholders. We provide recommendations to improve tool support for security practitioners.”
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Werlinger, Rodrigo, Hawkey, Kirstie, Muldner, Kasia, Jaferian, Pooya and Beznosov, Konstantin (2008): The challenges of using an intrusion detection system: is it worth the effort?. In: Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security 2008. pp. 107-118. Available online
“An intrusion detection system (IDS) can be a key component of security incident response within organizations. Traditionally, intrusion detection research has focused on improving the accuracy of IDSs, but recent work has recognized the need to support the security practitioners who receive the IDS alarms and investigate suspected incidents. To examine the challenges associated with deploying and maintaining an IDS, we analyzed 9 interviews with IT security practitioners who have worked with IDSs and performed participatory observations in an organization deploying a network IDS. We had three main research questions: (1) What do security practitioners expect from an IDS?; (2) What difficulties do they encounter when installing and configuring an IDS?; and (3) How can the usability of an IDS be improved? Our analysis reveals both positive and negative perceptions that security practitioners have for IDSs, as well as several issues encountered during the initial stages of IDS deployment. In particular, practitioners found it difficult to decide where to place the IDS and how to best configure it for use within a distributed environment with multiple stakeholders. We provide recommendations for tool support to help mitigate these challenges and reduce the effort of introducing an IDS within an organization.”
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Tan, Desney S., Gergle, Darren, Mandryk, Regan L., Inkpen, Kori, Kellar, Melanie, Hawkey, Kirstie and Czerwinski, Mary (2008): Using job-shop scheduling tasks for evaluating collocated collaboration. In Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 12 (3) pp. 255-267
Hawkey, Kirstie, Muldner, Kasia and Beznosov, Konstantin (2008): Searching for the Right Fit: Balancing IT Security Management Model Trade-Offs. In IEEE Internet Computing, 12 (3) pp. 22-30
Kellar, Melanie, Hawkey, Kirstie, Inkpen, Kori M. and Watters, Carolyn R. (2008): Challenges of Capturing Natural Web-Based User Behaviors. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24 (4) pp. 385-409
“It can be difficult to properly understand aspects of user behavior on the Web without examining the behaviors in a realistic setting, such as through field studies. In this article, an overview of the experiences in augmenting logged data with contextual information over the course of two separate research projects conducted in the field is presented. One project investigated the privacy sensitivity of normal Web browsing, and the other examined user behavior during Web-based information-seeking tasks. Throughout both projects, the contextual information was collected through participant annotations of their Web usage. Based on experiences in conducting this research, implications of methodological decisions are considered, unanswered questions are highlighted, and considerations for other researchers are provided. These shared experiences and perspectives will assist future researchers planning similar field studies, allowing them to build upon the lessons learned.”
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Hawkey, Kirstie (2008): Exploring a human centered approach to managing visual privacy concerns during collaboration. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM International Workshop on Human-Centered Multimedia 2008. pp. 69-76. Available online
“Human Centered Computing (HCC) systems should be socially aware and HCC applications should act according to the social context in which they are deployed. This paper examines a human centered approach to managing visual privacy during collaboration around a personal computer. We propose an intelligent system that takes into account the current social context of the user. Prior research has found that visual privacy can be a concern when traces of prior activities (i.e. web browsing history) that are inappropriate for the current social viewing context are displayed. Investigations of privacy management approaches have found that the burden of manually classifying traces of prior activity is high. The approach presented here is based on a conceptual model of incidental information privacy in web browsers developed previously. In this paper, we introduce a predictive model of privacy concerns, both for the general case and within the context of two specific viewer types. Our results suggest that an intelligent user interface approach is feasible and that adaptations may be combined with more explicit approaches to reduce users' burden of managing their visual privacy.”
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Jaferian, Pooya, Botta, David, Raja, Fahimeh, Hawkey, Kirstie and Beznosov, Konstantin (2008): Guidelines for designing IT security management tools. In: Frisch, AEleen, Kandogan, Eser, Lutters, Wayne G., Thornton, James D. and Mouloua, Mustapha (eds.) CHIMIT 2008 - Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Symposium on Computer Human Interaction for Management of Information Technology November 14-15, 2008, San Diego, California, USA. p. 7. Available online
» 2007 «
Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori (2007): PrivateBits: managing visual privacy in web browsers. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Graphics Interface 2007. pp. 215-223. Available online
“Privacy can be an issue during collaboration around a personal display when previous browsing activities become visible within web browser features (e.g., AutoComplete). Users currently lack methods to present only appropriate traces of prior activity in these features. In this paper we explore a semi-automatic approach to privacy management that allows users to classify traces of browsing activity and filter them appropriately when their screen is visible by others. We developed PrivateBits, a prototype web browser that instantiates previously proposed general design guidelines for privacy management systems as well as those specific to web browser visual privacy. A preliminary evaluation found this approach to be flexible enough to meet participants' varying privacy concerns, privacy management strategies, and viewing contexts. However, the results also emphasized the need for additional security features to increase trust in the system and raised questions about how to best manage the tradeoff between ease of use and system concealment.”
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Birnholtz, Jeremy P., Gutwin, Carl and Hawkey, Kirstie (2007): Privacy in the open: how attention mediates awareness and privacy in open-plan offices. In: GROUP07: International Conference on Supporting Group Work 2007. pp. 51-60. Available online
“The tension between privacy and awareness has been a persistent difficulty in distributed environments that support opportunistic and informal interaction. For example, many awareness systems that display 'always-on' video links or PC screen contents have been perceived as too invasive, even though functional real-world analogues, like open-plan offices, may provide even less privacy than their online counterparts. In this paper we explore the notion of privacy in open-plan real-world environments, in order to learn more about how it might be supported in distributed systems. From interviews and observations in four open-plan offices, we found that attention plays an important role in the management of both confidentiality and solitude. The public nature of paying attention allows people to build understandings of what objects in a space are legitimate targets for attention and allows people to advertise their interest in interaction. Our results add to what is known about how privacy works in real-world spaces, and suggest valuable design ideas that can help improve support for natural privacy control and interaction in distributed awareness systems.”
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» 2006 «
Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori (2006): Keeping up appearances: understanding the dimensions of incidental information privacy. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2006. pp. 821-830. Available online
“We conducted a survey of 155 participants to examine privacy concerns relating to the viewing of incidental information (i.e. traces of previous activity unrelated to the task at hand) in web browsers. We have identified several dimensions of privacy for this domain. Results revealed the scope of this problem and how location and device affect web browsing activity and contribute to the types of incidental information that may be visible. We found that there are different privacy comfort levels inherent to the participant and dependent on the context of subsequent viewing of incidental information, including the sensitivity of the content, their relationship to the viewer and the level of control retained over input devices.”
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Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori M. (2006): Examining the content and privacy of web browsing incidental information. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on the World Wide Web 2006. pp. 123-132. Available online
“This research examines the privacy comfort levels of participants if others can view traces of their web browsing activity. During a week-long field study, participants used an electronic diary daily to annotate each web page visited with a privacy level. Content categories were used by participants to theoretically specify their privacy comfort for each category and by researchers to partition participants' actual browsing. The content categories were clustered into groups based on the dominant privacy levels applied to the pages. Inconsistencies between participants in their privacy ratings of categories suggest that a general privacy management scheme is inappropriate. Participants' consistency within categories suggests that a personalized scheme may be feasible; however a more fine-grained approach to classification is required to improve results for sites that tend to be general, of multiple task purposes, or dynamic in content.”
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» 2005 «
Hawkey, Kirstie, Kellar, Melanie, Reilly, Derek, Whalen, Tara and Inkpen, Kori (2005): The proximity factor: impact of distance on co-located collaboration. In: GROUP05: International Conference on Supporting Group Work November 6-9, 2005, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA. pp. 31-40. Available online
“Groups collaborating around a large wall display can do so in a variety of arrangements, positioning themselves at different distances from the display and from each other. We examined the impact of proximity on the effectiveness and enjoyment of co-located collaboration. Our results revealed collaborative benefits when participants were positioned close together, and interaction with the display was felt to be more effective when participants were close to the display. However, clear tradeoffs were evident for these configurations. When at a distance to the display, the choice of direct versus indirect interaction revealed that interactions were easier when using direct input but the effectiveness of the collaboration was compromised.”
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Hawkey, Kirstie, Inkpen, Kori, Rockwood, Kenneth, McAllister, Michael and Slonim, Jacob (2005): Requirements gathering with alzheimer's patients and caregivers. In: Seventh Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2005. pp. 142-149. Available online
“Technology may be able to play a role in improving the quality of life for Alzheimer's patients and their caregivers. We are evaluating the feasibility of an information appliance with the goal of alleviating repetitive questioning behaviour, a contributing factor to caregiver stress. Interviews were conducted with persons with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers to determine the nature of the repetitive questioning behaviour, the information needs of patients, and the interaction abilities of both the patients and the caregivers. We report results of these interviews and discuss the challenges of requirements gathering with persons with Alzheimer's disease and the feasibility of introducing an information appliance to this population.”
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Dearman, David, Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori (2005): Rendezvousing with location-aware devices: Enhancing social coordination. In Interacting with Computers, 17 (5) pp. 542-566
“Emerging technologies such as location-awareness devices have the potential to significantly impact users' social coordination, particularly while rendezvousing. It is important that we explore how new technologies influence social behaviours and communication in order to realize their full potential. This paper presents a field study investigating the use of mobile location-aware devices for rendezvous activities. Participants took part in one of three mobile device conditions (a mobile phone, a location-aware handheld, or both a mobile phone and a location-aware handheld) and completed three rendezvousing scenarios. The results reveal key differences in communication patterns between the mediums, as well as the potential strengths and limitations of location-aware devices for social coordination. The paper concludes with a discussion of relevant design issues drawn from observations gathered during the field study.”
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Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori (2005): Privacy gradients: exploring ways to manage incidental information during co-located collaboration. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1431-1434. Available online
“This research introduces privacy issues related to the viewing of incidental information during co-located collaboration. Web browsers were the representative application used in this research as they have several convenience features that record and display traces of previous web page visits. A one-week field study examined how individuals perceive privacy needs relating to the later incidental viewing of traces of their browsing activity. Participants used a 4-tier privacy gradient to classify the privacy of their actual web browsing. The results revealed per window patterns of privacy during browsing with streaks at given privacy levels and relatively few transitions between levels. Management of incidental information is a complex problem due to multiple viewing contexts, individual differences, and the large volume of information. These privacy patterns suggest that a semi-automated approach to privacy management may be feasible.”
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Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori (2005): Web browsing today: the impact of changing contexts on user activity. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1443-1446. Available online
“Although web browsing behaviour was studied in detail in the mid-to-late 1990s, few recent results have been reported. The nature of web browsing has changed significantly since these early studies, both in the profile of the typical web user and in the context of their browsing (e.g. location, connection speed, web browser features). This paper reports on per-session and per-browser window usage, such as the number of pages visited and the speed of browsing. Some of our findings differ from previously published results that continue to motivate research in this area. Our research indicates that changes in user behaviour, such as the magnitude of web browsing activity, may place restrictions on web-browser related applications.”
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Kellar, Melanie, Reilly, Derek, Hawkey, Kirstie, Rodgers, Malcolm, MacKay, Bonnie, Dearman, David, Ha, Vicki, MacInnes, W. Joseph, Nunes, Michael, Parker, Karen, Whalen, Tara and Inkpen, Kori (2005): It's a jungle out there: practical considerations for evaluation in the city. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1533-1536. Available online
“An essential aspect of mobile and ubiquitous computing research is evaluation within the expected usage context, including environment. When that environment is an urban center, it can be dynamic, expansive, and unpredictable. Methodologies that focus on genuine use in the environment can uncover valuable insights, although they may also limit measurement and control. In this paper, we present our experiences applying traditional experimental techniques for field research in two separate projects set in urban environments. We argue that although traditional methods may be difficult to apply in cities, the challenges are surmountable, and this kind of field research can be a crucial component of evaluation.”
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Dearman, David, Hawkey, Kirstie and Inkpen, Kori (2005): Effect of location-awareness on rendezvous behaviour. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1929-1932. Available online
“This paper presents an exploratory field study investigating the behavioral effects of mobile location-aware computing on rendezvousing. Participants took part in one of three mobile device conditions (a mobile phone, a location-aware handheld or both a mobile phone and a location-aware handheld) and completed different rendezvousing scenarios. We present one of the scenarios in depth and discuss the effect of location-awareness on rendezvous behaviour.”
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Mar 21st, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
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