Kate Ehrlich
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Publications by Kate Ehrlich (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Shami, N. Sadat, Ehrlich, Kate, Gay, Geri and Hancock, Jeffrey T. (2009): Making sense of strangers' expertise from signals in digital artifacts. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 69-78. Available online
“Contemporary work increasingly involves interacting with strangers in technology-mediated environments. In this context, we come to rely on digital artifacts to infer characteristics of other people. This paper reports the results of a study conducted in a global company that used expertise search as a vehicle for exploring how people interpret a range of information available in online profiles in evaluating whom to interact with for expertise. Using signaling theory as a conceptual framework, we describe how certain 'signals' in various social software are hard to fake, and are thus more reliable indicators of expertise. Multi-level regression analysis revealed that participation in social software, social connection information, and self-described expertise in the corporate directory were significantly helpful in the decision to contact someone for expertise. Qualitative analysis provided further insights regarding the interpretations people form of others' expertise from digital artifacts. We conclude with suggestions on differentiating various types of information available within online profiles and implications for the design of expertise locator/recommender systems.”
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» 2008 «
Shami, N. Sadat, Ehrlich, Kate and Millen, David R. (2008): Pick me!: link selection in expertise search results. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 1089-1092. Available online
“Expertise locator systems have been designed to help find experts within organizations. While there are many examples of these systems in the literature, there has not been any systematic analysis of the factors that predict whether a particular expertise search result will be selected for further exploration. This paper describes a study of 67 employees from 21 countries that performed a specific expertise search to find an expert using an expertise locator system. Rank order and social connection information displayed in snippets of search results were found to significantly predict whether a user considers a particular search result for further exploration. Implications for the design of expertise location systems and future research directions are discussed.”
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Ehrlich, Kate and Shami, N. Sadat (2008): Searching for expertise. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 1093-1096. Available online
“It is well established that there is a need to find experts to get answers or advice. A variety of expertise locator tools have emerged to help locate the right person. But there is little systematic study on what people are really looking for when such systems are used and how external factors such as job role may shape that search. We conducted a study of 75 employees who were current users of an expertise locator system. An analysis of the reasons for their search revealed that people in client facing roles are primarily seeking to have a dialog with an expert, while others are just as likely to seek answers to technical questions. We also surveyed various tools for finding experts and found that corporate directories and personal networks were most often cited as alternatives to an expertise locator. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of tools for finding experts and expert knowledge.”
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» 2007 «
Ehrlich, Kate, Lin, Ching-Yung and Griffiths-Fisher, Vicky (2007): Searching for experts in the enterprise: combining text and social network analysis. In: GROUP07: International Conference on Supporting Group Work 2007. pp. 117-126. Available online
“Employees depend on other people in the enterprise for rapid access to important information. But current systems for finding experts do not adequately address the social implications of finding and engaging strangers in conversation. This paper provides a user study of SmallBlue, a social-context-aware expertise search system that can be used to identify experts, see dynamic profile information and get information about the social distance to the expert, before deciding whether and how to initiate contact. The system uses an innovative approach to privacy to infer content and dynamic social networks from email and chat logs. We describe usage of SmallBlue and discuss implications for the next generation of enterprise-wide systems for finding people.”
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» 2001 «
Ehrlich, Kate and Henderson, Austin (2001): Design: Building vocal space: expressing identity in the radically collaborative workplace. In Interactions, 8 (1) pp. 23-29
Harrison, Steve, Minneman, Scott, Back, Maribeth, Balsamo, Anne, Chow, Mark, Gold, Rich, Gorbet, Matt, Donald, Dale Mac, Ehrlich, Kate and Henderson, Austin (2001): Design: the what of XFR: eXperiments in the future of reading. In Interactions, 8 (3) pp. 21-30
Ehrlich, Kate and Henderson, Austin (2001): Design: static pages are dead: how a modular approach is changing interaction design. In Interactions, 8 (5) pp. 19-24
Henderson, Austin and Ehrlich, Kate (2001): Design: Dutch Design Day. In Interactions, 8 (6) pp. 27-33
» 2000 «
Ehrlich, Kate and Henderson, Austin (2000): Design: (Inter)facing the millennium: where are we (going)?. In Interactions, 7 (1) pp. 19-30
Hill, Bill, Henderson, Austin and Ehrlich, Kate (2000): Design: no here, now where?. In Interactions, 7 (3) pp. 17-20
Henderson, Austin and Ehrlich, Kate (2000): Design: design for what? six dimensions of activity (part 1 of 2). In Interactions, 7 (5) pp. 17-22
Henderson, Austin and Ehrlich, Kate (2000): Design: design for what? six dimensions of activity (part 2 of 2). In Interactions, 7 (6) pp. 25-30
“This column is the second half of an essay that I started in the last issue. There I argued that when I think casually about people working with technology, I often instinctively choose a rather narrow view of that activity -- the simple case of a person successfully operating the technology. However, from years of experience with design of various kinds, I know that this view of technology in use is too narrow in many ways. Instead I know I must attend to and design for a much broader range of activities.”
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» 1999 «
Ehrlich, Kate and Cash, Debra (1999): The Invisible World of Intermediaries: A Cautionary Tale. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8 (1) pp. 147-167
“Many observers consider traditional intermediaries such as brokers, lenders and salespersons anachronisms in a world where consumers can communicate directly with providers of products and services over computer networks. Under the same rubric, information mediators such as journalists, editors, librarians and customer support representatives are being targeted for elimination. Drawing on our ethnographically-informed studies of customer support analysts and librarians, we demonstrate that the expertise and experience of intermediaries is often invisible -- to the consumer, to the organization in which these intermediaries work, and even to the intermediaries' managers. The valuable services provided by intermediaries are not made unnecessary by end-user access. We argue for a richer understanding of intermediation, and a reallocation of functions and roles in which "new intermediaries" -- people, software or a combination of the two -- aggregate, personalize and assure the quality of information.”
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» 1998 «
Ehrlich, Kate (1998): A Conversation with Austin Henderson. In Interactions, 5 (6) p. 36
» 1997 «
Perkins, Ron, Belge, Matt and Ehrlich, Kate (1997): Expert Reviews: Design for Rapidly Changing Times. In Interactions, 4 (3) pp. 23-30
Ehrlich, Kate (1997): A Conversation with Ted Selker. In Interactions, 4 (5) pp. 34-47
» 1996 «
Ehrlich, Kate (1996): Conferences. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 28 (1) pp. 34-35
Ehrlich, Kate (1996): World Wide Web. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 28 (2) pp. 10-11
Ehrlich, Kate (1996): Students. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 28 (3) pp. 12-13
» 1995 «
Maltz, David and Ehrlich, Kate (1995): Pointing the Way: Active Collaborative Filtering. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 202-209. Available online
“Collaborative filtering is based on the premise that people looking for information should be able to make use of what others have already found and evaluated. Current collaborative filtering systems provide tools for readers to filter documents based on aggregated ratings over a changing group of readers. Motivated by the results of a study of information sharing, we describe a different type of collaborative filtering system in which people who find interesting documents actively send "pointers" to those documents to their colleagues. A "pointer" contains a hypertext link to the source document as well as contextual information to help the recipient determine the interest and relevance of the document prior to accessing it. Preliminary data suggest that people are using the system in anticipated and unanticipated ways, as well as creating information "digests".”
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Ehrlich, Kate (1995): Local SIGs: Volunteers. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 27 (1) pp. 5-7
“Each column focuses on a theme related to local SIGs and profiles one of the local groups. In this issue we salute the people who have given up their personal time to help run a local SIG, and explore some of the motivations of volunteering. ToRCHI (Toronto Regional CHI), serving Metropolitan Toronto, Guelph and Saint Catherine's, in the Canadian province of Ontario, is the featured local SIG.”
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Ehrlich, Kate (1995): Local SIGs: What Does It Mean To Be Local?. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 27 (2) pp. 22-23
Ehrlich, Kate (1995): Local SIGs: Seminars. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 27 (3) pp. 6-7
» 1994 «
Ehrlich, Kate (1994): Local SIGs: Getting Started. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 26 (3) pp. 13-14
Ehrlich, Kate (1994): Local SIGs: Putting Together the Technical Program. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 26 (4) pp. 18-19
» 1993 «
Dayton, Tom, Barr, Bob, Burke, Pamela A., Cohill, Andrew M., Day, Mary Carol, Dray, Susan M., Ehrlich, Kate, Fitzsimmons, Lynne Axel, Henneman, Richard L., Hornstein, Susan B., Karat, John and Kliger, Jill (1993): Skills Needed by User-Centered Design Practitioners in Real Software Development Environments: Report on the CHI'92 Workshop. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 25 (3) pp. 16-31
“User-centered design (UCD) of human-computer interfaces-including task flow and documentation-is gaining acceptance in software development organizations. But managers who want their organizations to start using UCD often do not know what characteristics to look for, in candidates for hiring or retraining to fill UCD roles; this article can help. It has the recommendations from participants in a CHI '92 conference workshop on this topic. The 16 workshop participants were UCD practitioners and managers from companies and a few universities across the United States, Canada, and Sweden. This article first describes some typical roles of UCD practitioners in software development organizations. There follows a list of attributes that UCD practitioners should have. Some attributes should be had by all practitioners, regardless of their subspecialties. The most important of those universal attributes are of three types: knowledge that can be acquired formally (e.g., of the human-computer interaction literature, cognitive processes, experimental design, rapid prototyping), skill that can be gotten from experience (e.g., estimating resources needed to do a job, commitment to users, understanding of the software development process, negotiating ability, enjoyment of working on teams, ability to really listen), and attributes that are harder to acquire (e.g., tenacity, flexibility). Every practitioner needs other characteristics as well, but their importances differ by the practitioners' subspecialties (e.g., a design team leader needs team management skills).”
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» 1991 «
Ehrlich, Kate (1991): Human Interface at SUN (East). In: Robertson, Scott P., Olson, Gary M. and Olson, Judith S. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 91 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 28 - June 5, 1991, New Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 471-472. Available online
» 1990 «
Perlman, Gary, Egan, Dennis E., Ehrlich, Kate, Marchionini, Gary, Nielsen, Jakob and Shneiderman, Ben (1990): Evaluating Hypermedia Systems. In: Carrasco, Jane and Whiteside, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 90 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference 1990, Seattle, Washington,USA. pp. 387-390. Available online
“Hypermedia systems provide online access to complex networks of information with the goal of making it easier to find and use information. To validate the utility of their systems, several researchers and system developers have attempted to collect evaluation data on the usability and effectiveness of their systems and the features in their systems. Because of the potential complexity of hypermedia systems and the information structures they may represent, a variety of evaluation measures and methods have been used. These trade off the need for timely feedback in the development of new technology, the difficulty of controlling one or two variables in systems with dozens or hundreds of components, and the goal of gaining an understanding of hypermedia systems. The key issues discussed by the panel include: Ecological Evaluation of New Technologies Embedded in Complex Systems: How can the utility of new technologies be evaluated validly when they must be embedded in complex software systems that include a hardware platform, underlying user interface, and a myriad of functions? Are controlled experiments necessary and can they be performed economically? What problems can occur in naturalistic settings? Measures of Learnability, Usability and Effectiveness: What performance measures are most useful? How does the choice of measure depend on the maturity of a system? on the tasks to be done with a system? Application to Human-Computer System Evaluation in General: What have been some results about hypermedia systems as a result of empirical evaluation? How does the evaluation of hypermedia systems apply to the evaluation of general systems? What guidance can be given to designers and users of hypermedia systems?”
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Campagnoni, F. R. and Ehrlich, Kate (1990): Getting There When You Don't Know Where 'There' Is: Navigational Strategies in a Hypertext Help System. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 21 (3) pp. 17-18
» 1989 «
Campagnoni, F. R. and Ehrlich, Kate (1989): Information Retrieval Using a Hypertext-Based Help System. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 7 (3) pp. 271-291
“Hypertext offers users a simple, flexible way to navigate through electronic information systems but at the potential risk of becoming lost in the network of interconnected pieces of information. A study was conducted on information retrieval using a commercial hypertext-based help system. It was found that the predominant search strategy was "browsing" (characterized by scanning tables of contents and paging through topics), rather than employing the indexes ("analytical search"). Although subjects did not get lost, individuals with better spatial visualization skills, as measured by a standardized test, were faster at retrieving information and returned to the top of the information hierarchy less often than those with poorer spatial visualization skills. These results support previous studies that have found a strong preference by users for browsing in hypertext systems and extend those findings to a new domain (help), a different type of user interface, and a different information architecture. In addition, the results demonstrate the importance of spatial visualization ability for efficient navigation and information retrieval in a hierarchical hypertext system.”
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Campagnoni, F. R. and Ehrlich, Kate (1989): Information Retrieval Using a Hypertext-Based Help System. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 1989. pp. 212-220.
“Hypertext offers users a simple, flexible way to navigate through electronic information systems but at the potential risk of becoming lost in the network of interconnected pieces of information. A study was conducted on information retrieval using a commercial hypertext-based help system. It was found that the predominant search strategy was "browsing" (characterized by scanning tables of contents and paging through topics), rather than employing the indexes ("analytical search"). Although subjects did not become lost, individuals with better spatial visualization ability, as measured by a standardized test, were faster at retrieving information and returned to the top of the information hierarchy less often than those with poorer spatial visualization ability. These results support previous studies that have found a strong preference by users to browse in hypertext systems and extend those findings to a new domain (help), a different type of user interface, and a different information architecture. In addition, the results demonstrate the importance of spatial visualization ability for efficient navigation and information retrieval in a hierarchical hypertext system.”
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» 1984 «
Adelson, Beth, Littman, D., Ehrlich, Kate, Black, J. and Soloway, Elliot (1984): Novice-Expert Differences in Software Design. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 473-478.
“In this paper we describe the results of analyzing protocols of expert and novice software designers as they performed a novel, non-trivial design task from a domain with which they were familiar. The protocols allowed us to develop a model which can account for several interesting and recurrent expert behaviors such as constraint gathering, balanced development, and the building and running of mental simulations of partially completed designs. We have also found what look like systematic differences between our novices and our experts.”
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» 1983 «
Soloway, Elliot, Ehrlich, Kate and Black, John B. (1983): Beyond Numbers: Don't Ask "How Many" ... Ask "Why". In: Smith, Raoul N., Pew, Richard W. and Janda, Ann (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conferenc December 12-15, 1983, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. pp. 240-246.
“While programmers may differ in their assessment of the comprehensibility of a program, there are nonetheless some clear cut cases of programs that are truly difficult to understand. In this paper, we analyze three programs -- two of which are relatively incomprehensible -- using Halstead's Volume Metric, Propositional Analysis and Plan Analysis. We argue that only Plan Analysis provides a satisfactory explanation for why the programs in question differ with respect to understandability. Moreover, we suggest that a qualitative analysis, such as provided by Plan Analysis, is the desired type of evaluation: rather than simply providing a numerical ranking for programs, the qualitative analysis can pinpoint the troublesome area in the code and provide prescriptive information for correcting the difficulty.”
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Soloway, Elliot, Bonar, Jeffrey and Ehrlich, Kate (1983): Cognitive Strategies and Looping Constructs: An Empirical Study. In Communications of the ACM, 26 (11) pp. 853-860
» 1982 «
Soloway, Elliot, Ehrlich, Kate and Bonar, Jeffrey (1982): Tapping Into Tacit Programming Knowledge. In: Nichols, Jean A. and Schneider, Michael L. (eds.) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems March 15-17, 1982, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. pp. 52-57.
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Mar 19th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
10 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Kate Ehrlich's author page.18 Aug 2009: Author was edited 09 May 2009: Author was edited
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