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Jeffrey Schmidt

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Publications by Jeffrey Schmidt (bibliography)

1995

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Haas, Ellen and Schmidt, Jeffrey (1995): Auditory Icons as Warning and Advisory Signals in the U.S. Army Battlefield Combat Identification System (BCIS). In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 999-1003.

“The U.S. Army proposed the Battlefield Combat Identification System (BCIS) to diminish fratricide by providing five critical auditory and visual warning signals. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the auditory warning signals designed by the U.S. Army Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) provided greater user association with the BCIS signal functions than did signals designed by a contractor. The contractor signals consisted of pure tones, while the HRED signals were auditory icons designed with intent to provide a high level of user association. The dependent variable was the subject's free-modulus magnitude estimation rating of the degree of association of the signal with the signal function. Subjects were 20 male U.S. Army Infantrymen. Data were analyzed using t-tests for paired samples. Results indicated that the mean perceived association was significantly greater for the HRED auditory icons in one of five cases, and greater (but not significantly so) in two additional cases. There were no other significant differences. Implications for auditory display design are discussed.”

1992

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Schmidt, Jeffrey and Elvers, Greg C. (1992): The Influence of Color, Closure and Correlation on Integral and Separable Performance with Object Displays. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1488-1492.

“Three variables were manipulated in an attempt to determine the conditions of optimal performance using object-like displays. Uniquely color coding the vertices of the object did not appear to cause a significant change in separate or integral task accuracy. The introduction of a display based on the Gestalt law of closure in which the middle third of each side of the object was removed improved separate task accuracy relative to the object display. Separate task accuracy for the closure display was not as good as the bar display. Integration task accuracy was not harmed by this manipulation. The validity of the emergent feature for information integration was manipulated. Lower levels of validity reduce integration task accuracy for all displays equally. Thus, if information integration is the operator's primary task, display designers should consider using the closure display in place of the object display. The usefulness of both object and closure displays may be limited since the emergent feature may be less than 100% valid for the information integration task in many real world situations. This is due to constraints in the geometry of object displays.”

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