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Jeff Shrager

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Publications by Jeff Shrager (bibliography)

» 2008 «

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Bernstein, Michael S., Shrager, Jeff and Winograd, Terry (2008): Taskposé: exploring fluid boundaries in an associative window visualization. In: Cousins, Steve B. and Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel (eds.) Proceedings of the 21st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology October 19-22, 2008, Monterey, CA, USA. pp. 231-234. Available online

» 1987 «

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Shrager, Jeff, Jordan, Daniel S., Moran, Thomas P., Kiczales, Gregor and Russell, Daniel M. (1987): Issues in the Pragmatics of Qualitative Modeling: Lessons Learned from a Xerographics Project. In Communications of the ACM, 30 (12) pp. 1036-1047

» 1986 «

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Shrager, Jeff and Klahr, David (1986): Instructionless Learning about a Complex Device: The Paradigm and Observations. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 25 (2) pp. 153-189

“In order to study the mechanisms that underlie "intuitive" scientific reasoning, verbal protocols were collected from seven computer-naive college students asked to "figure out" a Big Trak programmable toy, without a user's guide or other assistance. We call this paradigm Instructionless Learning. The present paper presents a detailed account of how people learn about a complex device in an instructionless-learning context. Subjects' behavior is divided into an orientation phase and a systematic phase. We attend most carefully to the systematic phase. Learners form hypotheses about various aspects of the Big Trak: the syntax of interaction, the semantics of operators, and the device model -- which includes objects such as memories, switches, etc. Subjects attempt to confirm hypotheses from which predictions can be made, to refine hypotheses that do not immediately yield predictions, and to verify their total knowledge of the device. Hypotheses are formulated from observation. If an initial hypothesis is incorrect, it will yield incorrect predictions in interactions. When such failures occur, learners change their theory to account for the currently perceived behavior of the device. These changes are often based upon little evidence and may even be contradicted by available information. Thus, the new hypotheses may also be incorrect, and lead to further errors and changes.”

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» 1983 «

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Shrager, Jeff and Klahr, David (1983): Learning in an Instructionless Environment: Observation and Analysis. In: Smith, Raoul N., Pew, Richard W. and Janda, Ann (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 83 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conferenc December 12-15, 1983, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. pp. 226-229.

“In an instructionless environment, there are neither teachers nor books. The only feedback comes from interaction with the target. All information appears from within the subject or from observation of the environment. In this setting, subjects rely upon experimentation to develop an understanding of the target. They form hypotheses by analogy or inference and test these hypotheses via experiments of calibration, replication, confirmation, exploration, and discrimination. This paper describes subjects' performance in a particular instructionless environment. The target object is a programmable toy robot tank. We use the hypotheses formed by subjects and form of the experiments performed, to assess subjects' knowledge of the system. This knowledge falls into distinguishable categories: syntactic knowledge of the programming language, semantic knowledge of the actions of the device, and model knowledge which addresses the structure of the device. Exemplary selections of our protocols are used to support the various aspects of the learning model.”

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