Jean Scholtz
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"J. Scholtz"
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Publications by Jean Scholtz (bibliography)
» 2007 «
Drury, Jill L., Scholtz, Jean and Kieras, David (2007): Adapting GOMS to model human-robot interaction. In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction 2007. pp. 41-48. Available online
“A formal interaction modeling technique known as Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS) is well-established in human-computer interaction as a cost-effective way of evaluating designs without the participation of end users. This paper explores the use of GOMS for evaluating human-robot interaction. We provide a case study in the urban search-and-rescue domain and raise issues for developing GOMS models that have not been previously addressed. Further, we provide rationale for selecting different types of GOMS modeling techniques to help the analyst model human-robot interfaces.”
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» 2006 «
Scholtz, Jean (2006): Metrics for evaluating human information interaction systems. In Interacting with Computers, 18 (4) pp. 507-527
“Society today has a wealth of information available due to information technology. The challenge facing researchers working in information access is how to help users easily locate the information needed. Evaluation methodologies and metrics are important tools to assess progress in human information interaction (HII). To properly evaluate these systems, evaluations need to consider the performance of the various components, the usability of the system, and the impact of the system on the end user. Current usability metrics are adequate for evaluating the efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction of such systems. Performance measures for new intelligent technologies will have to be developed. Regardless of how well the systems are and how usable the systems are, it is critical that impact measures are developed. For HII systems to be useful, we need to assess how well information analysts work with the systems. This evaluation needs to go beyond technical performance metrics and usability metrics. What are the metrics for evaluating utility? This paper describes research efforts focused on developing metrics for the intelligence community that measure the impact of new software to facilitate information interaction.”
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Scholtz, Jean, Morse, Emile and Steves, Michelle Potts (2006): Evaluation metrics and methodologies for user-centered evaluation of intelligent systems. In Interacting with Computers, 18 (6) pp. 1186-1214
“In the past four years, we have worked with several research programs that were developing intelligent software for use by intelligence analysts. Our involvement in these programs was to develop the metrics and methodologies for assessing the impact on users; in this case, on intelligence analysts. In particular, we focused on metrics to evaluate how much the intelligent systems contribute to the users' tasks and what the cost is to the user in terms of workload and process deviations. In this paper, we describe the approach used. We started with two types of preliminary investigations - first, collecting and analyzing data from analysts working in an instrumented environment for a period of 2 years, and second, developing and conducting formative evaluations of research software. The long-term studies informed our ideas about the processes that analysts use and provided potential metrics in an environment without intelligent software tools. The formative evaluations helped us to define sets of application-specific metrics. Finally, we conducted assessments during and after technology insertions. We describe the metrics and methodologies used in each of these activities, along with the lessons learned.”
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Scholtz, Jean, Yanco, Holly A. and Drury, Jill L. (2006): Introduction to human-robot interaction. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2006. p. 20. Available online
“This tutorial presents the current status of research in interactions with robots, including adaptive robots/interfaces, speech, gestures, virtual reality, and social interactions. Different user interface designs will be shown and discussed during the tutorial. Human-robot interaction (HRI) guidelines, evaluation methodologies and metrics currently used by the community will be presented. Research needs will also be discussed. Participants will work in small groups to design a robotic application as well as an evaluation plan.”
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Scholtz, Jean, Theofanos, Mary and Antonishek, Brian (2006): Development of a test bed for evaluating human-robot performance for explosive ordnance disposal robots. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART Conference on Human-Robot Interaction 2006. pp. 10-17. Available online
“This paper discusses the development of a test bed to evaluate the combined performance of the human operator and an explosive ordnance disposal robot. We have other means of evaluating the capabilities of the robots but for the robots to be truly useful it is necessary to understand how effectively and efficiently operators will be able to use these robots in critical situations. In this paper we discuss the tasks developed for the test bed and how we are going about development of the metrics for assessing the human-robot performance and, more specifically, the human-robot user interface.”
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Steinfeld, Aaron, Fong, Terrence, Kaber, David, Lewis, Michael, Scholtz, Jean, Schultz, Alan and Goodrich, Michael (2006): Common metrics for human-robot interaction. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART Conference on Human-Robot Interaction 2006. pp. 33-40. Available online
“This paper describes an effort to identify common metrics for task-oriented human-robot interaction (HRI). We begin by discussing the need for a toolkit of HRI metrics. We then describe the framework of our work and identify important biasing factors that must be taken into consideration. Finally, we present suggested common metrics for standardization and a case study. Preparation of a larger, more detailed toolkit is in progress.”
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» 2005 «
Scholtz, Jean (2005): Have robots, need interaction with humans!. In Interactions, 12 (2) pp. 12-14
Drury, Jill L., Yanco, Holly A. and Scholtz, Jean (2005): Using competitions to study human-robot interaction in urban search and rescue. In Interactions, 12 (2) pp. 39-41
Scholtz, Jean (2005): An interview with Dr. Corinna Lathan of AnthroTronix. In Interactions, 12 (2) pp. 45-47
Scholtz, Jean (2005): Robot rescue camp. In Interactions, 12 (2) pp. 79-80
Cowley, Paula J., Nowell, Lucy T. and Scholtz, Jean (2005): Glass Box: An Instrumented Infrastructure for Supporting Human Interaction with Information. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
Scholtz, Jean, Crosby, Martha E. and Ward, Paul (2005): Integrating Humans with Intelligent Technologies: Merging Theories of Collaborative Intelligence and Expert Cognition. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
Steves, Michelle Potts and Scholtz, Jean (2005): A Framework for Evaluating Collaborative Systems in the Real World. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online
» 2004 «
Scholtz, Jean and Steves, Michelle Potts (2004): A framework for real-world software system evaluations. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW04 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2004. pp. 600-603. Available online
“This paper introduces an evaluation method that provides the capability of comparing results of like-structured evaluations that occur over time and with changing toolsets or environmental conditions. This makes use of the framework ideal for comparison of collaboration tools. The framework helps to structure evaluations by mapping system goals to evaluation objectives, metrics, and measures. The upper-most levels of the framework are conceptual in nature, while the bottom level is implementation-specific, i.e., evaluation-specific. Careful attention during construction of the conceptual elements for an evaluation template allows for its reuse in a series of like-structured evaluations and comparison of those results.”
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Yanco, Holly A., Drury, Jill L. and Scholtz, Jean (2004): Beyond Usability Evaluation: Analysis of Human-Robot Interaction at a Major Robotics Competition. In Human-Computer Interaction, 19 (1) pp. 117-149
“Human-robot interaction (HRI) is a relatively new field of study. To date, most of the effort in robotics has been spent in developing hardware and software that expands the range of robot functionality and autonomy. In contrast, little effort has been spent so far to ensure that the robotic displays and interaction controls are intuitive for humans. This study applied robotics, human-computer interaction (HCI), and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) expertise to gain experience with HCI/CSCW evaluation techniques in the robotics domain. As a case study for this article, we analyzed four different robot systems that competed in the 2002 American Association for Artificial Intelligence Robot Rescue Competition. These systems completed urban search and rescue tasks in a controlled environment with predetermined scoring rules that provided objective measures of success. This study analyzed pre-evaluation questionnaires; videotapes of the robots, interfaces, and operators; maps of the robots' paths through the competition arena; post-evaluation debriefings; and critical incidents (e.g., when the robots damaged the test arena). As a result, this study developed guidelines for developing interfaces for HRI.”
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Scholtz, Jean, Antonishek, Brian and Young, Jeff (2004): Evaluation of a Human-Robot Interface: Development of a Situational Awareness Methodology. In: HICSS 2004 2004. . Available online
Scholtz, Jean and Crosby, Martha E. (2004): Symbiotic Interactions between Users and Intelligent Systems: Minitrack Introduction. In: HICSS 2004 2004. . Available online
» 2003 «
Scholtz, Jean, Morse, E., Laskowski, S., Wichansky, A., Butler, Keith A. and Sullivan, K. (2003): The Common Industry Format: A Way for Vendors and Customers to Talk about Software Usability. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 554-558.
Butler, Keith A., Wichansky, Anna, Laskowski, Sharon J., Morse, Emile L. and Scholtz, Jean (2003): The Common Industry Format: A Way for Vendors and Customers to Talk About Software Usability. In: Computer-Human Interaction Conference September 8-12, 2003, Bath, England. .
“One way to encourage software developers to integrate usability engineering into their development process is for purchasers to require evidence of product usability. Until recently this presented a difficulty because usability and "user friendly software" were vague, ambiguous terms. When large corporations purchase software, they use a number of quantitative measurements in their procurement decision-making process, such as the amount of memory needed, results from standard benchmark tests, performance measures, and measures of robustness. This paper describes our efforts to provide a standard method of quantifying usability and reporting on usability testing to include it in procurement decision-making. ”
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Scholtz, Jean (2003): Theory and Evaluation of Human Robot Interactions. In: HICSS 2003 2003. p. 125. Available online
» 2002 «
Novick, David G. and Scholtz, Jean (2002): Universal usability. In Interacting with Computers, 14 (4) pp. 269-270
» 2001 «
Kurosu, M., Bevan, Nigel, Scholtz, Jean, Geis, T., Horibe, Y. and Dzida, W. (2001): Usability Standards for Industry - ISO13407, CIF and the Future of Usability Activities -. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT01: Human-Computer Interaction 2001, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 871-872.
Scholtz, Jean (2001): Adaptation of Traditional Usability Testing Methods for Remote Testing. In: HICSS 2001 2001. . Available online
» 1999 «
Scholtz, Jean (1999): SIGCHI Financial Report. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 31 (1) pp. 43-44
Scholtz, Jean, Muller, Michael J., Novick, David G., Olsen, Jr. Dan R., Shneiderman, Ben and Wharton, Cathleen (1999): A Research Agenda for Highly Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Useful, Usable, and Universal. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 31 (4) pp. 13-16
Scholtz, Jean and Downey, Laura L. (1999): Methods for Identifying Usability Problems with Web Sites. In: Chatty, Stephane and Dewan, Prasun (eds.) Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, IFIP TC2/TC13 WG2.7/WG13.4 Seventh Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction September 14-18, 1999, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. pp. 191-206.
Spence, R., Chatty, Stephane, Christensen, Henrik Bærbak, Fishkin, Kenneth P., Johnston, Lorraine, Koning, Nicole de, Lu, Shijian, Nigay, Laurence, Orosco, Ricardo and Scholtz, Jean (1999): The Visualisation of Web Usage. In: Chatty, Stephane and Dewan, Prasun (eds.) Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, IFIP TC2/TC13 WG2.7/WG13.4 Seventh Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction September 14-18, 1999, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. pp. 351-361.
Scholtz, Jean (1999): A Case Study: Developing a Remote, Rapid, and Automated Usability Testing Methodology for On-Line Books. In: HICSS 1999 1999. . Available online
» 1998 «
Scholtz, Jean, Bellotti, Victoria, Schirra, Leslie, Erickson, Thomas D., DeGroot, Jenny and Lund, Arnold (1998): Telework: When Your Job is On the Line. In Interactions, 5 (1) pp. 44-54
Scholtz, Jean, Damianos, Laurie, Greenberg, Andrew and Kozierok, Robyn (1998): Methodologies for Evaluation. In: Poltrock, Steven and Grudin, Jonathan (eds.) Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work November 14 - 18, 1998, Seattle, Washington, United States. p. 415. Available online
“This workshop will discuss different approaches used to evaluate CSCW systems. Our goal is to produce a taxonomy of evaluation methodologies for CSCW systems, identifying the type of systems for which a technique is most useful, the stage of development in which a methodology is appropriate, the resources needed to conduct an evaluation, and the appropriate measures for the various techniques. We plan to discuss various methods of data collection for collaborative work and identify the evaluation methodologies for which various types of data collection are most appropriate. Other issues we hope to discuss during the workshop include sharing and comparing collected data, the usefulness of standardized component tests, and the organization of evaluation results to make them more accessible to the development community. See our web page for the expected content of position papers.”
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Scholtz, Jean and Laskowski, Sharon (1998): Kiosk-Based User Testing of Online Books. In: ACM 16th International Conference on Systems Documentation 1998. pp. 80-86. Available online
“Our work is in developing rapid, remote, and automated tools and techniques for usability evaluations of web sites. We have completed case studies for information access web sites and developed several software tools and some techniques to facilitate evaluations for this type of site. In this paper, we describe a case study to obtain design information for an online book. We intend to develop tools to facilitate this type of user testing if we conclude that this is an effective way to obtain information.”
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Scholtz, Jean (1998): Report on the Financial Status of ACM SIGCHI. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 30 (1) pp. 81-82
Scholtz, Jean (1998): ESP 7: Empirical Studies of Programmers. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 30 (2) pp. 37-39
Mack, Robert L., Druin, Allison, Riederman, David, Scholtz, Jean and Wharton, Cathleen (1998): SIGCHI Needs You! A Call for Volunteers. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 30 (4) pp. 94-95
“Volunteers are the lifeblood of SIGCHI: ACM's Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction. SIGCHI is governed by an all-volunteer, elected Executive Committee which oversees conference activities, finances, publications and general operations. Volunteers organize annual CHI conferences, review papers, and organize conference venues like Panels and Workshop. Volunteers have built and maintained SIGCHI's electronic infrastructure, including Web site, e-mail lists, and databases for organizing technical programs and services for its membership, and the world-wide HCI community. As SIGCHI grows, it retains the services of professional services for its operations which permits the volunteer community to concentrate on advancing the profession. But in the end everything SIGCHI accomplishes is the direct result of volunteer input. And SIGCHI needs more of you.”
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» 1997 «
Scholtz, Jean, Salvador, Tony, Lockhart, Pete and Newbery, James (1997): Design: No Job too Small. In: Pemberton, Steven (ed.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 22-27, 1997, Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 447-454. Available online
“This paper describes the efforts involved in the design of a novel Personal Information Manager (PIM) about the size of a credit card with a touch screen that fit neatly in one's shirt pocket or the PCMCIA slot on a PC. The device had to support both viewing data as well as entering data. This project at Intel offered human factors engineers extraordinary freedom in terms of functional design constraints, including no pre-existing operating system or pre-existing metaphor. However, in terms of practical constraints, such as low power demands, extremely small screen size and low resolution, color and the inexperience of the engineering team working with human factors professionals, this project offered us a unique challenge. In the end, ergonomic concerns, functionality concerns and navigation issues required a novel approach to the design of this hand-held computing appliance. Making decisions was additionally complicated as the novel hardware was being developed simultaneously. During design, we needed to produce innovative tests that would give valid results without using the actual hardware and we needed to explain at each step what we were doing and the input we would have for hardware and/or software decisions.”
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» 1996 «
Salvador, Tony, Scholtz, Jean and Larson, James (1996): The Denver Model for Groupware Design: (Yeeeeee Haaaaaa!). In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 28 (1) pp. 52-58
“The Denver Model is offered as a framework with which to plan or evaluate the capabilities associated with a particular groupware application. This model was the output of 14 participants at the two day workshop on Designing and Evaluating Groupware, held at CHI'95, Denver Colorado. The Denver Model consists of three submodels: goals and requirements, design and technology. A description of the framework is provided and evaluation strategies are described in this paper.”
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Salvador, Tony and Scholtz, Jean (1996): Systematic creativity: a methodology for integrating user, market and engineering requirements for product definition, design and usability testing. In: Bass, Leonard J. and Unger, Claus (eds.) Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction, Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG2.7 Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction August, 1996, Yellowstone Park, USA. pp. 307-329.
Scholtz, Jean (1996): Technology Transfer Through Prototypes. In Communications of the ACM, 39 (9) pp. 26-27
» 1993 «
Fix, Vikki, Wiedenbeck, Susan and Scholtz, Jean (1993): Mental Representations of Programs by Novices and Experts. In: Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 74-79. Available online
“This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer programs: hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition of recurring patterns, connection of knowledge, and grounding in the program text. An experiment is reported in which expert and novice programmers studied a Pascal program for comprehension and then answered a series of questions about it designed to show these characteristics if they existed in the mental representations formed. Evidence for all of the abstract characteristics was found in the mental representations of expert programmers. Novices' representations generally lacked the characteristics, but there was evidence that they had the beginnings, although poorly developed, of such characteristics.”
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Cook, Curtis, Scholtz, Jean and Spohrer, James C. (eds.) Empirical Studies of Programmers - Fifth Workshop December 3-15, 1993, 1993, Palo Alto, California.
Scholtz, Jean and Wiedenbeck, Susan (1993): An Analysis of Novice Programmers Learning a Second Language. In: Cook, Curtis, Scholtz, Jean and Spohrer, James C. (eds.) Empirical Studies of Programmers - Fifth Workshop December 3-15, 1993, 1993, Palo Alto, California. pp. 187-205.
“This research studied novice programmers with some Pascal knowledge during their initial attempts at learning another programming language. We wanted to identify the programming knowledge they had previously acquired and determine if they were able to use this knowledge in learning a second language. We found that plan structure differences could be used to predict problems programmers encountered. Additionally, we discovered that novices were hampered in transferring to a new language, not only by features of the new language, but by inadequate or missing knowledge of both programming constructs from their first language and programming concepts in general.”
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Wiedenbeck, Susan, Fix, Vikki and Scholtz, Jean (1993): Characteristics of the Mental Representations of Novice and Expert Programmers: An Empirical Study. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 39 (5) pp. 793-812
“This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer programs: hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition of recurring patterns, connection of knowledge, and grounding in the program text. An experiment is reported in which expert and novice programmers studied a Pascal program for comprehension and then answered a series of questions about it, designed to show these characteristics if they existed in the mental representations formed. Evidence for all of the abstract characteristics was found in the mental representations of expert programmers. Novices' representations generally lacked the characteristics, but there was evidence that they had the beginnings, although poorly developed, of such characteristics.”
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Scholtz, Jean (1993): A Longitudinal Study of Transfer between Programming Languages by Experienced Programmers. In: Alty, James L., Diaper, Dan and Guest, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VIII August 7-10, 1993, Loughborough University, UK. pp. 397-410.
“This study reports on a longitudinal study of experienced programmers transferring to a new language. Our previous research studied the initial efforts of experienced programmers transferring to a new language. This work showed that transfer, even within the same language paradigm, presents difficulties. In particular, transfer to a dissimilar language poses problems in plan selection even for experienced programmers. In our longitudinal study we found that these problems did not disappear with increased exposure to the language. With few exceptions subjects reused the plans that they first developed rather than searching for a more appropriate solution. We believe that there is a definite need for tools that aid the programmer in their initial efforts at learning a new language. Without outside intervention programmers may be very slow to exploit language capabilities.”
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Scholtz, Jean and Wiedenbeck, Susan (1993): Using Unfamiliar Programming Languages: The Effects on Expertise. In Interacting with Computers, 5 (1) pp. 13-30
“The paper begins by describing a model of the influences operating when an experienced programmer learns to program in an unfamiliar language. It then reports on an empirical study which investigated how a change of programming language affects experienced programmers. Programmers solved a familiar problem using two unfamiliar languages. It was found that programmers used knowledge from past experience in solving the problem, but often had to adapt the knowledge to take good advantages of the new languages. They were only partly successful in doing this, and overall performance was poor. The solution process of the programmers was disrupted, as shown by more plan changes and more extensive backward planning. The two unfamiliar languages had impacts at different levels in the planning process.”
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Scholtz, Jean and Cleveland, Adrienne (1993): The Development of a Plan Based Tutor to Aid in Transfer between Programming Languages. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993. pp. 519-524.
“This paper discusses a hypertext-based system which can be used to support transfer from one procedural language to another. This tool uses plan knowledge as the transfer vehicle and is based on empirical studies of transfer between programming languages. The design and use of the system are discussed and results from empirical studies of its use are described.”
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» 1992 «
Scholtz, Jean and Wiedenbeck, Susan (1992): The Role of Planning in Learning a New Programming Language. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 37 (2) pp. 191-214
“This paper reports on a protocol analysis of experienced programmers beginning to program in an unknown programming language. The data show that programmers have greatest difficulty with and spend by far the largest portion of their time engaged in planning activities. Many of the subjects produced working solutions to the problem they were given, using plans coming from their previous experience with other languages. Such plans failed to take good advantage of the features of the new language. From our data we present a model of planning in a new language which shows planning to be mostly a depth-first process which uses a top-down strategy of adopting plans which have proven successful in other languages, as well as a bottom-up strategy of searching for features in the new language which may suggest an appropriate plan.”
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Scholtz, Jean and Wiedenbeck, Susan (1992): The Use of Unfamiliar Programming Languages by Experienced Programmers. In: Monk, Andrew, Diaper, Dan and Harrison, Michael D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VII August 15-18, 1992, University of York, UK. pp. 45-56.
“This paper begins by describing a model of the influences operating when an experienced programmer learns to program in an unfamiliar language. It then reports on an empirical study which investigated how a change of programming language affects experienced programmers. Programmers solved a familiar problem using an unfamiliar language. It was found that programmers used knowledge from past experience in solving the problem but often had to adapt the knowledge to take good advantages of the new language. They were only partly successful in doing this, and overall performance was poor. Their solution process was disrupted, as shown by more plan changes and backward planning.”
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» 1991 «
Scholtz, Jean and Csoppenszky, Julie (1991): What Do Programmers Really Look At in a Program: A Pilot Study. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 23 (4) pp. 46-47
» 1990 «
Scholtz, Jean and Wiedenbeck, Susan (1990): Learning Second and Subsequent Programming Languages: A Problem of Transfer. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2 (1) pp. 51-72
“Learning second and subsequent programming languages is easier than learning a first programming language because many concepts and constructs are shared. However, it is still a hard task. In this protocol analysis of moderately experienced programmers transferring to a new programming language, we classified episodes by whether they involved the syntactic, semantic, or planning level of programming knowledge. We discovered that most episodes involve planning and that in solving a given subproblem there are typically many cycles of language-independent tactical planning followed by language dependent implementation planning. On the other hand, programmers have relatively minor problems with the syntax and semantics of a new language. Our subjects' protocols and their final programs revealed that the plans they develop are strongly influenced by their knowledge of what would be convenient and appropriate in other languages they know. This prevents them from taking full advantage of the capabilities of the new language.”
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Scholtz, Jean and Wiedenbeck, Susan (1990): Learning to Program in Another Language. In: Diaper, Dan, Gilmore, David J., Cockton, Gilbert and Shackel, Brian (eds.) INTERACT 90 - 3rd IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 27-31, 1990, Cambridge, UK. pp. 925-930.
“Our objective in this study was to examine how programmers go about learning new programming languages and to identify which areas of program development presented difficulties. Verbalizations from think aloud protocols were classified as one of five kinds of knowledge: syntax, semantics, strategic planning, tactical planning, and implementation planning. Implementation planning occupied over 50 percent of subjects' efforts, irrespective of language and level of expertise. Difficulties in a dissimilar language were due to subjects' failure to construct appropriate tactical plans. In a similar language difficulties centered on subjects' inability to locate appropriate constructs.”
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» 1989 «
Wiedenbeck, Susan and Scholtz, Jean (1989): Beacons and Initial Program Comprehension. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 21 (1) pp. 90-91
Wiedenbeck, Susan and Scholtz, Jean (1989): Beacons: A Knowledge Structure in Program Comprehension. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1989. pp. 82-87.
“Beacons are surface features of program code which serve as keys to program comprehension. They are significant because they allow the programmer to determine program function quickly without line-by-line study of the code. The two experiments reported here were designed to establish a causal connection between presence of beacons and superior program comprehension. One experiment showed that when a beacon in a familiar program is disguised in some way, program comprehension of experienced programmers declines. Another experiment showed that this result holds true even for programs unfamiliar to the programmer.”
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Mar 19th, 2010
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