Publication statistics
Pub. period:1990-2008
Pub. count:8
Number of co-authors:11
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
P. A. Hancock:4M. Vercruyssen:2J. Lockhart:1 Productive colleagues
J. K. Caird's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
P. A. Hancock:28M. Vercruyssen:7K. James:2
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J. K. Caird
Publications by J. K. Caird (bibliography)
Caird, J. K., Chisholm, S. L. and Lockhart, J. (2008): Do in-vehicle advanced signs enhance older and younger drivers' intersection performance? Driving simulation and eye movement results. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 20 (3) pp. 132-144.
“An experimental study was conducted to determine if intersection behaviour benefited from advanced in-vehicle signs presented to older and younger drivers in a head-up display (HUD) format. The University of Calgary Driving Simulator (UCDS) was used to evaluate intersection performance. Measures of those who were able to stop or ran the yellow light, speed over the span of the intersection, perception response time, and eye movements were analyzed to determine if performance improved or whether undesirable adaptive behaviours occurred. In-vehicle signs facilitated an increase in the frequencies of stopping for both younger and older drivers at intersections with relatively short yellow onsets. The speed at the yellow light onset for both those who stopped and those who proceeded through the intersection was reduced by the presence of the in-vehicle signs. The primary behavioral influence of the in-vehicle signs was to cause the drivers' to reduce their velocity in advance of an intersection. Eye movement analyses indicated that younger drivers looked at the in-vehicles signs more often and for longer overall durations than older drivers. Older drivers had slower intersection approach speeds, stopped more accurately, and were more likely to not clear the intersection before the traffic light turned to an all-red phase than younger drivers. The implications of the in-vehicle sign results are discussed in terms of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) design guidelines and evaluation methods.”
© All rights reserved Caird et al. and/or Academic Press
James, K., Lynk, L., Molinari, D. and Caird, J. K. (1995): The Comprehension and Use of Word-Processing Icons. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 941.
“A two-phase study examined the degree that different levels of users understood and actually used word processing icons. In the first phase, 30 novice participants were given 2 questionnaires in which they were asked to generate the meanings of 25 icons and then match pictures of icons to a list of functions. Results indicated that 12 icons passed the International Standards Organization level of icon comprehensibility (67%), whereas only 5 passed the more stringent American National Standard Institute criteria (85%). In phase II, 7 highly experienced users performed a set of 12 useability tasks. These tasks were constructed from the 6 best and 6 worst icons in phase I. The questionnaires from phase I were then given to the experienced users. No difference in performance between the novice and experienced users was found on the questionnaires. In the useability tasks, the experienced users generally choose key and menu command options over icons to execute the tasks. These results have been interpreted to be due to the ambiguity, poor discriminability, size, and/or complexity of the icon. Further discussions center on icon comprehension standards, icon design guidelines, and the heuristic use of icons, menus, and keystroke commands as users acquire application competency. Recommendations are made on the future design and use of icons in word processing packages.”
© All rights reserved James et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Ringseis, E. L. and Caird, J. K. (1995): The Comprehensibility and Legibility of Twenty Pharmaceutical Warning Pictograms. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 974-978.
“The purpose of the reported three phase study was to test the comprehensibility and legibility of twenty prescription warning labels that were likely to have adverse effects if taken incorrectly and to redesign those that were poorly understood. The underlying message or warning did not achieve an eighty-five percent comprehension level in sixteen of the twenty pictorials. Through an analysis of errors made by first phase participants and the incorporation of common elements suggested by a diverse focus group, ten of the pictorials were redesigned. Comparisons between pre- and post- redesign comprehensibility revealed significant improvements for eight of the ten labels for a younger test sample and three of ten for an elderly sample. Participants also indicated that they preferred the redesigned labels. Discussions center on pharmaceutical pictogram design guidelines and comprehension standards.”
© All rights reserved Ringseis and Caird and/or Human Factors Society
James, K. R. and Caird, J. K. (1995): The Effects of Optic Flow, Proprioception, and Texture on Novice Locomotion in Virtual Environments. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 1405-1409.
“The ability of a user to move to different locations within a virtual environment (VE) is a fundamental action that subserves the activities of exploration and manipulation. By empirical analogy, the perceptual information used to locomote to a target within a virtual environment is compared to the perceptual information used to walk to a location in the real world. An experiment is reported that had participants move to a location as accurately as possible within a VE where a target object was presented. The amount of visual feedback available to participants was manipulated. Three conditions were compared: static viewing of the target and virtual environment before locomotion, the disappearance of the target object as movement to the object was initiated, and locomotion to the target while both object and environment were present. In addition, the composition of virtual environments was either textured or polygonal. Error measures indicated that users locomote within VE's with less accuracy than those that walk blindfolded in the real world. Texture had its largest effect on the accuracy of movement when optic flow was not available, that is, static estimates of distance. Discussions center on the relative contribution of visual, cognitive, and proprioceptive information to VE user movement accuracy.”
© All rights reserved James and Caird and/or Human Factors Society
Caird, J. K. and Hancock, P. A. (1992): Perception of Oncoming Vehicle Time-to-Arrival. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1378-1382.
“An experiment was conducted in a fixed-base driving simulator which manipulated the time-to-arrival (T{sub:a}) of an oncoming vehicle, the viewing distance to that vehicle and the type of oncoming vehicle to determine the perceptual basis for a left-turn decision. Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to a group where either a motorcycle, a compact car, a full-size car, or delivery truck represented the oncoming vehicle. There were an equal number of participants of each gender in the four groups. As T{sub:a} was increased, underestimation of vehicle arrival time also increased. Significant main effects were found for T{sub:a}, gender of participants, vehicle type, and viewing distance, and for interactions for gender x T{sub:a} and gender x vehicle type. Males and females differed in their accuracy of judgments for vehicle types, where males were more accurate in estimating the arrival of delivery vans and motorcycles than their female peers. The pattern of results for the size of the approach vehicle were consistent with a margin-of-safety explanation which argues that driver underestimation of the arrival times of larger vehicles generally allows larger margins-of-safety than for smaller vehicles. The importance of these findings for the development of advanced in-vehicle collision avoidance and warning systems is briefly considered.”
© All rights reserved Caird and Hancock and/or Human Factors Society
Hancock, P. A., Caird, J. K., Shekhar, S. and Vercruyssen, M. (1991): Factors Influencing Drivers' Left Turn Decisions. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1139-1143.
Caird, J. K. and Hancock, P. A. (1991): Perceived Spatial Layout of a Simulated Scene as a Function of Experience. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 1447-1451.
“A critical question in simulation is the degree of correspondence or alignment between what is seen in a generated graphics world and it's intended actual physical structure. An allied concern, is the role of perceptual experience as a potential influence on this perceived spatial layout. The present experiment examined the potential for these perceived distortions. Eight observers estimated the location of nine object locations embedded in a graphical scene of a traffic intersection. Participants were asked to judge the relative and absolute distances between objects in the display. Half the subjects viewed the intersection after driving for thirty minutes through the simulated traffic world while the remaining participants did not receive any prior experience. A multidimensional scaling analysis revealed differences between simulator and no simulator experience groups for absolute and relative 3-D solutions. Scaled representations of actual and perceived spaces are discussed in the framework of a model of perceived spatial layout and with respect to human factors issues in the use of both simulated and virtual worlds.”
© All rights reserved Caird and Hancock and/or Human Factors Society
Caird, J. K., Hancock, P. A., Wade, M. G. and Vercruyssen, M. (1990): Workload and Strategic Adaptation Under Transformations on Visual-Coordinative Mappings. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1290-1294.
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