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J. Bradley Cummings

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Publications by J. Bradley Cummings (bibliography)

1995

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Leonard, S. David, Cummings, J. Bradley and Barton, Adam H. (1995): Hazards May Result from Failures of Conceptual Agreement. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. p. 931.

“Burned flesh resulting from overly hot water is a common household injury. Often this results from an incorrect setting of the temperature control of the water heater. It was hypothesized this occurs because many untrained individuals do not know the correlation of skin sensation to water temperature. Thus individuals setting the temperature may be mislead by the terms used on the control. The term "medium" on the control may be associated with 140-, because the maker of the control considers the range of possible physical temperatures the heater can produce and divides that range into low, medium and high. A survey of how individuals interpreted temperature settings of water was performed. The respondents were asked to rate different temperatures as warm, medium, or hot, and to indicate what Fahrenheit temperatures they would associate with words such as hot, scalding, and so forth. The data indicate users tend to interpret words such as "medium" as applied to temperature in terms of their sensations. Thus it might be applied to a sensation of warmth that they considered "just right." Further, many individuals have little idea of the correspondence between their sensations and the actual temperature (some indicated 40' as an appropriate temperature for a baby's bath). Manufacturers, on the other hand, apparently define medium as the middle of the range of possible temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of the need to determine how the meaning of concepts relating temperature and controls may be expressed in terms understood by the user.”

1994

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Leonard, S. David and Cummings, J. Bradley (1994): Influence on Ratings of Risk for Consumer Products. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 451-455.

“Previous studies have suggested many persons do not know the meanings of many terms commonly used as stand alone descriptions of hazards. Studies (Leonard&Digby, 1992; Leonard&Hill, 1993) have shown that the same hazard description, for example flammable, associated with different products resulted in very different perceptions of risk. The present study eliminated anchoring effects that may have resulted from using separate categories by combining 13 different products into a single set for both rating and ranking. The results were consonant with previous findings in that a low correlation between subjective impressions and physical characteristics was found. Subjects in a second study who received a demonstration of some of the products' flammability significantly changed their ratings. The discussion involved consideration of how cognitive information may be developed.”

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