Gitte Lindgaard
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"G. Lindgaard"
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Publications by Gitte Lindgaard (bibliography)
» 2008 «
Chattratichart, Jarinee and Lindgaard, Gitte (2008): A comparative evaluation of heuristic-based usability inspection methods. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 2213-2220. Available online
“Given that heuristic evaluation (HE) is a popular evaluation method among practitioners despite criticisms surrounding its performance and reliability, there is a need to improve the method's performance. Several studies have shown HE-Plus, an emerging variant of HE, to outperform HE in both effectiveness and reliability. HE-Plus uses the same set of heuristics as HE; the only difference between these two methods is the 'usability problems profile' element in HE-Plus. This paper reports our attempt to verify the original profile employed in HE-Plus based on usability problem classification in the User Action Framework and an experiment evaluating its outcome by comparing HE with two HE variants using a profile (HE-Plus and HE++) and a control group. Our results confirmed the role of the 'usability problems profiles' on improving the performance and reliability of heuristic evaluation: both HE-Plus and HE++ outperformed HE in terms of effectiveness as well as reliability.”
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Lindgaard, Gitte and Narasimhan, S. (2008): Factors influencing feature usage in work-related communication. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 27 (2) pp. 153-168
“Two studies are presented. The first aimed to identify possible barriers to the uptake and use of commonly available telephony features and to determine whether greater knowledge of features/access codes and availability of user manuals could increase feature usage under certain conditions. Results showed that feature-usage patterns were not affected by any of the manipulations, but that they were determined by specific job demands. Using Constantine and Lockwood's (1999) conceptualization of user roles, a method to support feature bundling decisions for specific target markets was developed and tested in the second study. The method -- Strategic User Needs Analysis (SUNA) -- was shown to yield a useful balance between high- and low-level information about selected roles. SUNA provided sufficient information to distinguish between PDA feature usage patterns of two similar target user groups as well as to suggest additional features each of the two target groups would find useful. The development of SUNA and observational findings of actual PDA usage are reported.”
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Diaper, Dan and Lindgaard, Gitte (2008): West meets East: Adapting Activity Theory for HCI & CSCW applications?. In Interacting with Computers, 20 (2) pp. 240-246
“This is the introduction to a set of seven commentary papers. Activity Theory, with its roots in Soviet Communist society, is introduced and the relevant, critical concept of a three level hierarchy of human activity is summarised, along with a key proposal that for Western HCI and CSCW applications the utility of this hierarchy would be improved by the introduction of a new, intermediate level, called either 'working spheres' or 'engagements'. A thumbnail sketch of each commentary paper is then provided. Analysis of these papers reveals a set of five 'convergences', ideas and conclusions that occur in at least two of the papers. This introduction concludes that while the problems of migrating and adapting Activity Theory to Western HCI and CSCW applications are here made visible, very similar issues arise when attempts are made using linguistically and culturally closer theories, methods and practices.”
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Ferres, Leo, Verkhogliad, Petro, Sumegi, Livia, Boucher, Louis, Lachance, Martin and Lindgaard, Gitte (2008): A syntactic analysis of accessibility to a corpus of statistical graphs. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility W4A 2008. pp. 37-44. Available online
“Designing graphs and charts visually by means of graphing applications such as OpenOffice or MS Excel is extremely efficient and cost-effective. However, one of the drawbacks of such approach is that graphs are sometimes involuntarily made less accessible by, for instance, using a text box as title. In this paper we evaluate a corpus of 120 ecologically-valid statistical graphs for accessibility problems, discuss possible algorithms to solve these problems and finally propose the OM (Object Model) Principle, which states that any digital object is made more accessible by simply using the application's model for that object: for instance, the TITLE field for the title text.”
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» 2007 «
Lindgaard, Gitte and Chattratichart, Jarinee (2007): Usability testing: what have we overlooked?. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 1415-1424. Available online
“For more than a decade, the number of usability test participants has been a major theme of debate among usability practitioners and researchers keen to improve usability test performance. This paper provides evidence suggesting that the focus be shifted to task coverage instead. Our data analysis of nine commercial usability test teams participating in the CUE-4 study revealed no significant correlation between the percentage of problems found or of new problems and number of test users, but correlations of both variables and number of user tasks used by each usability team were significant. The role of participant recruitment on usability test performance and future research directions are discussed.”
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Ferres, Leo, Verkhogliad, Petro, Lindgaard, Gitte, Boucher, Louis, Chretien, Antoine and Lachance, Martin (2007): Improving accessibility to statistical graphs: the iGraph-Lite system. In: Ninth Annual ACM Conference on Assistive Technologies 2007. pp. 67-74. Available online
“Information is often presented in graphical form. Unfortunately, current assistive technologies such as screen readers are not well-equipped to handle these representations. To provide accessibility to graphs published in "The Daily" (Statistics Canada's main dissemination venue), we have developed iGraph-Lite, a system that provides short verbal descriptions of the information depicted in graphs and a way to also interact with this information.”
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Mahlke, Sascha and Lindgaard, Gitte (2007): Emotional Experiences and Quality Perceptions of Interactive Products. In: Jacko, Julie A. (ed.) HCI International 2007 - 12th International Conference - Part I July 22-27, 2007, Beijing, China. pp. 164-173. Available online
Lindgaard, Gitte (2007): Intelligent decision support in medicine: back to Bayes?. In: Brinkman, Willem-Paul, Ham, Dong-Han and Wong, B. L. William (eds.) ECCE 2007 - Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics August 28-31, 2007, London, UK. pp. 7-8. Available online
Lindgaard, Gitte (2007): Introducing HCI into an Organization: Making a Convincing Case for Usability. In: Baranauskas, Maria Cecília Calani, Palanque, Philippe A., Abascal, Julio and Barbosa, Simone Diniz Junqueira (eds.) DEGAS 2007 - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Design and Evaluation of e-Government Applications and Services September 11th, 2007, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. pp. 708-709. Available online
» 2006 «
Lindgaard, Gitte, Fernandes, Gary, Dudek, Cathy and Brown, J. (2006): Attention web designers: You have 50 milliseconds to make a good first impression. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 25 (2) pp. 115-126
“Three studies were conducted to ascertain how quickly people form an opinion about web page visual appeal. In the first study, participants twice rated the visual appeal of web homepages presented for 500 ms each. The second study replicated the first, but participants also rated each web page on seven specific design dimensions. Visual appeal was found to be closely related to most of these. Study 3 again replicated the 500 ms condition as well as adding a 50 ms condition using the same stimuli to determine whether the first impression may be interpreted as a 'mere exposure effect' (Zajonc 1980). Throughout, visual appeal ratings were highly correlated from one phase to the next as were the correlations between the 50 ms and 500 ms conditions. Thus, visual appeal can be assessed within 50 ms, suggesting that web designers have about 50 ms to make a good first impression.”
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Lindgaard, Gitte, Dillon, Richard, Trbovich, Patricia, White, Rachel, Fernandes, Gary, Lundahl, Sonny and Pinnamaneni, Anu (2006): User Needs Analysis and requirements engineering: Theory and practice. In Interacting with Computers, 18 (1) pp. 47-70
“Several comprehensive User Centred Design methodologies have been published in the last decade, but while they all focus on users, they disagree on exactly what activities should take place during the User Needs Analysis, what the end products of a User Needs Analysis should cover, how User Needs Analysis findings should be presented, and how these should be documented and communicated. This paper highlights issues in different stages of the User Needs Analysis that appear to cause considerable confusion among researchers and practitioners. It is our hope that the User-Centred Design community may begin to address these issues systematically. A case study is presented reporting a User Needs Analysis methodology and process as well as the user interface design of an application supporting communication among first responders in a major disaster. It illustrates some of the differences between the User-Centred Design and the Requirements Engineering communities and shows how and where User-Centred Design and Requirements Engineering methodologies should be integrated, or at least aligned, to avoid some of the problems practitioners face during the User Needs Analysis.”
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Ferres, Leo, Parush, Avi, Roberts, Shelley and Lindgaard, Gitte (2006): Helping People with Visual Impairments Gain Access to Graphical Information Through Natural Language: The iGraph System. In: Miesenberger, Klaus, Klaus, Joachim, Zagler, Wolfgang L. and Karshmer, Arthur I. (eds.) ICCHP 2006 - Computers Helping People with Special Needs, 10th International Conference July 11-13, 2006, Linz, Austria. pp. 1122-1130. Available online
» 2004 «
Lindgaard, Gitte (2004): Adventurers versus nit-pickers on affective computing. In Interacting with Computers, 16 (4) pp. 723-728
“In reviewing the three articles presented by the MIT group on some aspects of affective computing I voice some of my concerns with the view that we can and should design computers to respond to our changing moods and whims, and my strong skepticism towards claims that such responsiveness should make us happier human beings in the long run. I first explain and justify my position, then briefly address the notion of affect, and finally, present some thoughts on trust.”
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Lindgaard, Gitte (2004): Making the business our business: one path to value-added HCI. In Interactions, 11 (3) pp. 12-17
Pilgrim, C. J., Leung, Ying K. and Lindgaard, Gitte (2004): Supplemental Navigation Tools for Website Navigation - A Comparison of User Expectations and Current Practice. In: Proceedings of the HCI04 Conference on People and Computers XVIII 2004. pp. 263-276.
Pilgrim, Chris, Lindgaard, Gitte and Leung, Ying K. (2004): Factors Influencing User Selection of WWW Sitemaps. In: Masoodian, Masood, Jones, Steve and Rogers, Bill (eds.) Computer Human Interaction 6th Asia Pacific Conference - APCHI 2004 June 29 - July 2, 2004, Rotorua, New Zealand. pp. 625-630. Available online
» 2003 «
Lindgaard, Gitte and Dudek, Cathy (2003): What is this evasive beast we call user satisfaction?. In Interacting with Computers, 15 (3) pp. 429-452
“The notion of 'user satisfaction' plays a prominent role in HCI, yet it remains evasive. This exploratory study reports three experiments from an ongoing research program. In this program we aim to uncover (1) what user satisfaction is, (2) whether it is primarily determined by user expectations or by the interactive experience, (3) how user satisfaction may be related to perceived usability, and (4) the extent to which satisfaction rating scales capture the same interface qualities as uncovered in self-reports of interactive experiences. In all three experiments reported here user satisfaction was found to be a complex construct comprising several concepts, the distribution of which varied with the nature of the experience. Expectations were found to play an important role in the way users approached a browsing task. Satisfaction and perceived usability was assessed using two methods: scores derived from unstructured interviews and from the Web site Analysis MeasureMent Inventory (WAMMI) rating scales. Scores on these two instruments were somewhat similar, but conclusions drawn across all three experiments differed in terms of satisfaction ratings, suggesting that rating scales and interview statements may tap different interface qualities. Recent research suggests that 'beauty', or 'appeal' is linked to perceived usability so that what is 'beautiful' is also perceived to be usable [Interacting with Computers 13 (2000) 127]. This was true in one experiment here using a web site high in perceived usability and appeal. However, using a site with high appeal but very low in perceived usability yielded very high satisfaction, but low perceived usability scores, suggesting that what is 'beautiful' need not also be perceived to be usable. The results suggest that web designers may need to pay attention to both visual appeal and usability.”
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Lindgaard, Gitte (2003): The Misapplication of Engineering Models to Business Decisions. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 367.
Steiger, Patrick, Lindgaard, Gitte, Felix, Daniel and Millard, Nicola (2003): The Business Case of HCI. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT03: Human-Computer Interaction 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. p. 1049.
» 2001 «
Lindgaard, Gitte (2001): From the Ashes of Disaster into a Human Factors Boom: The Legacy of Large Databases. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 1272-1276.
» 1997 «
Howard, Steve, Hammond, Judith H. and Lindgaard, Gitte (eds.) Proceedings of INTERACT 97 - IFIP TC13 Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 14-18, 1997, Sydney, Australia.
» 1995 «
Lindgaard, Gitte (1995): Human Performance in Fault Diagnosis: Can Expert Systems Help?. In Interacting with Computers, 7 (3) pp. 254-272
“Two unrelated fields are compared within which fault diagnosis plays a significant role: medical and process control. It is argued that the diagnostic process may be seen to be very similar regardless of the domain of application, and that characteristics of human problem solving are common to all domains, including medicine and process control. However, it is shown that the kind of computer support needed to enhance diagnostic activities varies considerably between these domains. Judgemental biases and application of inappropriate heuristics are shown to be as prevalent among expert diagnosticians in both domains as among non-experts, and the complex concept of diagnosticity is apparently poorly understood. For that reason, medical experts need assistance in generating a wider range of hypotheses than they habitually consider and also in generating probabilistic information to supplement diagnostic performance. By contrast, multilevel displays that emphasize the relationship between critical variables in perceptually salient ways are needed to support process control operators.”
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» 1994 «
Lindgaard, Gitte (1994): Usability Testing and System Evaluation: A Guide for Designing Useful Computing Systems. Chapman and Hall
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Lindgaard, Gitte (1994): Usability Testing and System Evaluation: A Guide for Designing Useful Computing Systems. Chapman and Hall
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
Bevan, Nigel, Harker, Susan, Lindgaard, Gitte and Hammond, Judith H. (1994): Standards in HCI. In: Proceedings of OZCHI94, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1994. pp. 81-83.
Lindgaard, Gitte (1994): Human Performance in Fault Diagnosis: Can Expert Systems Help?. In: Proceedings of OZCHI94, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1994. pp. 241-246.
“This paper argues that expert systems should be designed to supplement human cognitive limitations if they are to offer valuable assistance to expert problem solvers. Two areas of human expertise, namely fault diagnostics, are explored to illustrate that even apparently similar domains require quite different kinds of information to support expert problem solving activities adequately. Some of the most frequently occurring judgmental biases are highlighted to illustrate the difficulties associated with extracting expertise from experts.”
Copyrights may apply
Lindgaard, Gitte (1994): Usability Testing and System Evaluation: A Guide for Designing Useful Computing Systems. Chapman and Hall
View info on Amazon.com or .co.uk
» 1992 «
Howard, Steve, Kaplan, I. and Lindgaard, Gitte (1992): CHI in Australia. In: Bauersfeld, Penny, Bennett, John and Lynch, Gene (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 92 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 3-7, 1992, Monterey, California. pp. 573-574. Available online
Lindgaard, Gitte (1992): Getting HCI on the Agenda: What's the Message?. In: Proceedings of OZCHI92, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1992. pp. 182-189.
“HCI is not an integral part of systems design yet. This paper claims that some reasons for this are attributable to the HCI community itself neglecting to practise what it preaches, namely to use the language of its users in communicating HCI cum Human Factors messages to developers. We need to rethink the purpose of HCI guidelines, to think through the implications of findings from tests before these are conducted, to communicate these in a language that make sense to developers, and to calculate the value of such findings in monetary terms for senior management. Possible ways to integrate HCI into design are outlined.”
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Lindgaard, Gitte (1992): Exploring HCI Into the '90s: CHISIG Australia 1990 Conference Report. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 24 (1) pp. 14-17
» 1991 «
Lindgaard, Gitte (1991): Usefulness: The Ecological Value of Usability. In: Proceedings of OZCHI91, the CHISIG Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1991. pp. 9-14.
“This paper deals with the importance of conducting User Needs Analyses prior to designing, modifying or purchasing computer systems. Cases are presented that illustrate the effects one might expect on systems usage and usability when such analyses are not carried out. It is argued that User Needs Analyses conducted from within a wide framework or organisational, job and task needs be incorporated as an integral part of usability testing and evaluation plans. A warning is issued against the strong tendency to concentrate on development and refinement of usability measurement tools which can, it is argued, lead to a state of usability myopia in which the bigger issues of understanding users, their tasks and needs are overlooked.”
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» 1990 «
Lindgaard, Gitte (1990): Pioneering HCI Down Under: A Mixture of Perseverance and Fun. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 21 (4) pp. 65-69
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Mar 20th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
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