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Erik Hollnagel

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Erik Hollnagel

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Publications by Erik Hollnagel (bibliography)

» 2007 «

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Hollnagel, Erik (2007): Coping with complexity: then and now. In: Brinkman, Willem-Paul, Ham, Dong-Han and Wong, B. L. William (eds.) ECCE 2007 - Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics August 28-31, 2007, London, UK. pp. 5-6. Available online

» 2005 «

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Woods, David D. and Hollnagel, Erik (eds.) (2005): Joint Cognitive Systems. Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, CRC Press
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Used on the following page:

» Cognitive ergonomics: [/encyclopedia/cognitive_ergonomics.html]

» 2003 «

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Hollnagel, Erik (2003): Is affective computing an oxymoron?. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59 (1) pp. 65-70

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Hollnagel, Erik (ed.) (2003): Handbook of Cognitive Task Design. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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Used on the following page:

» Cognitive ergonomics: [/encyclopedia/cognitive_ergonomics.html]

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Hollnagel, Erik and Niwa, Y. (2003): Input Requirements to a Performance Monitoring System. In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2003. pp. 467-471.

» 2001 «

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Hollnagel, Erik (2001): Axiomatic and Pragmatic Approaches to Modelling of Cognition. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 1465-1469.

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Niwa, Y. and Hollnagel, Erik (2001): Performance Monitoring as a Way to Increase Reliability of Performance. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 241-245.

» 2000 «

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Hollnagel, Erik and Bye, Andreas (2000): Principles for Modelling Function Allocation. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52 (2) pp. 253-265

“Automation is the key element in safety, reliability of industrial processes. Selecting the right type and level of automation requires careful consideration of how to allocate tasks between operators and automation. This is important in order that the joint system, human and machine as seen together, perform in the intended manner. The Halden Reactor Project is currently engaged in a project to study this topic, with an emphasis on maximizing the operator's ability to maintain control and handle unexpected events. Functional models can be used to study this in a process control environment, because they explicitly describe the functions that must be provided by the process or the operator. This paper describes how functional modelling of the joint system can be used to provide a basis for how functions should be allocated.”

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Woods, David D. and Hollnagel, Erik (2000): Joint Cognitive Systems. Patterns in Cognitive Systems Engineering. CRC Press
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» 1999 «

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Hollnagel, Erik and Woods, David D. (1999): Cognitive Systems Engineering: New Wine in New Bottles. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51 (2) pp. 339-356

“This paper presents an approach to the description and analysis of complex Man-Machine Systems (MMSs) called Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE). In contrast to traditional approaches to the study of man-machine systems which mainly operate on the physical and physiological level, CSE operates on the level of cognitive functions. Instead of viewing an MMS as decomposable by mechanistic principles, CSE introduces the concept of a cognitive system: an adaptive system which functions using knowledge about itself and the environment in the planning and modification of actions. Operators are generally acknowledged to use a model of the system (machine) with which they work. Similarly, the machine has an image of the operator. The designer of an MMS must recognize this, and strive to obtain a match between the machine's image and the user characteristics on a cognitive level, rather than just on the level of physical functions. This article gives a presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation.”

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Hollnagel, Erik and Niwa, Y. (1999): The collaboration between operators and procedures: a cognitive systems engineering approach to performance improvement. In: 1999. pp. 1211-1215.

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Tsuchiya, K., Hayashi, Y., Mori, H. and Hollnagel, Erik (1999): Estimation of plant operator's cognitive modes based on the cognition model. In: 1999. pp. 1306-1310.

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Hollnagel, Erik (1999): Keep Cool: The Value of Affective Computer Interfaces in a Rational World. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg (ed.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 676-680.

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Tsuchiya, Kunihiro, Hayashi, Yoshio, Mori, Hirohiko and Hollnagel, Erik (1999): Estimation of plant operator's cognitive modes based on the cognition model. In: Bullinger, Hans-Jörg and Ziegler, Jürgen (eds.) HCI International 1999 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 22-26, 1999, Munich, Germany. pp. 1306-1310.

» 1997 «

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Hollnagel, Erik (1997): Control Versus Dependence: Striking the Balance in Function Allocation. In: Smith, Michael J., Salvendy, Gavriel and Koubek, Richard J. (eds.) HCI International 1997 - Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 24-29, 1997, San Francisco, California, USA. pp. 243-246.

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Hollnagel, Erik (1997): Building Joint Cognitive Systems: A Case of Horses for Courses?. In: Smith, Michael J., Salvendy, Gavriel and Koubek, Richard J. (eds.) HCI International 1997 - Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 24-29, 1997, San Francisco, California, USA. pp. 39-42.

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Hollnagel, Erik (1997): Designing for Complexity. In: Smith, Michael J., Salvendy, Gavriel and Koubek, Richard J. (eds.) HCI International 1997 - Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 24-29, 1997, San Francisco, California, USA. pp. 217-220.

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Hollnagel, Erik and Hol, Jon Øyen (1997): Twenty-Five Years of Operator-Process Communication: Lessons Learned and Problems Solved?. In: Smith, Michael J., Salvendy, Gavriel and Koubek, Richard J. (eds.) HCI International 1997 - Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction - Volume 2 August 24-29, 1997, San Francisco, California, USA. pp. 221-224.

» 1995 «

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Hollnagel, Erik (1995): Cognitive Functions and Automation: Principles of Human-Centred Automation. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 971-976.

“This paper describes the principles of human-centred automation from the point of view of cognitive systems engineering. Five main aspects of automation are identified: level of automation, interface, computer support, training, and task allocation. A matrix is proposed which describes the dependencies between these five aspects, thus maintaining the joint systems perspective.”

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Niwa, Yuji and Hollnagel, Erik (1995): The Design of Computerized Procedure Presentation for Nuclear Power Plants. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 1045-1049.

“New methods of information presentation and interface design are changing the conditions for work in the modern nuclear power plant (NPP) control room. One area receiving considerable attention is that of Emergency Operating Procedures (EOP), which play an essential role in NPPs. This paper presents the results of a project which made consistent use of cognitive engineering and cognitive ergonomics principles to specify a prototype system for computerized procedure presentation in a NPP. The system is scheduled for completion and field evaluation in the summer of 1995.”

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Edmondson, William, Alty, Jim, Brezillon, Patrick, Hollnagel, Erik, Meech, John, Ogawa, Katsuhiko and Suthers, Dan (1995): Interaction in Context -- Context in Interaction. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 5-17.

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Hoc, Jean-Michel, Hollnagel, Erik and Cacciabue, P. Carlo (1995): Expertise and Technology: Issues in Cognition and Human-Computer Cooperation (Expertise Series). Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
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» 1993 «

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Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) INTERCHI 93 - Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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Ashlund, Stacey, Mullet, Kevin, Henderson, Austin, Hollnagel, Erik and White, Ted (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 93 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 24-29, 1993, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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Hollnagel, Erik (1993): The Phenotype of Erroneous Actions. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 39 (1) pp. 1-32

“The study of human actions with unwanted consequences, in this paper referred to as human erroneous actions, generally suffers from inadequate operational taxonomies. The main reason for this is the lack of a clear distinction between manifestations and causes. The failure to make this distinction is due to the reliance on subjective evidence which unavoidably mixes manifestations and causes. The paper proposes a clear distinction between the phenotypes (manifestations) and the genotypes (causes) of erroneous actions. A logical set of phenotypes is developed and compared with the established "human error" taxonomies as well as with the operational categories which have been developed in the field of human reliability analysis. The principles for applying the set of phenotypes as practical classification criteria are developed and described. A further illustration is given by the report of an action monitoring system (RESQ) which has been implemented as part of a larger set of operator support systems and which shows the viability of the concepts. The paper concludes by discussing the principal issues of error detection, in particular the trade-off between precision and meaningfulness.”

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Hollnagel, Erik (1993): "Critiquing Human Error: A Knowledge-Based Human-Computer Collaboration Approach,. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 39 (3) pp. 521-528

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Hollnagel, Erik (1993): The Design of Reliable HCI: The Hunt for Hidden Assumptions. In: Alty, James L., Diaper, Dan and Guest, D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of the British Computer Society Human Computer Interaction Specialist Group - People and Computers VIII August 7-10, 1993, Loughborough University, UK. pp. 3-15.

“The design of HCI is based on a number of assumptions. Some of these are explicitly stated in design guidelines. Others are hidden in the design and possibly even concealed for the designer. A particular instance is the assumptions about the reliability of human performance -- and cognition -- and about which things can go wrong. It is important for designers of HCI to know more about human reliability, regardless of whether the HCI is for industrial or academic applications. Lack of knowledge may deceive designers to rely on their personal experience. That is, however, unlikely to constitute a valid basis for the design and the resulting system is therefore likely to be inadequate. This caution is pertinent for human reliability as well as for the, unfortunately, many other aspects of man-machine interaction that do not receive the attention they rightly deserve.”

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» 1987 «

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Woods, David D. and Hollnagel, Erik (1987): Mapping Cognitive Demands in Complex Problem-Solving Worlds. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 26 (2) pp. 257-275

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Mancini, Giuseppe, Woods, David D. and Hollnagel, Erik (1987): Introduction. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 27 (5) pp. 459-461

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Hollnagel, Erik (1987): Information and Reasoning in Intelligent Decision Support Systems. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 27 (5) pp. 665-678

“There are many formal theories of decision making seen as a whole as well as for its separate aspects. Few of these are, however, sufficiently developed to serve as a basis for actually designing decision support systems. That is because they generally consider decision making under idealized rather than real circumstances, hence cope with only part of the complexity. Some of the unsolved problems refer to the design of artificial reasoning mechanisms, the structure and representation of knowledge, and the use of information across the man-machine interface. This catalogue of "things we do not know" about Intelligent Decision Support Systems is described in the three main sections of this paper. The final section discusses the problems in validating the function of an artificial reasoning system, since this is an important factor in determining both their applicability and their acceptability.”

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Hollnagel, Erik (1987): Commentary: Issues in Knowledge-Based Decision Support. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 27 (5) pp. 743-751

» 1983 «

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Hollnagel, Erik (1983): What We Do Not Know about Man-Machine Systems. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 18 (2) pp. 135-143

“The human part of man-machine systems is generally described in physicalistic terms, as if man was a machine. Although this is in good agreement with the tendency of behavioral science to emulate natural science, it is inherently wrong because it obscures where our knowledge is deficient. Physicalistic descriptions can only capture those aspects of man which submit to the metaphor of the machine, and must fail to account for the rest. This inadequacy of the physicalistic approach becomes gradually more clear, as the complexity of man-machine systems increases. Humans, unlike machines, are not designed explicitly as parts of man-machine systems, but have rather a plethora of capacities of which some are beneficial and some detrimental to the functioning of the system. Since we cannot simply add to the physicalistic descriptions, the alternative is to describe man on his own premises -- essentially a psychological description with full recognition of the characteristics of man -- and then later combine the physicalistic description of the machine with the psychological description of man. This approach makes it clear that there are a number of important things that we do not know about man-machine systems. For instance, how performance is shaped, how strategies are formed, how mistakes in decisions occur, how tasks can be meaningfully analyzed, etc. Only by detatching ourselves from the traditional physicalistic approach and realizing where the problems lie, can we hope to make significant progress in our knowledge of man-machine systems.”

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Hollnagel, Erik and Woods, David D. (1983): Cognitive Systems Engineering: New Wine in New Bottles. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 18 (6) pp. 583-600

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Hoc, J. M., Hollnagel, Erik and Cacciabue, P. C. (): Expertise and Technology: Issues in Cognition and Human-Computer Cooperation (Expertise Series). Hillsdale, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

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Changes to this page (author)

26 Feb 2010: Enabled abstracts to be shown on Erik Hollnagel's author page.
31 Jul 2009: Author was edited (approved by an editor)

12 Jul 2009: Author was added to the bibliography (approved by an editor)
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Publication statistics

Publication period:-2007
Publication count:34
Number of co-authors:26

Productive colleagues

Erik Hollnagel's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:

Austin Henderson:36
David D. Woods:32
Yoshio Hayashi:22

Collaboration count

Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:

David D. Woods:6
Y. Niwa:3
Austin Henderson:2

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Erik Hollnagel

Publications by Erik Hollnagel (bibliography)

» 2007 «

» 2005 «

» 2003 «

» 2001 «

» 2000 «

» 1999 «

» 1997 «

» 1995 «

» 1993 «

» 1987 «

» 1983 «

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