Publication statistics
Pub. period:1987-2012
Pub. count:47
Number of co-authors:107
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Davin Pavlas:9Stephen M. Fiore:7Kyle Heyne:5 Productive colleagues
Eduardo Salas's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Florian Jentsch:33Stephen M. Fiore:21Nancy J. Cooke:20
“
Knowledge is commonly socially constructed, through collaborative efforts towards shared objectives or by dialogues and challenges brought about by different persons' perspectives.
”
-- G. Salomon (in "Distributed Cognitions: Psychological and Educational Considerations")
Featured chapter
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Eduardo Salas
Personal Homepage:
ist.ucf.edu/people/salase/salas.htmPublications by Eduardo Salas (bibliography)
McNeese, Michael, Cooke, Nancy J., D'Amico, Anita, Endsley, Mica R., Gonzalez, Cleotilde, Roth, Emilie and Salas, Eduardo (2012): Perspectives on the Role of Cognition in Cyber Security. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 268-271.
“The cyber security task is an intensely cognitive task that is embedded in a large multi-layered sociotechnical system of analysts, computers, and networks. Effective performance in this world is hampered by enormous size and complexity of the network data, the adaptive nature of intelligent adversaries, the lack of ground truth to assess performance, the high number of false alarms presented by automated alerting systems, by organizational stove pipes thwarting collaboration, and by technology that is thrown at the problem without an adequate understanding of the human needs. Further, the consequences of effective system performance in the cyber security domain are unparalleled because our world is so dependent on its cyber infrastructure. We have assembled a panel of six experts in cognitive engineering to provide perspectives on the cyber security problem and promising solutions.”
© All rights reserved McNeese et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Zachary, Wayne, Maulitz, Russell C., Rosen, Michael A., Cannon-Bowers, Janis and Salas, Eduardo (2012): Clinical Communications -- Human Factors for the Hidden Network In Medicine. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 850-854.
“Medicine is practiced not only through encounters and other interactions between patients and providers, but also through documentation of event-centered information via the patient record, and through patient-centered communications between clinicians and between clinicians and patients (and their families). Human factors has been heavily involved in the first two, contributing to design and evaluation of medical devices, identification and remediation of safety issues, and analysis and modifications to electronic health records and their interface. These same two areas have also received widespread research support and capital investment, while the third -- clinical communications -- has remained in the background for research, investment and human factors involvement. Yet clinical communication is vitally important. Health care providers communicate with patients directly in encounters, and when the communications fail, patients know it, are unhappy, and disparities in treatment, some systematic, arise (Brach&Fraserirector, 2004). In all but the simplest cases, providers also communicate with each other about the care of patients. These patient-centered communications (PCCs) occur through the hidden network of relationships linking providers with each other and with patients. These PCCs are largely ephemeral, occurring in encounter rooms and via phone calls, pagers, hallway chat, and increasingly, tasking within EHRs. Research has begun to indicate that this mesh of PCCs can have substantial effects on outcomes (Kahn and Angus, 2011). When these PCCs fail, negative outcomes occur, but we know little of what 'good' PCCs look like, or how to encourage or train them. Virtually no PCC data is captured in EHRs or elsewhere. All this points to a fertile but undiscovered country for human factors. This panel brings together four leading researchers with different perspectives on this domain: how clinical communication has evolved with the practice of medicine and communication technology; what we know about and can learn from failures of clinical communications; how leading edge training technology can help clinicians acquire adaptive communication expertise; and how broader issues of teamwork and organization affect and are affected by communication needs.”
© All rights reserved Zachary et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Dietz, Aaron S., Sierra, Mary Jane, Smith-Jentsch, Kimberly and Salas, Eduardo (2012): Guiding Principles for Team Stress Measurement. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 1074-1078.
“Teams, like individuals, experience stress. While a number of theoretical models and empirical studies have examined the role and effects of stress on team processes and performance, there is surprisingly no guidance for measuring and diagnosing team-level stress. This paper proposes that team stress is a unique construct and necessitates robust measurement systems for its evaluation. To this end, the present paper presents four principles that serve to guide the development of valid and reliable team stress measurement systems.”
© All rights reserved Dietz et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Heyne, Kyle, Lazzara, Elizabeth, Keebler, Joseph, Benishek, Lauren and Salas, Eduardo (2012): Best Practices for the Effective Implementation of Telerounding. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 1738-1742.
“The research base for telemedicine is expanding with nearly the voracity that the implementation of tele-medicine systems has. Telerounding is one specific subset of telemedicine where a team of physicians will gather in a specific location and use a telepresence robot to perform their day to day rounding procedures. This type of telemedicine is fairly new, and thus is lacking a solid research base to guide the implementation and usage of such a system. This paper is an initial attempt at a comprehensive list of best practices for such a system and is based off of current telemedicine literature as well as the experience of the authors.”
© All rights reserved Heyne et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Oglesby, James M. and Salas, Eduardo (2012): The Issue of Monotony and Low Workload in Spaceflight: Considerations for the Mission to Mars. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 1782-1786.
“The future mission to Mars will present a number of challenges regarding habitability and performance for spaceflight crewmembers. One aspect that needs to be considered is the potential impact of extended periods of low workload relating to monotony and boredom. The following provides an overview of the challenges associated with long duration spaceflight, and specifies the characteristics of interplanetary exploration. Focus is put on these challenges in space and provides possible approaches in mitigating the potential consequences regarding low workload in the high-risk environment. Discussion points are provided regarding possible applications for implementation in future interplanetary expeditions.”
© All rights reserved Oglesby and Salas and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Oglesby, James M., Brown, Kendra T., Pavlas, Davin, Fiore, Stephen M. and Salas, Eduardo (2011): The Mediating Effect of Perceived Task Complexity on Perceived Team Sharedness and Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 242-246.
“An empirical study was conducted to observe macro-cognition and interpersonal interactions between team members during a collaborative resource management task. Teams consisting of three members each were instructed to work together to complete scenario objectives in a simulated military task environment. The task scenarios were manipulated to vary the complexity of the scenario objectives. An exploratory analysis of the results revealed a mediating effect of perceived complexity on the relationship between perceived sharedness and performance. Additionally, a partial mediating effect for perceived complexity on the relationship between perceived sharedness team knowledge building was found. Results indicate that perceived complexity of a collaborative task may play a greater role in the relationship between team level factors and performance than previously thought. Implications for these results are provided alongside suggestions for future research. Specifically, we call for research to determine the mechanism through which perceptions of task complexity influence collective performance.”
© All rights reserved Oglesby et al. and/or HFES
Heyne, Kyle, Pavlas, Davin and Salas, Eduardo (2011): An Investigation on the Effects of Flow State on Team Process and Outcomes. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 475-479.
“There has been an abundance of research on flow state at the individual level and it is often applied to experiences that are typically intended to be enjoyable (e.g., video games and sports). Research has shown that flow state can also be experienced in traditional work environments and several antecedents to its achievement in such environments have been identified. Despite this, there remains some ambiguity regarding the applicability of flow state to teams. Additionally, the majority of the research regarding the experience of flow state in teams revolves around athletic teams. In this paper an argument is presented towards the view that the effect of flow state on team performance is similar to the effect of flow state on individuals but with an additional impact on team processes. The experiment conducted yielded results suggesting a linkage between team flow state and team processes and performance for a complex planning task.”
© All rights reserved Heyne et al. and/or HFES
O'Connor, Paul, Reader, Tom, Salas, Eduardo, Yule, Steven, Sundt, Thoralf, Musson, David and Wiegmann, Douglas (2011): Techniques for Improving the Performance of Healthcare Teams: Learning from Aviation and Other HROs. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 675-676.
“Over the last two decades the healthcare industry has increasingly adopted human factors and systems oriented approaches to improving safety. The majority of these approaches are not unique to healthcare, with their origins in other high hazard organizations such as civilian aviation. If correctly adapted to healthcare, these approaches can have a positive impact on patient safety. However, without care, there is a risk of developing an ineffective approach that is a waste of time and resources. The aim of this discussion symposium is to debate the issues around adapting research and practice from high hazard industries to healthcare. Particular emphasis will be on critical appraisal of applying techniques from aviation to healthcare including crew resource management, behavioral markers, simulation, sterile cockpit, and human error classification.”
© All rights reserved O'Connor et al. and/or HFES
Lyons, Rebecca, Allen, Christine, Weaver, Sallie J., Metcalf, David, Graffeo, Clarissa and Salas, Eduardo (2011): The Combat Medic Card Game for Emergency Medical Procedures: A Usability and Learning Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 1323-1327.
“The primary objective of this study was to assess user reactions and perceptions of usability regarding the Combat Medic Card Game (CMCG). The CMCG was designed to serve as a supplementary study tool for individuals completing Combat Medic training in order to support and reinforce learning of emergency medical care procedures (e.g., hemorrhage management). In addition to collecting reaction and usability data, an exploratory study of user learning compared learning outcomes achieved using two different modes of card use: game play versus flash cards. Results suggested that users in the flashcard group were more likely to report perceived learning compared to users in the game play condition. However, declarative knowledge scores were not significantly different between conditions.”
© All rights reserved Lyons et al. and/or HFES
Lum, Heather C., Sims, Valerie K. and Salas, Eduardo (2011): Low-Level Predictors Of Team Performance and Success. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 1457-1461.
“Low level cognitive measures were examined in the context of team performance and success. Specifically, eye tracking and vocal analysis were examined at the individual level to determine if this type of measurement could be used to predict team performance. The team consisted of 3 undergraduate participants who performed a simulated military planning task. The team had to work together to complete military objectives by rescuing refugees, and moving resources and military aids to different locations. Team performance and success were measured by number of objectives met and amount of time to design and execute the team plan. A stepwise linear regression analysis was run at both the team level and team variability for all operations. The results of the study suggest that low level measures such as eye movements and vocal analyses may be helpful in understanding computer mediated team processing.”
© All rights reserved Lum et al. and/or HFES
Kolbe, Michaela, Grote, Gudela, Barshi, Immanuel, Salas, Eduardo, Weinger, Matthew B., Smith-Jentsch, Kimberly and Bienefeld, Nadine (2011): Human Factors Training in Aviation And Healthcare: What We Know Works Best and How to Put It into Practice. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting 2011. pp. 2105-2108.
“Human factors and team training is indisputably relevant for specialists working together in high risk environments such as aviation and healthcare. Due to structural similarities, Crew Resource Management (CRM) training has been adapted from aviation and implemented in medical training. However, proof of its effectiveness remains difficult to obtain even though it is required in order to A) fully establish and raise acceptance of CRM training in healthcare and B) further improve the quality of existing training in aviation. Therefore key factors for team training effectiveness need to be systematically introduced into CRM training and tested to create new evidence. In this panel researchers and practitioners from both fields will discuss those factors and explain how they can be implemented into practice. A special focus will be given to facilitation, briefing and debriefing, which are training methods that have demonstrated to significantly increase trainee participation, stimulate self-reflection and enable skill transfer.”
© All rights reserved Kolbe et al. and/or HFES
Weaver, Sallie J., Salas, Eduardo, Keeton, Kathryn E., Orasanu, Judith M., Fiore, Stephen M., Kring, Jason P. and Bradshaw, Jeffrey S. (2010): Training and Measurement at the Extremes: Developing and Sustaining Expert Team Performance in Isolated, Confined, Extreme Environments. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 90-93.
“As exploration of new frontiers continues, the need for team training in extreme environments grows. Operating in isolated, confined, and extreme environments (ICE) demands novel approaches to team performance measurement, as well as new strategies and methods for ensuring teams members are (1) equipped with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes critical for effective team performance over time, and (2) are supported by just-in-time training or other resources when breakdowns in performance inevitably occur. This panel brings together a range of experts in human performance in extreme environments to provide a comprehensive overview and discussion of the most current approaches and trends regarding team training and performance measurement in ICE environments.”
© All rights reserved Weaver et al. and/or HFES
Dietz, Aaron S., Weaver, Sallie J., Sierra, Mary Jane, Bedwell, Wendy L., Salas, Eduardo, Fiore, Stephen M., Smith-Jentsch, Kimberly and Driskell, James E. (2010): Unpacking the Temporal and Interactive Effects of Stress on Individual and Team Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 1017-1021.
“Long-duration space flight demands prolonged exposure to a myriad of stressors which manifest and interact over time. Despite a significant body of work dedicated to identifying, mitigating, and managing the effects of stress on performance, a clear theoretical foundation explicating the ways in which interactions among stressors occurs, as well as how and when stress develops chronically remains unclear. Additionally, it is not yet well understood how such temporal and interactive effects impact performance at multiple-levels of analysis, including both individual and team performance. The current paper presents an innovative theoretical approach for unpacking these complex relationships, forming a foundation for understanding their impact on dynamic episodes of individual and team performance.”
© All rights reserved Dietz et al. and/or HFES
Pavlas, Davin, Lum, Heather and Salas, Eduardo (2010): The Influence of Aesthetic and Usability Web Design Elements on Viewing Patterns and User Response: An Eye-tracking Study. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 1244-1248.
“The merging of usability and aesthetics is one of the more promising contemporary trends in user interface research. This focus on total user experience rather than a subset of user interaction necessitates more holistic examinations of web interfaces and user response. To this end, a study examining user response to a variety of usability and aesthetic web interface elements was conducted. Eye tracking was used to measure participant fixation on individual interface elements. These data were examined in order to expand the field's understanding of how usability and aesthetics influence user response to web sites. Significant effects were found for specific usability and aesthetic elements, including use-oriented elements such as search boxes and more abstract elements such as expressive aesthetic items. Based on these results, implications for future research and theory are offered.”
© All rights reserved Pavlas et al. and/or HFES
Lazzara, Elizabeth H., Dietz, Aaron S., Weaver, Sallie J., Pavlas, Davin, Heyne, Kyle, Salas, Eduardo and Ramachandran, Sowmya (2010): GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING ADAPTIVE EXPERTISE. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 2294-2298.
“People operating in today's society frequently encounter complex, dynamic, and ambiguous situations; thus, people must possess mental agility and the ability to adjust quickly yet accurately. Therefore, there is a need to train adaptive expertise to performance successfully. To that end, the purpose of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners with a review of the literature pertinent to developing training targeting adaptive expertise. This review is presented in the form of guidelines for designing and implementing training interventions specifically focusing on adaptive expertise.”
© All rights reserved Lazzara et al. and/or HFES
Lazzara, Elizabeth H., Pavlas, Davin, Fiore, Stephen and Salas, Eduardo (2010): A FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP TASK COMPLEXITY. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 2338-2342.
“The element of task difficulty is inherent in the design of simulations, games, and experimental testbeds. However, there is no organizing and quantifying framework for the construct of task complexity especially for team tasks. Thus, the purpose of this paper to present a framework of complexity to facilitate researchers who are investigating the relationship between complexity and other training relevant variables (e.g., teamwork skills and team performance). To that end, this paper defines the complexity, provides the organizational framework, and offers a context and examples to provide a deeper understanding of how the framework is instantiated.”
© All rights reserved Lazzara et al. and/or HFES
Pavlas, Davin, Heyne, Kyle, Bedwell, Wendy, Lazzara, Elizabeth and Salas, Eduardo (2010): Game-based Learning: The Impact of Flow State and Videogame Self-efficacy. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 2398-2402.
“The science of serious games is growing at a substantial pace, providing new insights into the nature of game-based learning. Recently, research has begun to focus on the elements that comprise serious games and how these elements relate to learning (Wilson et al., 2009; Pavlas et al., 2009). As part of an effort to understand how these attributes impact learning outcomes, a study manipulating a number of game attributes in an immune system game was conducted. From this effort, two psychological constructs initially considered as mere covariates -- video game self-efficacy and flow state -- emerged as significant and highly explanatory predictors of learning. This article provides an overview of these constructs, describes the research that led to this finding, presents the results of this research, and offers implications and suggestions for future work.”
© All rights reserved Pavlas et al. and/or HFES
Lum, Heather C., Sims, Valerie K., Lagattuta, Nicholas C., Rosen, Michael A. and Salas, Eduardo (2009): Eye Movements and Reliance on External Memory Aids Predict Team Success in a Military Planning Task. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 274-278.
“Participants completed a complex team exercise designed to mimic military planning operations. Each member of the three-person team was eye-tracked as they completed the group task. Members of successful teams had more fixations, were less reliant on external memory aids (push-pins), and created plans that were longer. Additionally, team members in key roles were more likely to experience decisional conflict and to have less confidence in their performance. Further examination of this finding showed that those who experienced greater decisional conflict also had fewer fixations. Low level eye movements may indicate high level team cognition.”
© All rights reserved Lum et al. and/or their publisher
Rosen, Michael A., Salas, Eduardo, Fiore, Stephen M., Pavlas, Davin and Lum, Heather C. (2009): Team Cognition and External Representations: A Framework and Propositions for Supporting Collaborative Problem Solving. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1295-1299.
“Teams are increasingly asked to solve complex and novel problems. From a broad range of domains such as the military, healthcare, and industry, difficult problems requiring the adaptation of a diverse set of expertise to one-of-a-kind situations are becoming more commonplace. These types of performance contexts require collaborative problem solving; however, the bulk of research on teamwork has dealt with behavioral coordination in routine tasks. This leaves a gap in the theory available for guiding design and training interventions to support collaborative problem solving, or knowledge-work, in teams. This paper addresses this gap by 1) providing a review of relevant theoretical issues, specifically the team cognition and externalized cognition literature, 2) advancing a theoretical framework and propositions rooted in this literature that relate the role of group process and external representations of problem spaces on problem solving outcomes, and 3) discussing future directions for testing, applying, and refining this model.”
© All rights reserved Rosen et al. and/or their publisher
Lazzara, Elizabeth H., Shuffler, Marissa, Rosen, Michael, Xavier, Luiz, Wooten, Samuel, Salas, Eduardo, Zaccaro, Steve and Hilton, Rita (2009): Identifying the Best Practices for Critical Social Thinking and Metacognitive Thinking Training. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1378-1382.
“Critical thinking and social reasoning are fundamental skills in complex, social situations, and several domains (e.g., healthcare and military) have realized that personnel are lacking the cognitive skills necessary to optimally perform within their complicated, dynamic environment. Thus, there is a need to train critical social thinking skills in order to improve cognitive and social reasoning, enhance performance, and ultimately result in better outcomes. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners with a review of the literature pertinent to developing critical social thinking skills. This review is presented in the form of best practices for designing and implementing critical thinking training interventions.”
© All rights reserved Lazzara et al. and/or their publisher
Pavlas, Davin, Burke, C. Shawn, Fiore, Stephen M., Salas, Eduardo, Jensen, Randy and Fu, Dan (2009): Enhancing Unmanned Aerial System Training: A Taxonomy of Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Methods. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1903-1907.
“The burgeoning use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) has, regrettably, not been met with an appropriate integration of training science into UAS training efforts. At best, current UAS training efforts are fragmented; at worst, they are ineffective (Stulberg, 2007). However, this need not be the case. Though nascent, the UAS literature has identified many necessary knowledge, skill, and attitude (KSA) components of UAS operation. This article works to aid the UAS training community in combining practice with science. In order to accomplish this goal, the emerging UAS knowledge base is collected herein as a taxonomy of KSAs. These KSAs are joined by a listing of training methodologies that can be used to impart them to UAS operator teams. Finally, these KSAs and methods are used to resolve example training deficiencies drawn from the literature.”
© All rights reserved Pavlas et al. and/or their publisher
Wildman, Jessica L., Shuffler, Marissa L., Fiore, Stephen M., Lazzara, Elizabeth H., Rosen, Michael A., Xavier, Luiz F., Wooten, Samuel R. and Salas, Eduardo (2009): Adopting the Training Cycle for Trust Training in Swift Starting Action Teams. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1913-1917.
“This paper presents a new framework for understanding the development of trust in swift starting action teams and how metacognitive training could be used to manage this process. First, we provide underlying assumptions supporting our theoretical framework. Second, we provide a description of the training cycle approach that guides our framework. Third, we describe our proposed framework of trust development. Finally, we discuss potential training interventions for the management of trust in swift starting action teams, and conclude with some final remarks.”
© All rights reserved Wildman et al. and/or their publisher
Lazzara, Elizabeth Hunter, Fiore, Stephen, Wildman, Jessica, Shuffler, Marissa and Salas, Eduardo (2009): Managing Trust in Swiftly Starting Action Teams. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1922-1923.
“Often in both industry and government, collaborative efforts come together and disband quickly, or occur in response to a very short-term problem. Sometimes in these situations, the interacting parties have no prior history with each other or any knowledge of each other, and very little time for building trust before the task is concluded; however, trust usually plays a most critical role. Therefore, it is important to examine the development of trust in quickly formed collaborations. The proposed symposium will discuss the current state of the trust literature and propose a theoretical framework of trust in Swiftly sTarting Action Teams (STAT) to guide potential training manipulations implemented within a training cycle designed to improve team performance. In addition, the symposium will entail a first hand account of how trust applied in the field and describe some of the empirical evidence regarding the impact of trust on team performance in complex, high stake environments.”
© All rights reserved Lazzara et al. and/or their publisher
Pavlas, Davin, Bedwell, Wendy, Wooten, Samuel R., Heyne, Kyle and Salas, Eduardo (2009): Investigating The Attributes in Serious Games That Contribute to Learning. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting 2009. pp. 1999-2003.
“Though serious games have been the topic of much discussion within the scientific community, the theoretical underpinnings of this technology remains largely nascent. Although much of the knowledge base of the simulation and digital learning community applies to serious games, the play-based nature of these tools necessitates additional examination. Games have defining component attributes, and variation of these attributes may affect learning resulting from game play. Thus, understanding of the attributes involved in games and how they map to various learning outcomes will improve the community's ability to effectively design and employ these tools. This article describes research designed to address this need through experimental manipulations of the privately developed InnerCell game. This effort is conducted in the context of game attributes and learning outcomes, and recommendations for attribute-outcome pairs are offered based on preliminary findings of this research.”
© All rights reserved Pavlas et al. and/or their publisher
Johnson, Richard D., Hornik, Steven and Salas, Eduardo (2008): An empirical examination of factors contributing to the creation of successful e-learning environments. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 20 (5) pp. 356-369.
“Although existing models of e-learning effectiveness in information systems (IS) have increased our understanding of how technology can support and enhance learning, most of our models do not take into account the importance of social presence. Thus, this study extends previous research by developing a model of e-learning effectiveness which adds social presence to other oft studied variables including application-specific computer self-efficacy (AS-CSE), perceived usefulness, course interaction, and e-learning effectiveness. Using data from 345 individuals, this model was validated through a field study in an introductory IS survey course. Results indicate that AS-CSE and perceived usefulness were related to course performance, course satisfaction, and course instrumentality. In addition, course interaction was related to course performance and satisfaction. Finally, social presence was related to course satisfaction and course instrumentality. Implications for research and practice are discussed.”
© All rights reserved Johnson et al. and/or Academic Press
Bowers, Clint, Salas, Eduardo and Jentsch, Florian (2006): Creating high-tech teams: Practical guidance on work performance and technology. Washington, DC, APA Books
Fiore, Stephen M., Jentsch, Florian, Becerra-Fernandez, Irma, Salas, Eduardo and Finkelstein, Neal (2005): Integrating Field Data with Laboratory Training Research to Improve the Understanding of Expert Human-Agent Teamwork. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. .
Moses, Franklin L. and Salas, Eduardo (1995): Distributed Simulation for Military Training of Teams/Groups. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 1304-1305.
“This Symposium consists of four interrelated presentations and a video about using simulation and simulators to train teams/groups that are geographically disbursed. The presentations are part of the Multi-Service Distributed training Testbed (MDT2) project. The purpose of the project is to develop and test the utility of training using wide area communication networks to link simulators for military use. It brings together training, human factors, and engineering communities across the Services in pointing-the-way to effective use of emerging technology to train. Although the focus is on military applications, the principles of training have broad implications for non-Defense use -- fire fighting and emergency management among others.”
© All rights reserved Moses and Salas and/or Human Factors Society
Jentsch, Florian G., Sellin-Wolters, Sandra, Bowers, Clint A. and Salas, Eduardo (1995): Crew Coordination Behaviors as Predictors of Problem Detection and Decision Making Times. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 1350-1354.
“Aeronautical decision making (ADM) is a critical skill that encompasses the ability to quickly identify, diagnose, and rectify problems during flight. ADM training has gained considerable importance because the lack of decision making skills and their inappropriate application have been cited as factors in several recent aircraft accidents. The current study investigated the relationship between crew coordination behaviors and the time required to identify a typical flight problem. Thirty-four military aircrews were observed during a flight simulation which involved a problem situation. The crews' coordination behaviors during the five minutes immediately preceding the problem were entered into a discriminant function analysis of the times required to identify and rectify the problem. The results indicated that crew coordination behaviors significantly predicted the time required to identify a problem. At the same time, these behaviors could not be used to discriminate effectively with respect to the time required for problem solving. The results are evaluated with respect to their usefulness for prescriptive ADM training approaches.”
© All rights reserved Jentsch et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Blickensderfer, Elizabeth L., Cannon-Bowers, Janis A. and Salas, Eduardo (1994): Feedback and Team Training: Exploring the Issues. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 1195-1199.
“As team researchers have endeavored to understand team performance and team training, feedback in the team environment has been a neglected topic. A number of issues are involved in the design and provision of feedback to teams. These include team process/outcome issues in addition to characteristics of the task, team as a whole, and the team members as individuals. The inherent problems in team feedback provide the impetus for considering new approaches to team feedback. One such approach, team self-correction, may be valuable in clarifying anticipations and explanations among team members.”
© All rights reserved Blickensderfer et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Stout, Rene'e and Salas, Eduardo (1993): The Role of Planning in Coordinated Team Decision Making: Implications for Training. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1238-1242.
“Critical decisions are made every day by teams of individuals who must coordinate their activities to achieve effectiveness. Recently, researchers have suggested that shared mental models among team members may help them to make successful decisions. Several avenues for training shared mental models in teams exist, one of which is training in planning behaviors. The relationship between team planning, team shared mental models, and coordinated team decision making and performance is explored.”
© All rights reserved Stout and Salas and/or Human Factors Society
Travillian, Kimberly K., Volpe, Catherine E., Cannon-Bowers, Janis A. and Salas, Eduardo (1993): Cross-Training Highly Interdependent Teams: Effects on Team Processes and Team Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1243-1247.
“Understanding teams and team functioning is more important today than ever before. Recent economic conditions and technological developments have made team work increasingly critical in a wide array of settings. This increased level of dependence on the team as an operative unit brings new insight and in turn new questions, regarding the internal mechanisms and operational effectiveness of the team. In particular, how and why do different types of teams function differently and what kind of training is best suited for what type of teams? To a large extent, the nature of a team and its degree of role-related interdependence may regulate the amount of interactional requirements, knowledge, and therefore training, necessary for each member to perform optimally. Specifically, as team member roles become more highly interdependent, the level of each member's knowledge about his fellow team mates' roles becomes increasingly important. This knowledge becomes even more critical under stressful, fast-paced conditions. Although little attention has been given to workload in conjunction with team processes or team performance, early teamwork studies demonstrate that communication and overall performance decline as workload is increased (Briggs&Johnson, 1967; Hemphill&Rush, 1952).”
© All rights reserved Travillian et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Braun, Curt C., Bowers, Clint A., Holmes, Barbara E. and Salas, Eduardo (1993): Impact of Task Difficulty on the Acquisition of Aircrew Coordination Skills. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1262-1266.
“The skills approach to aircrew coordination focuses on the training of specific coordination behavior. While this approach has shown promise, careful consideration must be given to the manner in which these skills are trained. A growing body of literature suggests that training workload impacts the acquisition of skills. The present study examined the effectiveness of two training paradigms on the development of aircrew coordination. One regimen of training was characterized by consistent levels of task difficulty over a series of training sessions. The other regimen involved incrementally increasing task difficulty over training sessions. Twenty IFR rated pilots comprised 10 two-person crews. One-half of the crews (control group) completed nine training flights that were of consistent task difficulty. The remaining half completed nine training flights that increased incrementally in task difficulty: three low, three moderate, and three high task difficulty flights. Following the nine training flights, all crew completed five novel aerial reconnaissance flights during which they were instructed to map buildings within a specified area. Measures of subjective workload, flight performance, and secondary task performance were taken for all flights. An additional measure of building identification was also taken for the five reconnaissance-type flights. Measures of subjective workload validated the increasing workload associated with the experimental training regimen. Analysis of the workload data taken during novel task flights failed to reveal differences between training groups. Moreover, there were no significant differences in flight performance between groups. Measures of building identification, a task heavily dependent on crew coordination, revealed significant differences between groups. Experimental crews identified significantly more buildings than their control counterparts for two of the five flights. Implications for aircrew coordination training are discussed.”
© All rights reserved Braun et al. and/or Human Factors Society
LaLomia, Mary J., Coovert, Michael D. and Salas, Eduardo (1992): Problem-Solving Performance as a Function of Problem Type, Number Progression, and Memory Load. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 11 (5) pp. 268-280.
“Problem-solving performance with tabular and graphical computer displays was examined as problem type, number progression, and memory capacity were systematically manipulated. Participants used tables and line graphs that depicted linear or multilinear number progressions to solve location, interpolation, trend analysis, and forecasting problems. Experiment 1, in which the displayed information was continuously available, indicated that participants' performance for identifying specific values was better with tables than with graphs. For trend analysis and interpolation problems graphs with multilinear data facilitated performance. While the forecasting tasks did not show any systematic effect of the factors. In Experiment 2, the displayed information was not continuously available, participants performed best with the graphical displays for most conditions. These results are discussed in terms of designing computer information displays.”
© All rights reserved LaLomia et al. and/or Taylor and Francis
Zalesny, Mary D. and Salas, Eduardo (1992): Measuring Process in Team Performance and Training. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1342-1345.
“What if we took seriously the fact that team performance is not synonymous with individual performance? Although teams appear to be the new workhorses of economic and social goal accomplishment, the processes by which they accomplish their goals remains relatively unexplicated and not well understood. In this paper, we argue that coordination is an important unifying construct for defining, measuring, researching, and training effective team performance.”
© All rights reserved Zalesny and Salas and/or Human Factors Society
Prince, Ashley, Brannick, Michael T., Prince, Carolyn and Salas, Eduardo (1992): Team Process Measurement and Implications for Training. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 1351-1355.
“The purpose of this research was to establish the construct validity of a behaviorally anchored rating scale developed to measure team process behaviors. This scale contains six skills (i.e. leadership, assertiveness, decision making/mission analysis, situation awareness, communication, adaptability/flexibility) that were identified through a prior needs analysis with training specialists and subject matter experts. Student and instructor pilots (104 individuals, 51 teams) participated in two team tasks (simulated aviation tasks) which were designed to elicit the team process behaviors identified for the rating scale, and were rated on their behaviors. A multitrait-multimethod analysis on the resulting ratings (Campbell and Fiske, 1959) was conducted. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity as well as some method bias were found when the method investigated was team task. Implications for the use of the team process scale in training are discussed.”
© All rights reserved Prince et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Smith, Carlla S., Brown, Jr. Ogden, Salas, Eduardo and Waldrop, Grace (1990): The Case for Integrating Human Factors and Industrial-Organizational Psychology. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 864-865.
Lassiter, Donald L., Vaughn, Jeremy S., Smaltz, Virginia E., Morgan, Jr. Ben B. and Salas, Eduardo (1990): A Comparison of Two Types of Training Interventions on Team Communication Performance. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1372-1376.
Stout, Rene'e J., Cannon-Bowers, Janis A., Salas, Eduardo and Morgan, Jr. Ben B. (1990): Does Crew Coordination Behavior Impact Performance?. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 1382-1386.
Coovert, Michael D., LaLomia, Mary J. and Salas, Eduardo (1989): Modeling Human-Computer Decision Making with Covariance Structure Analysis. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 20 (3) pp. 78-80.
Stout, Rene'e J., Cannon-Bowers, Jan, Morgan, Ben B. and Salas, Eduardo (1989): The Development of a Scale to Assess the Teamwork Needs of Training Situations. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1268-1272.
“Operational studies have revealed a need to focus attention on team training, and a need for effective teamwork skills for successful training performance. The present study was designed to develop an assessment scale that can be used by instructors of various training situations, which will yield a measure of the degree of teamwork required in their situations. Data obtained from the scale show psychometrically sound properties of the scale (high internal consistency and high item-total correlations) and initial validity of its (the ability to distinguish various training situations as to the extent of teamwork that is required). Recommendations for future research are also discussed.”
© All rights reserved Stout et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Hogan, Joyce, Neubauer, Ranier M. and Salas, Eduardo (1989): Deriving Performance Measures for Team Tasks: Evaluating a Methodology. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 1273-1277.
“This study investigates the usefulness of existing performance measures for evaluating the outcome effectiveness of team tasks. It describes a method to identify the measures most appropriate for evaluating training on different types of tasks and under different performance conditions. Six prototype team tasks served as rating stimuli that were used to evaluate 15 objective and 23 subjective team performance measures. Raters (N=33) assessed the usefulness of these performance measures for evaluating performance on each team task under three different scenarios. These scenarios asked how useful the measure would be for: (1) evaluating the performance of teams that want to improve and develop skills; (2) evaluating the performance of teams that have learned the task and need to maintain performance; and (3) helping a consultant to appraise the performance of the team. Results indicated reliable panel ratings; factor analyses of each objective and subjective performance measure correlation matrix revealed five-factor solutions for each domain, and these solutions were consistent across tasks and scenarios. Performance rating means varied significantly by task type, but generally were consistent across scenarios. The ratings are sensitive to task type and can be used systematically to specify relevant dimensions of team evaluation.”
© All rights reserved Hogan et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Coovert, Michael D., McNelis, Kathleen, Ramakrishna, Kamesh and Salas, Eduardo (1988): Preferences for Power in Expert Systems by Novice Users. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 20 (2) pp. 32-33.
LaLomia, Mary J., Coovert, Michael D. and Salas, Eduardo (1988): Problem Solving Performance and Display Preference for Information Displays Depicting Numerical Functions. In ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 20 (2) pp. 47-51.
Salas, Eduardo, Morgan, Ben B. and Glickman, Albert S. (1987): The Evolution and Maturation of Operational Teams in a Training Environment. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 82-86.
“Several models of team development were synthesized from the team performance/ team training literature as the basis for a working model of Team Evolution and Maturation (TEAM). The TEAM methodology is designed to investigate the development of teamwork during training of operational teams. The TEAM model suggests that the life cycle of a team consists of as many as seven developmental stages. The theoretical foundations and description of the model are discussed as well as its relevance to team training.”
© All rights reserved Salas et al. and/or Human Factors Society
Swezey, Robert W. and Salas, Eduardo (1987): Development of Instructional Design Guidelines for Team Training Devices. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 97-101.
“Both the research data base and practical experience, indicate that engineers involved in the design and development of team training devices either have inadequate access to, or for other reasons do not typically use, human factors and instructional design principles. This paper discusses a project whose purpose is to: (1) identify team processes and characteristics which may be employed in the design of team training devices, (2) state this information in guideline form, and (3) begin the development of a taxonomy of team training design characteristics which may be used to organize the guidelines.”
© All rights reserved Swezey and Salas and/or Human Factors Society
Pendergrass, Virginia E., Hamel, Cheryl J. and Salas, Eduardo (1987): A Human Information Processing Theory of Skill Acquisition: A Training Systems View. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 643-647.
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