Dario D. Salvucci
Has also published under the name of:
"D. Salvucci"
Personal Homepage:
http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~salvucci/Current place of employment:
Drexel UniversityDario Salvucci is an Associate Professor of Computer Science at Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA. He received a B.S.E. from Princeton University in 1994 and a Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999, both in Computer Science. His work explores computational models of human behavior in complex tasks, with particular emphasis on driving and driver distraction. Dr. Salvucci has authored a number of papers in the areas of human factors, human-computer interaction, and cognitive science, and has received an NSF CAREER Award, the Fred Burggraf Prize at the Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, and the Siegel-Wolf Prize at the International Conference on Cognitive Modeling.
Publications by Dario D. Salvucci (bibliography)
» 2009 «
Mankowski, Walter C., Bogunovich, Peter, Shokoufandeh, Ali and Salvucci, Dario D. (2009): Finding canonical behaviors in user protocols. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1323-1326. Available online
“While the collection of behavioral protocols has been common practice in human-computer interaction research for many years, the analysis of large protocol data sets is often extremely tedious and time-consuming, and automated analysis methods have been slow to develop. This paper proposes an automated method of protocol analysis to find canonical behaviors -- a small subset of protocols that is most representative of the full data set, providing a reasonable "big picture" view of the data with as few protocols as possible. The automated method takes advantage of recent algorithmic developments in computational vision, modifying them to allow for distance measures between behavioral protocols. The paper includes an application of the method to web-browsing protocols, showing how the canonical behaviors found by the method match well to sets of behaviors identified by expert human coders.”
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Brumby, Duncan P., Salvucci, Dario D. and Howes, Andrew (2009): Focus on driving: how cognitive constraints shape the adaptation of strategy when dialing while driving. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1629-1638. Available online
“We investigate how people adapt their strategy for interleaving multiple concurrent tasks to varying objectives. A study was conducted in which participants drove a simulated vehicle and occasionally dialed a telephone number on a mobile phone. Experimental instructions and feedback encouraged participants to focus on either driving or dialing. Results show that participants adapted their task interleaving strategies to meet the required task objective, but in a manner that was nonetheless intricately shaped by internal psychological constraints. In particular, participants tended to steer in between dialing chunks of digits even when extreme vehicle drift implied that more reactive strategies would have generated better lane keeping. To better understand why drivers interleaved tasks at chunk boundaries, a modeling analysis was conducted to derive performance predictions for a range of dialing strategies. The analysis supported the idea that interleaving at chunk boundaries efficiently traded the time given up to dialing with the maintenance of a central lane position. We discuss the implications of this work in terms of contributions to understanding how cognitive constraints shape strategy adaptations in dynamic multitask environments.”
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Salvucci, Dario D., Taatgen, Niels A. and Borst, Jelmer P. (2009): Toward a unified theory of the multitasking continuum: from concurrent performance to task switching, interruption, and resumption. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 1819-1828. Available online
“Multitasking in user behavior can be represented along a continuum in terms of the time spent on one task before switching to another. In this paper, we present a theory of behavior along the multitasking continuum, from concurrent tasks with rapid switching to sequential tasks with longer time between switching. Our theory unifies several theoretical effects -- the ACT-R cognitive architecture, the threaded cognition theory of concurrent multitasking, and the memory-for-goals theory of interruption and resumption -- to better understand and predict multitasking behavior. We outline the theory and discuss how it accounts for numerous phenomena in the recent empirical literature.”
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» 2007 «
Brumby, Duncan P., Howes, Andrew and Salvucci, Dario D. (2007): A cognitive constraint model of dual-task trade-offs in a highly dynamic driving task. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 233-242. Available online
“The paper describes an approach to modeling the strategic variations in performing secondary tasks while driving. In contrast to previous efforts that are based on simulation of a cognitive architecture interacting with a task environment, we take an approach that develops a cognitive constraint model of the interaction between the driver and the task environment in order to make inferences about dual-task performance. Analyses of driving performance data reveal that a set of simple equations can be used to accurately model changes in the lateral position of the vehicle within the lane. The model quantifies how the vehicle's deviation from lane center increases during periods of inattention, and how the vehicle returns to lane center during periods of active steering. We demonstrate the benefits of the approach by modeling the dialing of a cellular phone while driving, where drivers balance the speed in performing the dial task with accuracy (or safety) in keeping the vehicle centered in the roadway. In particular, we show how understanding, rather than simulating, the constraints imposed by the task environment can help to explain the costs and benefits of a range of strategies for interleaving dialing and steering. We show how particular strategies are sensitive to a combination of internal constraints (including switch costs) and the trade-off between the amount of time allocated to secondary task and the risk of extreme lane deviation.”
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Salvucci, Dario D., Markley, Daniel, Zuber, Mark and Brumby, Duncan P. (2007): iPod distraction: effects of portable music-player use on driver performance. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 243-250. Available online
“Portable music players such as Apple's iPod have become ubiquitous in many environments, but one environment in particular has elicited new safety concerns and challenges -- in-vehicle use while driving. We present the first study of portable music-player interaction while driving, examining the effects of iPod interaction by drivers navigating a typical roadway in a driving simulator. Results showed that selecting media on the iPod had a significant effect on driver performance as measured by lateral deviation from lane center; the effect was comparable to previously reported effects of dialing a cellular phone. In addition, selecting media and watching videos had a significant effect on car-following speed, resulting in speed reductions that presumably compensated for impaired lateral performance. Given that iPod interaction has become increasingly common while driving, these results serve as a first step toward understanding the potential effects of portable music-player interaction on driver behavior and performance.”
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Brumby, Duncan P., Salvucci, Dario D. and Howes, Andrew (2007): An Empirical Investigation into Dual-Task Trade-offs while Driving and Dialing. In: Proceedings of the HCI07 Conference on People and Computers XXI 2007. p. 3. Available online
“Engaging in a secondary task, such as dialing a cell phone, while driving a car has been found to have a deleterious effect on driver performance. A point often overlooked though is that people can potentially vary the extent to which these two tasks are interleaved (i.e., attention can be returned to driving more or less often while dialing). To investigate this idea of strategic variability in multitasking behavior, an experiment was conducted in a driving simulator in which participants were instructed to focus on dialing as quickly as possible or on steering as safely as possible. It was found that participants drove more safely when encouraged to do so. However, driving safely necessarily brought about an increase in the total time to complete the dialing task because of frequent task interleaving. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the lateral deviation of the car from the lane centre when participants were encouraged to complete the dialing task as quickly as possible. These results suggest that contrary to existing advice, the total time that the driver is distracted is less important to safety than the strategy used for interleaving secondary and primary tasks. In particular, there may be value in designing mobile devices that facilitate short bursts of interaction for in-car use because allowing drivers to make additional glances back to the road while actively working on a concurrent secondary task might help to elevate some of the effects of distracted driving.”
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» 2005 «
Salvucci, Dario D., Zuber, Mark, Beregovaia, Ekaterina and Markley, Daniel (2005): Distract-R: rapid prototyping and evaluation of in-vehicle interfaces. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 581-589. Available online
“As driver distraction from in-vehicle devices increasingly becomes a concern on our roadways, researchers have searched for better scientific understanding of distraction along with better engineering tools to build less distracting devices. This paper presents a new system, Distract-R, that allows designers to rapidly prototype and evaluate new in-vehicle interfaces. The core engine of the system relies on a rigorous cognitive model of driver performance, which the system integrates with models of behavior on the prototyped interfaces to generate predictions of distraction. Distract-R allows a designer to prototype basic interfaces, demonstrate possible tasks on these interfaces, specify relevant driver characteristics and driving scenarios, and finally simulate, visualize, and analyze the resulting behavior as generated by the cognitive model. The paper includes two sample studies that demonstrate the system's ability to account for effects of input modality and driver age on performance.”
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Salvucci, Dario D. (2005): A Multitasking General Executive for Compound Continuous Tasks. In Cognitive Science, 29 (3) pp. 457-492
» 2004 «
John, Bonnie E., Prevas, Konstantine, Salvucci, Dario D. and Koedinger, Kenneth R. (2004): Predictive human performance modeling made easy. In: Dykstra-Erickson, Elizabeth and Tscheligi, Manfred (eds.) Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 24-29, 2004, Vienna, Austria. pp. 455-462. Available online
“Although engineering models of user behavior have enjoyed a rich history in HCI, they have yet to have a widespread impact due to the complexities of the modeling process. In this paper we describe a development system in which designers generate predictive cognitive models of user behavior simply by demonstrating tasks on HTML mock-ups of new interfaces. Keystroke-Level Models are produced automatically using new rules for placing mental operators, then implemented in the ACT-R cognitive architecture. They interact with the mock-up through integrated perceptual and motor modules, generating behavior that is automatically quantified and easily examined. Using a query-entry user interface as an example [19], we demonstrate that this new system enables more rapid development of predictive models, with more accurate results, than previously published models of these tasks.”
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» 2003 «
Salvucci, Dario D. and Lee, Frank J. (2003): Simple cognitive modeling in a complex cognitive architecture. In: Cockton, Gilbert and Korhonen, Panu (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 5-10, 2003, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA. pp. 265-272.
» 2001 «
Salvucci, Dario D. (2001): Predicting the Effects of In-Car Interfaces on Driver Behavior using a Cognitive Architecture. In: Beaudouin-Lafon, Michel and Jacob, Robert J. K. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2001 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference March 31 - April 5, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA. pp. 120-127. Available online
“When designing and evaluating in-car user interfaces for drivers, it is essential to determine what effects these interfaces may have on driver behavior and performance. This paper describes a novel approach to predicting effects of in-car interfaces by modeling behavior in a cognitive architecture. A cognitive architecture is a theoretical frame-work for building computational models of cognition and performance. The proposed approach centers on integrating a user model for the interface with an existing driver model that accounts for basic aspects of driver behavior (e.g., steering and speed control). By running the integrated model and having it interact with the interface while driving, we can generate a priori predictions of the effects of interface use on driver performance. The paper illustrates the approach by comparing four representative dialing interfaces for an in-car, hands-free cellular phone. It also presents an empirical study that validates several of the qualitative and quantitative predictions of the model.”
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Salvucci, Dario D. and Anderson, John R. (2001): Automated Eye-Movement Protocol Analysis. In Human-Computer Interaction, 16 (1) pp. 39-86
“This article describes and evaluates a class of methods for performing automated analysis of eye-movement protocols. Although eye movements have become increasingly popular as a tool for investigating user behavior, they can be extremely difficult and tedious to analyze. In this article we propose an approach to automating eye-movement protocol analysis by means of tracing-relating observed eye movements to the sequential predictions of a process model. We present three tracing methods that provide fast and robust analysis and alleviate the equipment noise and individual variability prevalent in typical eye-movement protocols. We also describe three applications of the tracing methods that demonstrate how the methods facilitate the use of eye movements in the study of user behavior and the inference of user intentions.”
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Salvucci, Dario D. (2001): Predicting the effects of in-car interface use on driver performance: an integrated model approach. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 55 (1) pp. 85-107
“While researchers have made great strides in evaluating and comparing user
interfaces using computational models and frameworks, their work has focused
almost exclusively on interfaces that serve as the only or primary task for the
user. This paper presents an approach of evaluating and comparing interfaces
that users interact with as secondary tasks while executing a more critical
primary task. The approach centers on the integration of two computational
behavioral models, one for the primary task and another for the secondary task.
The resulting integrated model can then execute both tasks together and
generate a priori predictions about the effects of one task on the other. The
paper focuses in particular on the domain of driving and the comparison of four
dialing interfaces for in-car cellular phones. Using the ACT-R cognitive
architecture (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) as a computational framework,
behavioral models for each possible dialing interface were integrated with an
existing model of driver behavior (Salvucci, Boer & Liu, in press). The
integrated model predicted that two different manual-dialing interfaces would
have significant effects on driver steering performance while two different
voice-dialing interfaces would have no significant effect on performance. An
empirical study conducted with human drivers in a driving simulator showed that
while model and human performance differed with respect to overall magnitudes,
the model correctly predicted the overall pattern of effects for human drivers.
These results suggest that the integration of computational behavioral models
provides a useful, practical method for predicting the effects of
secondary-task interface use on primary-task performance.”
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Liu, A. and Salvucci, Dario D. (2001): Modeling and Prediction of Human Driver Behavior. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 2001. pp. 1479-1483.
Salvucci, Dario D. and Anderson, John R. (2001): Integrating analogical mapping and general problem solving: the path-mapping theory. In Cognitive Science, 25 (1) pp. 67-110
» 2000 «
Salvucci, Dario D. and Anderson, John R. (2000): Intelligent Gaze-Added Interfaces. In: Turner, Thea, Szwillus, Gerd, Czerwinski, Mary, Peterno, Fabio and Pemberton, Steven (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 2000 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference April 1-6, 2000, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 273-280. Available online
“We discuss a novel type of interface, the intelligent gaze-added interface, and describe the design and evaluation of a sample gaze-added operating-system interface. Gaze-added interfaces, like current gaze-based systems, allow users to execute commands using their eyes. However, while most gaze-based systems replace the functionality of other inputs with that of gaze, gaze-added interfaces simply add gaze functionality that the user can employ if and when desired. Intelligent gaze-added interfaces utilize a probabilistic algorithm and user model to interpret gaze focus and alleviate typical problems with eye-tracking data. We extended a standard WIMP operating-system interface into a new interface, IGO, that incorporates intelligent gaze-added input. In a user study, we found that users quickly adapted to the new interface and utilized gaze effectively both alone and with other inputs.”
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Salvucci, Dario D. (2000): An interactive model-based environment for eye-movement protocol analysis and visualization. In: Duchowski, Andrew T. (ed.) ETRA 2000 - Proceedings of the Eye Tracking Research and Application Symposium November 6-8, 2000, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USA. pp. 57-63. Available online
Salvucci, Dario D. and Goldberg, Joseph H. (2000): Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. In: Duchowski, Andrew T. (ed.) ETRA 2000 - Proceedings of the Eye Tracking Research and Application Symposium November 6-8, 2000, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, USA. pp. 71-78. Available online
» 1999 «
Salvucci, Dario D. (1999): Inferring Intent in Eye-Based Interfaces: Tracing Eye Movements with Process Models. In: Altom, Mark W. and Williams, Marian G. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 99 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 15-20, 1999, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. pp. 254-261. Available online
“While current eye-based interfaces offer enormous potential for efficient human-computer interaction, they also manifest the difficulty of inferring intent from user eye movements. This paper describes how fixation tracing facilitates the interpretation of eye movements and improves the flexibility and usability of eye-based interfaces. Fixation tracing uses hidden Markov models to map user actions to the sequential predictions of a cognitive process model. In a study of eye typing, results show that fixation tracing generates significantly more accurate interpretations than simpler methods and allows for more flexibility in designing usable interfaces. Implications for future research in eye-based interfaces and multimodal interfaces are discussed.”
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User-contributed publications
Here is a list of publications that have been submitted by the author himself/herself or a website visitor:
Salvucci, D. D., Markley, D., Zuber, M., & Brumby, D. P. (2007). iPod distraction: Effects of portable music-player use on driver performance. To appear in Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI 2007 Conference Proceedings. New York: ACM Press.
Brumby, D. P., Howes, A., & Salvucci, D. D. (2007). A cognitive constraint model of dual-task trade-offs in a highly dynamic driving task. To appear in Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI 2007 Conference Proceedings. New York: ACM Press.
Salvucci, D. D. (2006). Modeling driver behavior in a cognitive architecture. Human Factors, 48, 362-380.
John, B. E., & Salvucci, D. D. (2005). Multi-purpose prototypes for assessing user interfaces in pervasive computing systems. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 4, 27-34.
Salvucci, D. D. (2005). A multitasking general executive for compound continuous tasks. Cognitive Science, 29, 457-492.
Salvucci, D. D., Zuber, M., Beregovaia, E., & Markley, D. (2005). Distract-R: Rapid prototyping and evaluation of in-vehicle interfaces. In Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI 2005 Conference Proceedings (pp. 581-589). New York: ACM Press.
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Mar 19th, 2010
Changes to this page (author)
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