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Daniel Workman

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Publications by Daniel Workman (bibliography)

1989

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Perkins, Ronald, Blatt, Louis A., Workman, Daniel and Ehrlich, Susan F. (1989): Iterative Tutorial Design in the Product Development Cycle. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 268-272.

“Early development of a tutorial fostered a joint effort between human factors professionals, software developers and training consultants that resulted in early resolution of many problems during the development of Wang Freestyle, a new multimedia communication system. It was decided that new users of Freestyle should be able to use the basic annotation features without referring to any hardcopy documentation. To ensure this, iterative tests of evolving prototypes of (1) the software and (2) an on-line tutorial that was designed to teach any features of the system that were not immediately intuitive were carried out. Changes were made in the software and the tutorial, resulting in improvements to both. The methods used and some of the lessons learned from this initial experience with iterative tutorial development are discussed.”

1988

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Workman, Daniel and Fisher, Donald L. (1988): A Threshold Model of Visual Search. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. pp. 1316-1319.

“A new model of visual search is proposed. It is suggested that in searching for a target among distractors, there is some threshold level of similarity between the target and the distractors. When the similarity of the target to a given distractor is below this threshold the distractor can be quickly rejected. When the distractor is above the threshold level of similarity it will take additional time to reject the distractor. Several models of visual search, including threshold and non-threshold models, are simulated on a computer and compared to the results obtained by Geiselman, Landee&Christen (1982) in a visual search task. A threshold search model in which the time to reject distractors over the similarity threshold is a function of the increment above the threshold (where similarity is defined as proposed in Workman&Fisher, 1987), is shown to provide the best fit to the data. Implications for the selection of symbols for graphic displays are briefly discussed.”

1987

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Workman, Daniel and Fisher, Donald L. (1987): Selection of Visual Display Symbology: A New Metric of Similarity. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 510-513.

“Ideally one would like to select symbols for use in visual displays which are both meaningful representations of objects they stand for and maximally dissimilar to one another. In this paper a new, simple-to-compute metric for rating similarity of symbols is proposed. The degree is based on the degree of overlap between "fuzzy pictures" of the symbols and thus (unlike other current metrics) does not require a prior determination of relevant features. The similarity ratings produced by the metric are shown to be highly correlated with subjective ratings of similarity (r{sub:s}=.82, p < 0.01). Thus, the similarity ratings derived from the metric can be used to select the best (most discriminable) subset of symbols from a set of meaningful symbols, bypassing the need for a time consuming and expensive empirical determination of similarities.”

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