Publication statistics
Pub. period:1976-2012
Pub. count:32
Number of co-authors:63
Co-authors
Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:
Joseph Sharit:6Sara J. Czaja:6Stephan Konz:4 Productive colleagues
Colin G. Drury's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:
Waldemar Karwowski:35Sara J. Czaja:30Ravindra S. Goonet..:28
“
...that strange new zone between medium and message. That zone we call the interface
”
-- Steven Johnson, 1997
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Colin G. Drury
Has also published under the name of:
"Colin Drury" and "C. G. Drury"
Personal Homepage:
http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~drury/Publications by Colin G. Drury (bibliography)
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Dempsey, Patrick G., Porter, William L., Pollard, Jonisha P. and Drury, Colin G. (2012): Using Multiple Complementary Methods to Develop Ergonomics Audits for Mining Operations. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 2012 Annual Meeting 2012. pp. 1213-1217.
“Although ergonomics audits are commonly used by consultants, the scientific literature on reliable and valid audits is sparse. This paper describes a multi-faceted methodological approach to developing ergonomics audits for three types of mining operations. The approach was derived from a validated audit (Ergonomics Assessment Program (ERNAP)) for aircraft maintenance operations. While there were contextual, regulatory, and intended end user differences, the general approach to establishing content validity through task analysis and workplace observations, surveillance data, and accepted practices and regulations proved to be effective, albeit with modifications. Analysis of fatality reports and desire for integration with existing mining safety approaches were two areas where the current approach differed from ERNAP.”
© All rights reserved Dempsey et al. and/or Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
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Drury, Colin G. (2010): HFE AND SERVICE INDUSTRIES: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR IETG. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54th Annual Meeting 2010. pp. 1139-1143.
“The service sector of enterprise is increasing in size compared to manufacturing. To properly serve enterprises and individuals, Human Factors / Ergonomics (HFE) needs to be ahead of this trend rather than catching up. The IETG has a long history of theory and intervention endeavors in manufacturing and also in service industries. This paper provides data on the importance of service industries, and how a broader practice of industrial ergonomics can provide more impact on the enterprise and its workforce.”
© All rights reserved Drury and/or HFES
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Patel, Swapnesh C., Drury, Colin G. and Shalin, Valerie L. (1998): Effectiveness of Expert Semantic Knowledge as a Navigational Aid within Hypertext. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 17 (6) pp. 313-324.
“Hypertext systems parse documents into content nodes connected by machine supported links or relationships. Many hypertext researchers claim that the node-link relationships of hypertext provide an information organization that models the structure of human knowledge and should therefore facilitate information access (Fiderio 1988). Yet, failures of information access occur when users lack an understanding of the overall scope and organization of a hypertext system (Gay and Mazur 1991). To support this understanding, the present research incorporated expert-based domain semantics in the design of prosthetic devices for hypertext navigation. The task domain was documentation for a word processing system. In the first experiment, the pathfinder algorithm (Schvaneveldt 1990) and cluster analysis were used to identify a set of expert-based semantic relationships between word-processing concepts. The results from these analyses contributed to the design of two prostheses to assist hypertext navigation: A hierarchical index and a local semantic browser. These aids were tested in a second experiment, crossing type of on-line documentation (semantically enhanced hypertext or an alphabetically indexed text) with level of subject expertise (novice or expert). Both performance and strategy measures suggest that the semantic prostheses improved the accessibility of information for novice users without hampering expert performance.”
© All rights reserved Patel et al. and/or Taylor and Francis
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Drury, Colin G. and Prabhu, Prasad (1996): Information Requirements of Aircraft Inspection: Framework and Analysis. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45 (6) pp. 679-695.
“The information environment is seen to be one of the predominant factors for effective maintenance and inspection systems in the operation of commercial aircraft. The design issues can be stated simply as decisions on what information to present, when to present this information, and how to present this information. It is desirable that in answering these questions, the designer accounts for the cognitive abilities of humans and the demands that the task requirements generate. This paper provides a framework for information design by combining the concepts from the human factors knowledge base with the specific needs of aircraft inspection. This framework captures the interaction between the inspection task and its information requirements, leading to an analysis of the information needs of aircraft inspectors, using this framework and the cognitive control categories of Skill-Rule-Knowledge based behaviors. Based on this analysis, guidelines for information systems design have been suggested.”
© All rights reserved Drury and Prabhu and/or Academic Press
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Witherow, Kimberly A. and Drury, Colin G. (1995): The Effects of Speed in the Inspection of Pressure-Sensitive Labels. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. .
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Goonetilleke, Ravindra S., Drury, Colin G. and Sharit, Joseph (1995): What Does an Operator Need to Learn?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting 1995. pp. 1284-1288.
“Using a simulated geosynchronous satellite relocation task, three types of training schemes, namely, in-the-loop, out-of-the-loop, and a composite of these two methods were evaluated. Verbal protocols in addition to performance and strategy measures were used to understand learning in this complex task. The results point toward an amplitude hypothesis of learning where two distinct phases are evident. In the first, large amplitude fluctuations exist due to the lack of a good mental model of the system dynamics. In the second, the amplitude fluctuations are low, and the performance improvements are dramatic suggesting the end of the mental model development phase and a gradual improvement in the system optimization parameters leading to the traditional power law learning curve. Based on the results, it may be concluded that to learn a system or process well, the operator needs to: 1. Develop a good mental model of the system dynamics to minimize the large fluctuations in performance, and 2. Understand the optimization criteria to improve performance with low amplitude variations.”
© All rights reserved Goonetilleke et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Goonetilleke, Ravindra S., Drury, Colin G. and Sharit, Joseph (1995): Evaluation of Control Strategies in a Complex Space-Vehicle Control Task: Effects of Training Type. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction July 9-14, 1995, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 311-316.
“The fundamental differences in operator control strategies in a complex task were evaluated in two training scenarios: in-the-loop training and out-of-the-loop training. Verbal protocols and performance measures revealed four types of complex control mechanisms dependent upon these two training approaches. The four types were display based control, open loop input control, closed loop input control, and an input-display control mix. Performance differences favored in-the-loop training, and led to the development of an open loop input control strategy. The overall results indicate that performance improvements may be achieved with operator training on the system dynamics and optimization aspects rather than operator training directed only at the optimization aspects. A "sitting by Nellie" approach such as watching an expert or watching an algorithm perform a task may be disastrous if the system dynamics are poorly understood. This study also suggests how operator strategies can be effectively used to design user-friendly aids which improve operator performance in complex control tasks.”
© All rights reserved Goonetilleke et al. and/or Elsevier Science
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Drury, Colin G. (1994): Ergonomics on the Hangar Floor: Structuring the Intervention Process. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 106-110.
“A methodology is demonstrated which systematically interpreted aircraft inspection tasks in human factors terms, performed projects where human / system mismatches were found, and re-integrated the project findings to provide for comprehensive intervention. A generic function description was first used to structure extensive hangar-floor observations and analysis, and potential mismatches determined. Projects were completed for each function, for example redesigned workcards for the Initiate function and lighting studies for the Search function. Integrative techniques developed were a computer-based audit program to evaluate human factors in aircraft inspection tasks, and a systematic implementation technique based on human factors teams in the hangar.”
© All rights reserved Drury and/or Human Factors Society
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Gramopadhye, Anand K., Bishu, Ram R., Rouse, William B., Karwowski, Waldemar, Drury, Colin G. and Cochran, Edward L. (1994): Recent Advances in Human Factors in Manufacturing. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 476-480.
“The combined effects of automation and global competition have changed the manufacturing environment considerably. The change is from a traditional product or process oriented manufacturing to a fully automated or semi-automated manufacturing environment, producing limited quantities of a large range of products. Inexpensive and unlimited computing power has been the single cause for these changes. What impact have these changes had on human factors/ergonomics professionals? Does a problem really exist and is its existence recognized in affected areas by other people, those not involved with human factors? Have human factors professionals taken proactive approaches to these changes? What are the new techniques available to the human factors professionals in this application area? This panel will address some of the issues and concerns in this area.”
© All rights reserved Gramopadhye et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Reynolds, J. L., Drury, Colin G., Sharit, Joseph and Cerny, F. (1994): The Effects of Different Forms of Space Restriction on Inspection Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting 1994. pp. 631-635.
“Work in restrictive spaces is characteristic of many tasks, particularly in maintenance and inspection operations. The nature of the spatial restriction as well as its magnitude is likely to affect the worker's response to the space. This research measured the effects of three different spatial restrictions (vertical (V), sagittal (S) and combined (VS)) on an inspection task. The effects of the three restrictions on postural adaptation, physiological response, psychophysical reports and task performance were qualitatively different. Generally, the VS and V restrictions caused increases in operator stress and workload, with these effects being most severe under the VS restriction. Conversely, the S restriction caused no increases in operator stress and tended to improve performance. Thus, while restrictions are generally detrimental, certain mild restrictions may actually facilitate jobs.”
© All rights reserved Reynolds et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Reynolds, Jaqueline L. and Drury, Colin G. (1993): An Evaluation of the Visual Environment in Aircraft Inspection. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 34-38.
“Aircraft inspection is still primarily a visual activity, thus the accuracy and efficiency of this visual inspection is ultimately determined by the adequacy of the visual environment. Based upon site visits to various commercial aircraft sites, the existing visual environment in aircraft inspection has been found to be generally inadequate. This study demonstrates a procedure which can be utilized to assist in selecting the appropriate lighting equipment for aircraft tasks. An evaluation was undertaken at a single commercial aircraft maintenance facility which included task analyses of typical inspection jobs combined with photometric evaluations of the ambient and task lighting. Portable and personal lighting sources were sampled and evaluated in the laboratory and on the hangar floor for both photometric performance and ease of use. In addition, inspector perceptions were collected from four facilities to obtain a wider base for comments and concerns related to the personal and portable lighting and the visual environment. Recommendations are made based upon the task demands, visual requirements, and other selected lighting considerations.”
© All rights reserved Reynolds and Drury and/or Human Factors Society
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Manivannan, P., Czaja, Sara J., Drury, Colin G. and Ip, Chi Ming (1993): The Impact of Age on Visual Search Performance. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 172-176.
“Visual search is an important component of many real world tasks such as industrial inspection and driving. Several studies have shown that age has an impact on visual search performance. In general older people demonstrate poorer performance on such tasks as compared to younger people. However, there is controversy regarding the source of the age-performance effect. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between component abilities and visual search performance, in order to identify the locus of age-related performance differences. Six abilities including reaction time, working memory, selective attention and spatial localization were identified as important components of visual search performance. Thirty-two subjects ranging in age from 18-84 years, categorized in three different age groups (young, middle, and older) participated in the study. Their component abilities were measured and they performed a visual search task. The visual search task varied in complexity in terms of type of targets detected. Significant relationships were found between some of the component skills and search performance. Significant age effects were also observed. A model was developed using hierarchical multiple linear regression to explain the variance in search performance. Results indicated that reaction time, selective attention, and age were important predictors of search performance with reaction time and selective attention accounting for most of the variance.”
© All rights reserved Manivannan et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Patel, Swapnesh C., Drury, Colin G. and Prabhu, Prasad (1993): Design and Usability Evaluation of Work Control Documentation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1156-1160.
“The present study develops a methodology for design and usability evaluation of work control documentation for aircraft inspection based on the application of human factors research in the areas of information design and aircraft inspection. A taxonomy for design of usable documentation was developed using four basic categories: Information Readability; Information Content; Information Organization; and Physical Handling and Environmental Factors. Within the framework of this taxonomy the existing work control documentation for two extreme representative conditions of aircraft inspection tasks, the A-check and the C-check was evaluated for usability. Issues for workcard redesign were identified within this taxonomy using data from usability evaluation and these were then formulated into a set of 49 guidelines for design. These guidelines were then used to develop alternate design solutions offering improved usability. The increase in usability of the redesigned documentation was measured in an on-site empirical evaluation and proved significant. This methodology is currently being extended to the design of usable information for the design and evaluation of portable computer based documentation for aircraft inspection tasks.”
© All rights reserved Patel et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Gramopadhye, Anand K., Drury, Colin G. and Sharit, Joseph (1993): Training for Decision Making in Aircraft Inspection. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting 1993. pp. 1267-1271.
“Research on civil aircraft inspection and maintenance has shown the potential for employing human factor interventions in improving performance. A series of training experiments was developed to understand the effects of different training interventions in the visual inspection domain. This paper reports on preliminary results obtained in applying a combined active and progressive part training scheme in improving the decision making performance for a visual inspection task. The task was a computer simulated airframe visual inspection task.”
© All rights reserved Gramopadhye et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Latorella, K. A., Gramopadhye, A. K., Prabhu, P. V., Drury, Colin G., Smith, Marc A. and Shanahan, D. E. (1992): Computer-Simulated Aircraft Inspection Tasks for Off-Line Experimentation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 92-96.
“Previous research on civil aircraft inspection and maintenance, (e.g., Shepherd, 1990) has shown the potential for human factors interventions. However, for specific interventions to be tested and detailed models to be developed a system for rapid, off-line experimentation is required. Two computer-simulated inspection tasks are described, one for non-destructive inspection and the other for visual inspection. Both systems have been used for experiments, the brief results of which are presented. Future extensions to the programs, and other experiments under way, are discussed.”
© All rights reserved Latorella et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Deeb, Joseph M. and Drury, Colin G. (1992): Perceived Exertion in Isometric Muscular Contractions Related to Age, Muscle, Force Level and Duration. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting 1992. pp. 712-716.
“This research was concerned with studying the development and growth of perceived effort of long-term isometric contractions as a function of muscle group (biceps vs quadriceps), of subjects with different age groups (20-29 vs. 50-59 years old) on long-term muscular isometric contractions (5 minutes) at different levels of {percent}MVC (20,40,60,80 and 100 {percent}MVC). An experiment testing 20 subjects each performing 10 conditions (two muscle groups x five levels of {percent}MVC) showed that the older age group reported Significantly higher perceived exertion at higher levels of {percent}MVC and across time. Furthermore, subjects experienced a higher and faster increase in their perceived exertion when the level of {percent}MVC and time increased.”
© All rights reserved Deeb and Drury and/or Human Factors Society
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Wang, Mao-Jiun J., Sharit, Joseph and Drury, Colin G. (1991): Fuzzy Set Evaluation of Inspection Performance. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 35 (4) pp. 587-596.
“Large individual differences in inspection performance is one of the most consistent findings in inspection studies. This is a major factor that has contributed both to undermining the development of valid inspector selection tests and to complicating the training process for inspectors. This study evaluated cognitive factors that could account for a large part of these differences. A fuzzy set approach formulated as a multi-criteria decision making problem was used to determine whether they can correctly judge the importances as defined by objectively examining inspection activity. Results indicated a close correspondence between subjective and objective approaches, suggesting the possibility for integrating the individual's subjective appraisal of relative importance of cognitive factors into the design, selection and training process for inspection tasks.”
© All rights reserved Wang et al. and/or Academic Press
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Johnson, William B., Shepherd, William T., Gardner-Bonneau, Daryle Jean and Drury, Colin G. (1991): Aircraft and Airways Facilities Maintenance: Components of the National Plan for Aviation Human Factors. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. p. 27.
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Drury, Colin G. (1991): Errors in Aviation Maintenance: Taxonomy and Control. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 42-46.
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Deivanayagam, S., Drury, Colin G., Dryden, Robert D., Konz, Stephan and Smith, James L. (1991): ABET Accreditation and Human Factors Engineering Course. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 532-533.
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Buck, James R., Leamon, Tom B., Kreifeldt, John G., Konz, Stephan and Drury, Colin G. (1991): Human Factors Design. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting 1991. pp. 534-535.
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Gawron, Valerie J., Travale, David J., Neal, Jeannette G., Drury, Colin G. and Czaja, Sara J. (1990): Evaluation of Algorithms for Combining Independent Data Sets in a Human Performance Expert System. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 32 (1) pp. 1-19.
“As part of an ongoing program to develop a Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) system for human factors engineers, a Human Performance Expert System, Human, was designed. The system contains a large database of human-performance equations derived from human performance research reported in the open literature. Human accesses these data to predict task performance times, task completion probabilities, and error rates. A problem was encountered when multiple independent data sets were relevant to one task. For example, a designer is interested in the effects of luminance and font size on a number of reading errors. Two data sets exist in the literature: one examining the effects of luminance, the other, font size. The data in the two sets were collected at different locations with different subjects, and at different times in history. How can the two data sets best be combined to address the designer's problems? On the basis of an extensive review of the human performance literature and statistical procedures, four combining algorithms were developed. These four algorithms were tested in two steps. In step one, two reaction-time experiments were conducted: one to evaluate the effect of the number of alternatives on reaction times; the second, evaluated signals per minute and number of displays being monitored. The four algorithms were used on the data from these two experiments to predict reaction time in the situation where all three independent variables are manipulated simultaneously. In step two of the test procedure, a third experiment was conducted. Subjects who had not participated in either Experiment 1 or 2 performed a reaction-time task under the combined effects of all three independent variables. The predictions made from step one were compared to the actual empirical data collected in Experiment 3. The best predictor of the mean in Experiment 3 was an unweighted average of the means in Experiments 1 and 2; the best predictor of the standard deviation in Experiment 3 was an unweighted average of the standard deviations, (S.D.s) in Experiments 1 and 2. Based on these results, Human uses an average of the means to combine the results from multiple independent data sets.”
© All rights reserved Gawron et al. and/or Academic Press
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Frank, Alan S., Drury, Colin G., Anderson, Vern Putz, Cochran, David J., Konz, Stephan and Snook, Stover H. (1990): Consumer Products and Cumulative Trauma Disorders. In: D., Woods, and E., Roth, (eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting 1990, Santa Monica, USA. pp. 486-488.
“This panel focuses on the relationship between consumer products and CTD. Between the ages of 18 and 64, more people are disabled from musculoskeletal problems than any other category of disorder. Many of these disabilities are Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTD). They result from frequent, extreme joint movements and forces. CTD's develop with the use of many different products. Computer terminals are often associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), one type of CTD. However common household products have also been associated with CTD's. Knives, commonly found in kitchens, are also used in the meat packing industry. When used in an industrial setting, such knives are associated with CTD's. Scissors are used in the garment industry. Under conditions of high frequency use, they are associated with CTD's. Many power tools, used by both professionals and amateurs, are inappropriately used for high frequency tasks. Finally, recreational products have long been associated with injuries such as Tennis Elbow and Golfer's Elbow. The panel will discuss attributes of such products that create the potential for a CTD type injury. In addition, the panel will discuss how recreational and work activities interact to aggravate CTD's. The discussion will include the costs, in terms of medical expenses and lost productivity, and the prevention. Special attention will be paid to the design of products and work places to reduce the incidence and severity of such disorders.”
© All rights reserved Frank et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Gawron, Valerie J., Drury, Colin G., Czaja, Sara J. and Wilkins, Dawn M. (1989): A Taxonomy of Independent Variables Affecting Human Performance. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 31 (6) pp. 643-671.
“As part of an ongoing program to develop a Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) system for human factors engineers, a Human Performance Expert System, Human, was designed. The system contains a taxonomy of independent variables which affect human performance. This taxonomy was developed in a three-step process: (1) review existing taxonomies; (2) add independent variables used in Human; and (3) remove redundancy and ambiguity. This process and the resultant taxonomy are described in this paper.”
© All rights reserved Gawron et al. and/or Academic Press
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Drury, Colin G., Kleiner, B. M. and Zahorjan, J. (1989): How Can Manufacturing Human Factors Help Save a Company: Intervention at High and Low Levels. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 687-689.
“Now that manufacturing has become a respectable topic in industry, an obvious question is how human factors/ergonomics can contribute to the improvement of manufacturing. The traditional route for ergonomics intervention has been a Project route, with a set of objectives agreed between the human factors engineer and people within the company. Projects, however, do not ask the question of whether human factors intervention is likely to have an impact on the company's strategic objectives, for example, remaining in the manufacturing of a particular product. Case studies in a variety of industries are used to contrast the project approach with a more strategic approach. It is concluded that the project may represent sub-optimization in that a successful outcome of the project may have no impact upon company survival without a careful examination of the strategic plans of the company.”
© All rights reserved Drury et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Kleiner, Brian M., Drury, Colin G., Sharit, Joseph and Czaja, Sara J. (1989): Evaluating the Effects of Automation on the Human Operator. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. pp. 733-736.
“This study was designed to evaluate the symbiosis of human-machine systems with varying levels of automation. This paper focuses on the protocol methodology employed in the study. The approach required the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques to derive a comprehensive evaluation of the human-machine system. Protocol Analysis supported by ethnographic software was used to evaluate the verbal transcripts. A qualitative process of code mapping and analysis was developed. The Modified Cooper-Harper scale was used to evaluate mental workload and objective measures of performance provided quantitative data of the system. The results confirmed the usefulness of a proposed classification scheme for human-machine systems. Using the methodology, human capabilities could be assessed against system demands for various configurations of a human-machine system. The importance of understanding the human's role in increasingly automated systems was again demonstrated.”
© All rights reserved Kleiner et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Drury, Colin G. (1989): PC-Based Data Collection on Systems Simulation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting 1989. p. 1163.
“The new generation of inexpensive, powerful, handheld computers allows ergonomists to collect field data more easily and reliable. Typical programs are described for data collection by questionnaires, event timing, and occurrence sampling: These include SEARCH.BA, which tests human visual search capabilities and could be used to estimate visual lobe size; LINES.BA, which tests visual judgment capabilities; HICK.BA, which measures choice reaction time (RT); and FITTS.BA, which measures performance in the Fitts tapping task. Further programs have evaluated basic human capabilities using the keyboard and screen as control and display. None of these programs are complex and should be within the programming skills of most ergonomists. In addition a general purpose tracking task simulator will be demonstrated. This was developed for teaching man-in-the-loop control, and include options for input forcing function, system order, gain, lag, course preview.”
© All rights reserved Drury and/or Human Factors Society
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Zwahlen, Helmut T., Aghazadeh, Fereydoun, Drury, Colin G., Gardner-Bonneau, Daryle Jean, Johnson, Steven, Konz, Stephan, Mital, Anil and Sanders, Mark S. (1988): Undergraduate and Graduate Courses in Industrial Ergonomics, Industrial Human Factors and Industrial Safety -- Where are We Today and Where Do We Need to Be in the Future?. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting 1988. p. 495.
“The field of human factors, ergonomics, and safety has grown and expanded rapidly over the last two decades. The area of industrial ergonomics, industrial human factors, and industrial safety is becoming a smaller and smaller subset among the new emerging areas within the general human factors field and efforts of the Human Factors Society. The Human Factors Society has started an accreditation program for human factors education at the graduate level. At this point in time the accreditation document of the Human Factors Society is rather non-specific when it comes to the descriptions, teaching strategies, and experiences of industrial ergonomics, industrial human factors, and industrial safety courses.”
© All rights reserved Zwahlen et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Gawron, Valerie J., Travale, David J., Drury, Colin G. and Czaja, Sara J. (1987): Evaluation of Algorithms for Combining Independent Data Sets in a Human Performance Expert System. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 811-814.
“A major problem facing system designers today is predicting human performance in: 1) systems that have not yet been built, 2) situations that have not yet been experienced, and 3) situations for which there are only anecdotal reports. To address this problem, the Human Performance Expert System (Human) was designed. The system contains a large data based of equations derived from human performance research reported in the open literature. Human accesses these data to predict task performance times, task completion probabilities, and error rates. A problem was encountered when multiple independent data sets were relevant to one task. For example, a designer is interested in the effects of luminance and font size on number of reading errors. Two data sets exist in the literature: one examining the effects of luminance, the other, font size. The data in the two sets were collected at different locations with different subjects and at different times in history. How can the two data sets be combined to address the designer's problem? Four combining algorithms were developed and then tested in two steps. In step one, two reaction-time experiments were conducted: one to evaluate the effect the number of alternatives on reaction time; the second, signals per minute and number of displays being monitored. The four algorithms were used on the data from these two experiments to predict reaction time in the situation where all three independent variables are manipulated simultaneously. In step two of the test procedure, a third experiment was conducted. Subjects who had not participated in either Experiment One or Two performed a reaction-time task under the combined effects of all three independent variables. The predictions made from step one were compared to the actual empirical data collected in step two. The results of these comparisons are presented.”
© All rights reserved Gawron et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Smith, Leighton L., Banks, William W., Chapanis, Alphonse, Drury, Colin G., Hendrick, Hal W., Laveson, Jack I., Meister, David and Cott, Harold P. Van (1987): The Case of the Missing Human Factors Data. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 1042-1043.
“Human factors practitioners are continuously running into inadequate or missing data. This situation prevents or impedes the resolving of design dilemmas at hand. Why is this so? Is it because there are not enough researchers working in the empirical community? Are the empiricists not generating enough data? Perhaps the data that are being compiled are unusable. Is it because the data are redundant? Is it because the data are incompatible with other data sets? Are the current data sets too specific, i.e., ungeneralizable to broad applications? Or are the data that are available invalid, i.e. generated improperly? Are there any avenues that human factors specialists can pursue which would resolve this problem? Are there any policies or practices which could be developed which, if followed, would ensure more effective and usable data in the future? Is there any interest among Human Factors Society members to advocate any of the suggested activities? If so, how should this interest be best utilized? The panel will be represented by members from the practitioning community, the research community, and the academic community. The panel will be comprised of members of the Human Factors Society who will bring with them over a century of accumulated experience and thousands of published pages on human factors topics.”
© All rights reserved Smith et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Burri, George J., Czaja, Sara J., Drury, Colin G. and Helander, Martin G. (1987): A Field Evaluation of Office Chairs. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting 1987. pp. 1121-1122.
“Ten ergonomic office chairs, chosen from a sample of eighty-four, were evaluated in an ergonomic field study. Twenty office employees used each of the chairs for one day. The chairs were evaluated using four different methods: a chair feature evaluation checklist, a ranking procedure, general comfort and body part discomfort ratings. The first two methods produced positive results, including significant differences between the chairs. The chair users generally had difficulties in perceiving and expressing their comfort and discomfort associated with the latter two methods. The study identified several distinct features related to chair comfort, including the design of the seat pan, back rest, arm rests and ease of adjustability.”
© All rights reserved Burri et al. and/or Human Factors Society
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Baum, A. S. and Drury, Colin G. (1976): Modelling the Human Process Controller. In International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 8 (1) pp. 1-11.
“In many industrial tasks a complex, interactive process must be controlled by a human operator in real-time, with or without the aid of a computer. In order to allocate functions between man and machine at the design stage, a model of human behavior and performance in such tasks is required. Progress towards such a model is analyzed. Real-world studies usually use very complex processes but are designed to study specific problems rather than operator models. Laboratory studies of generally much simpler systems have produced only small effects of major system variables such as displayed information. The problem of performance criteria which are both valid and sensitive remains unsolved, and analysis of verbal protocols has been the major tool used so far in modelling. A loose, hierarchical goal-directed operator model, such as proposed by Bainbridge (1974), is supported by studies from a variety of industries and laboratories.”
© All rights reserved Baum and Drury and/or Academic Press
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