Catherine C. Marshall
Has also published under the name of:
"Cathy Marshall" and "C. C. Marshall"
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Publications by Catherine C. Marshall (bibliography)
» 2008 «
Marshall, Catherine C. (2008): From writing and analysis to the repository: taking the scholars' perspective on scholarly archiving. In: JCDL08 Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2008. pp. 251-260. Available online
“This paper reports the results of a qualitative field study of the scholarly writing, collaboration, information management, and long-term archiving practices of researchers in five related subdisciplines. The study focuses on the kinds of artifacts the researchers create in the process of writing a paper, how they exchange and store materials over the short term, how they handle references and bibliographic resources, and the strategies they use to guarantee the long term safety of their scholarly materials. The findings reveal: (1) the adoption of a new CIM infrastructure relies crucially on whether it compares favorably to email along six critical dimensions; (2) personal scholarly archives should be maintained as a side-effect of collaboration and the role of ancillary material such as datasets remains to be worked out; and (3) it is vital to consider agency when we talk about depositing new types of scholarly materials into disciplinary repositories.”
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» 2007 «
Marshall, Catherine C. (2007): The gray lady gets a new dress: a field study of the times news reader. In: JCDL07: Proceedings of the 7th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2007. pp. 259-268. Available online
“Increasingly individuals are turning to online sources for their daily news. Traditional newspapers have developed significant web presences to compete with newer services such as news aggregators and emerging genres such as blogs and other forms of citizen journalism. This paper reports the results of a field study to investigate the use of a new RSS-driven, template-based presentation mechanism that delivers a daily newspaper to subscribers' laptops and desktops; the Times News Reader hybridizes elements of print newspapers with aspects of online news. We explore how this application compares with print and web-based news reading and evaluate functionality developed to draw in readers from both audiences. Finally we examine three general technological implications drawn from current use: how the news reader may adapt to different styles of reading; how the news reader's functionality may be extended to highlight the timeliness of the content and to personalize the application; and how long-term use of the news reader can result in a personal news archive.”
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» 2006 «
Badi, Rajiv, Bae, Soonil, Moore, J. Michael, Meintanis, Konstantinos, Zacchi, Anna, Hsieh, Haowei, Shipman, Frank and Marshall, Catherine C. (2006): Recognizing user interest and document value from reading and organizing activities in document triage. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 2006. pp. 218-225. Available online
“People frequently must sort through large sets of documents to identify useful materials, for example, when they look through web search results. This document triage process may involve both reading and organizing, possibly using different applications for each activity. Users' interests may be inferred from what they read and how they interact with individual documents; these interests may in turn be used as a basis for identifying other documents or document elements of potential interest within the set. To most effectively identify related documents of interest, activity data must be collected from all applications used in document triage. In this paper we present a common framework (the Interest Profile Manager) for collecting and analyzing user interest. We also present models for detecting user interest based on reading activity alone, on organizing activity alone, and on combined reading and organizing activity. A study comparing document value calculated using the different models shows that incorporating interest information from both reading and organizing activity better predicted users' valuation of documents. This difference was statistically significant when compared to using reading activity alone.”
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Czerwinski, Mary, Gage, Douglas W., Gemmell, Jim, Marshall, Catherine C., Perez-Quinones, Manuel A., Skeels, Meredith M. and Catarci, Tiziana (2006): Digital memories in an era of ubiquitous computing and abundant storage. In Communications of the ACM, 49 (1) pp. 44-50
Marshall, Catherine C. and Jones, William (2006): Keeping encountered information. In Communications of the ACM, 49 (1) pp. 66-67
» 2005 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Bly, Sara A. (2005): Turning the page on navigation. In: JCDL05: Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2005. pp. 225-234. Available online
“In this paper, we discuss the findings of an in-depth observational study of reading and within-document navigation and add to these findings the results of a second analysis of how people read comparable digital materials on the screen, given limited navigational functionality. We chose periodicals as our initial foil since they represent a type of material that invites many different kinds of reading and strategies for navigation. Using multiple sources of evidence from the data, we first characterize readers' navigation strategies and specific practices as they make their way through the magazines. We then focus on two observed phenomena that occur when people read paper magazines, but are absent in their digital equivalents: the lightweight navigation that readers use unselfconsciously when they are reading a particular article and the approximate navigation readers engage in when they flip multiple pages at a time. Because page-turning is so basic and seems deceptively simple, we dissect the turn of a page, and use it to illustrate the importance and invisibility of lightweight navigation. Finally, we explore the significance of our results for navigational interfaces to digital library materials.”
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Marshall, Catherine C. and Bly, Sara A. (2005): Saving and using encountered information: implications for electronic periodicals. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 111-120. Available online
“As part of a focus on electronic publications, we undertook an exploratory study of how people saved and used the information they encountered while reading. In particular, we wanted to understand the role of clipping and whether it would be a necessary form of interaction with electronic publications. We interviewed 20 diverse individuals at home and at work, bringing together narrative accounts and physical and digital examples to investigate how people currently collect and use clippings from their everyday reading. All study participants had examples of materials they had deliberately saved from periodicals, ranging from ads torn from newspapers and URLs received in email messages to large stacks of magazines. Participants rarely read periodicals specifically to clip but rather recognized items of interest when they were encountered. The work highlights the importance of encountering information as an activity distinct from task-focused browsing and searching and reveals design implications for online reading and clipping technologies.”
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Bae, S., Badi, R., Meintanis, K., Moore, J. M., Zacchi, A., Hsieh, H., Marshall, Catherine C. and Shipman, Frank (2005): Effects of Display Configurations on Document Triage. In: Proceedings of IFIP INTERACT05: Human-Computer Interaction 2005. pp. 130-143. Available online
“Document triage is the practice of quickly determining the merit and disposition of relevant documents. This practice involves selection of documents from a document overview and quick forms of reading: skimming, reading short portions of a longer document, and navigating through headings, indices, and tables of contents. Earlier studies of document triage practice showed considerable overhead related to window management during transitions between the document overview and reading interfaces. This study examines the impact of multiple display configurations on document triage practice. In particular, it compares (1) configurations with same and different size displays, and (2) configurations with and without user control over which activity is performed on which display. Results show a significant increase in the number of transitions between activities when a multi-display configuration is introduced although there is no significant difference between the different multiple display configurations. Additionally, user activity with a document was positively correlated with an overall assessment of document value.”
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» 2004 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Golovchinsky, Gene (2004): Saving private hypertext: requirements and pragmatic dimensions for preservation. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2004. pp. 130-138. Available online
“The preservation of literary hypertexts presents significant challenges if we are to ensure continued access to them as the underlying technology changes. Not only does such an effort involve standard digital preservation problems of representing and refreshing metadata, any constituent media types, and structure; hypertext preservation poses additional dimensions that arise from the work's on-screen appearance, its interactive behavior, and the ways a reader's interaction with the work is recorded. In this paper, we describe aspects of preservation introduced by literary hypertexts such as the need to reproduce their modes of interactivity and their means of capturing and using records of reading. We then suggest strategies for addressing the pragmatic dimensions of hypertext preservation and discuss their status within existing digital preservation schemes. Finally, we examine the possible roles various stakeholders within and outside of the hypertext community might assume, including several social and legal issues that stem from preservation.”
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Marshall, Catherine C. and Brush, A. J. Bernheim (2004): Exploring the relationship between personal and public annotations. In: JCDL04: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2004. pp. 349-357. Available online
“Today people typically read and annotate printed documents even if they are obtained from electronic sources like digital libraries If there is a reason for them to share these personal annotations online, they must re-enter them. Given the advent of better computer support for reading and annotation, including tablet interfaces, will people ever share their personal digital ink annotations as is, or will they make substantial changes to them? What can we do to anticipate and support the transition from personal to public annotations? To investigate these questions, we performed a study to characterize and compare students' personal annotations as they read assigned papers with those they shared with each other using an online system. By analyzing over 1, 700 annotations, we confirmed three hypotheses: (1) only a small fraction of annotations made while reading are directly related to those shared in discussion; (2) some types of annotations -- those that consist of anchors in the text coupled with margin notes -- are more apt to be the basis of public commentary than other types of annotations; and (3) personal annotations undergo dramatic changes when they are shared in discussion, both in content and in how they are anchored to the source document. We then use these findings to explore ways to support the transition from personal to public annotations.”
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» 2003 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Shipman, Frank (2003): Which semantic web?. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext 2003. pp. 57-66. Available online
“Through scenarios in the popular press and technical papers in the research literature, the promise of the Semantic Web has raised a number of different expectations. These expectations can be traced to three different perspectives on the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is portrayed as: (1) a universal library, to be readily accessed and used by humans in a variety of information use contexts; (2) the backdrop for the work of computational agents completing sophisticated activities on behalf of their human counterparts; and (3) a method for federating particular knowledge bases and databases to perform anticipated tasks for humans and their agents. Each of these perspectives has both theoretical and pragmatic entailments, and a wealth of past experiences to guide and temper our expectations. In this paper, we examine all three perspectives from rhetorical, theoretical, and pragmatic viewpoints with an eye toward possible outcomes as Semantic Web efforts move forward.”
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» 2002 «
Rosenberg, Jim, Bernstein, Mark, Marshall, Catherine C., Bra, Paul De, Millard, David E. and Shipman III, Frank M. (2002): Chain saws for sculptural Hypertext. In: Hypertext'02 - Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 11-15, 2002, College Park, Maryland, USA. p. 137. Available online
“The term "Sculptural Hypertext", coined by Mark Bernstein in his Hypertext '01 paper "Card Shark and Thespis," refers to a style of writing hypertext where the document author starts with a massively connected structure, and the task of authoring links consists of cutting away those links that are not wanted, much as someone sculpting in stone in the traditional way starts with a block of stone and forms an image by cutting away the "excess" material. The opposing term, "Calligraphic Hypertext," refers to the more familiar method of finely authoring each link. This panel seeks to address questions pertaining to authorship and tools for the sculptural approach to hypertext. Among the questions we want to address are: How does one write a sculptural hypertext? How does this concept scale -- or is it only suited to small works? What differences are there for the reader of a sculptural hypertext vs. a calligraphic hypertext? How does the "subtractive" concept work with other models of hypertext than the node-link model, e.g. spatial hypertext? What are the differences in requirements for tool designers of sculptural vs. calligraphic hypertext systems.”
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Marshall, Catherine C. and Ruotolo, Christine (2002): Reading-in-the-small: a study of reading on small form factor devices. In: JCDL02: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2002. pp. 56-64. Available online
“The growing ubiquity of small form factor devices such as Palm Pilots and Pocket PCs, coupled with widespread availability of digital library materials and users' increasing willingness to read on the screen, raises the question of whether people can and will read digital library materials on handhelds. We investigated this question by performing a field study based on a university library's technology deployment: two classes were conducted using materials that were available in e-book format on Pocket PCs in addition to other electronic and paper formats. The handheld devices, the course materials, and technical support were all provided to students in the courses to use as they saw fit. We found that the handhelds were a good platform for reading secondary materials, excerpts, and shorter readings; they were used in a variety of circumstances where portability is important, including collaborative situations such as the classroom. We also discuss the effectiveness of annotation, search, and navigation functionality on the small form factor devices. We conclude by defining a set of focal areas and issues for digital library efforts designed for access by handheld computers.”
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» 2001 «
Marshall, Catherine C., Price, Morgan N., Golovchinsky, Gene and Schilit, Bill N. (2001): Designing E-Books for Legal Research. In: JCDL01: Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2001. pp. 41-48. Available online
“In this paper we report the findings from a field study of legal research in a first-tier law school and on the resulting redesign of XLibris, a next-generation e-book. We first characterize a work setting in which we expected an e-book to be a useful interface for reading and otherwise using a mix of physical and digital library materials, and explore what kinds of reading-related functionality would bring value to this setting. We do this by describing important aspects of legal research in a heterogeneous information environment, including mobility, reading, annotation, link following and writing practices, and their general implications for design. We then discuss how our work with a user community and an evolving e-book prototype allowed us to examine tandem issues of usability and utility, and to redesign an existing e-book user interface to suit the needs of law students. The study caused us to move away from the notion of a stand-alone reading device and toward the concept of a document laptop, a platform that would provide wireless access to information resources, as well as support a fuller spectrum of reading-related activities.”
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Golovchinsky, Gene, Marshall, Catherine C. and Mylonas, Elli (2001): Tutorial 2: Evaluating, Using, and Publishing eBooks. In: JCDL01: Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2001. p. 479. Available online
Marshall, Catherine C., Golovchinsky, Gene and Price, Morgan N. (2001): Digital libraries and mobility. In Communications of the ACM, 44 (5) pp. 55-56
» 2000 «
Golovchinsky, Gene and Marshall, Catherine C. (2000): Hypertext Interaction Revisited. In: Hypertext 00 - Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia May 30 - June 03, 2000, San Antonio, Texas, USA. pp. 171-179. Available online
Golovchinsky, Gene and Marshall, Catherine C. (2000): Hypertext interactivity: From choice to participation. In New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 6 pp. 169-196
“Much of hypertext narrative relies on links to shape a reader's interaction with the text. But links may be too limited to express ambiguity, imprecision, and entropy, to allow appropriate control and access to information, or to admit new modes of participation short of full collaboration. We use an e-book form to explore the implications of freeform annotation-based interaction with hypertext narrative. Readers' marks on the text can be used to guide navigation, to create a persistent record of a reading, to enable fluid exploration and revisits, or to recombine textual elements as a means of creating a new narrative. In this paper, we describe how such an experimental capability was created with XLibris, a next generation e-book, using Forward Anywhere as the hypernarrative. We work through a scenario of interaction, and discuss the issues the work raises.”
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Bishop, Ann P., Lynch, Clifford, Borgmen, Christine L., Marshall, Catherine C., Star, Susan Leigh and Bowker, Geoffrey C. (2000): Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation. In: DL00: Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries 2000. pp. 276-277. Available online
“Digital Libraries (DLs) are social as well as technological entities. Their purpose is to help people do knowledge work, to carry knowledge processes across space and time. DLs are designed, used, and evaluated in a context of work and community. And DLs interact with this context, changing and being changed by it. Effective DLs must be designed and evaluated with a sensitivity to how knowledge is created and understood, and work is done, in a context of knowledge communities, which share practices and tools. DL use is a socially-embedded process. DL development is likewise a complex social process. This panel grows out of a book on social approaches to DL design and evaluation -- currently in press -- to which the moderator and each panelist has contributed a chapter. The purpose of the panel is to present socially grounded approaches to understanding DLs; to identify and discuss major issues that arise from these approaches and, more generally, from the social nature of DLs; and to consider implications for the design and evaluation of DLs.”
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» 1999 «
Shipman, Frank, Marshall, Catherine C. and LeMere, Mark (1999): Beyond Location: Hypertext Workspaces and Non-Linear Views. In: Hypertext 99 - Proceedings of the Tenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia February 21-25, 1999, Darmstadt, Germany. pp. 121-130. Available online
Lowe, David B., Larsen, Deena, Berstein, Mark, Hall, Wendy, Paolini, Paolo, Marshall, Catherine C., Tosca, Susana Pajares and Clark, Lawrence J. (1999): Writers and Designers: Crossing the Chasm. In: Hypertext 99 - Proceedings of the Tenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia February 21-25, 1999, Darmstadt, Germany. pp. 197-198. Available online
Shipman III, Frank M. and Marshall, Catherine C. (1999): Formality Considered Harmful: Experiences, Emerging Themes, and Directions on the Use of Formal Representations in Interactive Systems. In Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8 (4) pp. 333-352
“This paper reflects on experiences designing, developing, and working with users of a variety of interactive computer systems. The authors propose, based on these experiences, that the cause of a number of unexpected difficulties in human-computer interaction lies in users' unwillingness or inability to make structure, content, or procedures explicit. Besides recounting experiences with system use, this paper discusses why users reject or circumvent formalisms which require such explicit expression, and suggests how system designers can anticipate and compensate for problems users have in making implicit aspects of their tasks explicit. The authors propose computational approaches that address this problem, including incremental and system-assisted formalization mechanisms and methods for recognizing and using undeclared structure; they also propose non-computational solutions that involve designers and users reaching a shared understanding of the task situation and the methods that motivate the formalisms. This paper poses that, while it is impossible to remove all formalisms from computing systems, system designers need to match the level of formal expression entailed with the goals and situation of the users -- a design criteria not commonly mentioned in current interface design.”
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Marshall, Catherine C., Price, Morgan N., Golovchinsky, Gene and Schilit, Bill N. (1999): Introducing a Digital Library Reading Appliance into a Reading Group. In: DL99: Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries 1999. pp. 77-84. Available online
Marshall, Catherine C., Price, Morgan N., Golovchinsky, Gene and Schilit, Bill N. (1999): Collaborating over Portable Reading Appliances. In Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 3 (1)
Schilit, Bill N., Price, Morgan N., Golovchinsky, Gene, Tanaka, Kei and Marshall, Catherine C. (1999): As We May Read: The Reading Appliance Revolution. In IEEE Computer, 32 (1) pp. 65-73
» 1998 «
Marshall, Catherine C. (1998): Toward an Ecology of Hypertext Annotation. In: Hypertext 98 - Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia June 20-24, 1998, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. pp. 40-49. Available online
“Annotation is a key way in which hypertexts grow and increase in value. This paper first characterizes annotation according to a set of dimensions to situate a long-term study of a community of annotators. Then, using the results of the study, the paper explores the implications of annotative practice for hypertext concepts and for the development of an ecology of hypertext annotation, in which consensus creates a reading structure from an authorial structure.”
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Marshall, Catherine C. (1998): Making Metadata: A Study of Metadata Creation for a Mixed Physical-Digital Collection. In: DL98: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries 1998. pp. 162-171. Available online
“Metadata is an important way of creating order in emerging distributed digital library collections. This paper presents an analysis of ethnographic data gathered in a university library's educational technology center as the staff develops metadata for a mixed physical-digital collection of visual resources. In particular, the paper explores issues associated with the application of standards, uncertain collection and metadata boundaries, distribution and responsibility, the types of description that arise in practice, and metadata temporality and scope. These issues help to characterize a problem space, and to explore the trade-offs collection maintainers must face when they create metadata for heterogeneous materials.”
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» 1997 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Shipman III, Frank M. (1997): Spatial Hypertext and the Practice of Information Triage. In: Bernstein, Mark, Carr, Leslie and Osterbye, Kasper (eds.) Hypertext 97 - Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext April 06-11, 1997, Southampton, UK. pp. 124-133. Available online
“Information triage is the process of sorting through relevant materials, and organizing them to meet the needs of the task at hand. It is a practice that has become increasingly common with the advent of "at your fingertips" information resources. To explore the characteristics of information triage and its interaction with spatial hypertext, a medium we claim supports the process, we have studied subjects engaged in a time-constrained decision-making task using a large set of relevant documents. We use the study task to investigate information triage under three different conditions: one in which the participants used paper documents, and two others in which the participants used variants of VIKI, a spatial hypertext system. Our findings suggest that during information triage attentional resources are devoted to evaluating materials and organizing them, so they can be read and reread as they return to mind. Accordingly, hypertext tools to support the practice should facilitate the rapid assimilation and assessment of new material, aid in the creation and management of a fluid category structure, allow readers to track their own progress through the information, and use minimum-effort methods to promote the intelligibility of results.”
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Furuta, Richard, Shipman III, Frank M., Marshall, Catherine C., Brenner, Donald and Hsieh, Hao-wei (1997): Hypertext Paths and the World-Wide Web: Experiences with Walden's Paths. In: Bernstein, Mark, Carr, Leslie and Osterbye, Kasper (eds.) Hypertext 97 - Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext April 06-11, 1997, Southampton, UK. pp. 167-176. Available online
“Walden's Paths applies the concept of hypertextual paths to the World-Wide Web. Walden's Paths is being developed for use in the K-12 school environment. The heterogeneity of the Web coupled with the desirability of supporting the teacher-student relationship make this an interesting and challenging project. We describe the Walden's Paths implementation, discuss the elements that affected its design and architecture, and report on our experiences with the system in use.”
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Marshall, Catherine C. (1997): Looking Forward: Five Practices for Safer Hypertext. In: Bernstein, Mark, Carr, Leslie and Osterbye, Kasper (eds.) Hypertext 97 - Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext April 06-11, 1997, Southampton, UK. p. 241. Available online
“The approach of the millennium has provoked countless visions -- both rosy and glum -- about what the digital future holds in store for us. Needless to say, it is difficult and dangerous to predict what the future holds for Hypertext although it is the province of the closing keynote to do so. Since driving is an activity that requires one to look into the future (if only the most immediate future), I will apply the 5 principles of the Smith System of Defensive Driving to our field to chart a provident course for practising "safer hypertext." These principles, coupled with observations of our emerging practices and our current wave of technologies (especially, and in particular, the Web), are surprisingly generative. 1. Aim high to steer accurately and anticipate problems. We are beginning to have some experience with navigation on a large scale. Will increasingly sophisticated search engines, filters, and agents obviate the need for links (especially hand-constructed links)? I will explore the growing tension between the order created by links and the order implicit in nodes. 2. Keep your eyes moving -- avoid a fixed stare and stay alert. Is reading changing? As a field, we have grown increasingly sophisticated in our methods for designing hypertexts for comprehension, for accessibility, for "ease-of-use". By focusing on tools and methods for designers, we tend to overlook readers and what they are up to these days. What might a next generation of tools look like, given a reader-centric view of hypertext? 3. Get the big picture -- don't allow your eyes to be drawn to one area. Is the node-link traversal-based model still working for us? What assumptions about space, time, and atomicity are buried within? I will visit some contrarian models of hypertext. 4. Leave yourself an 'out' -- practice the "what if" game. When we enter the world of hypertext, we seem content to leave the corporeal world behind. Yet there is still life outside (and beside) our glowing CRTs. How can we expand open hypertext to reach beyond the limits of the virtual world? 5. Make sure the other drivers see you; make eye contact. The four other Smith System principles don't completely acknowledge the social nature of the world. Rule 5 brings other drivers into the picture. By contrast, we have long recognised co-operation as an important force in hypertext. What shape is this co-operation actually taking, given the Web and other communications technologies?”
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Shipman III, Frank M., Furuta, Richard and Marshall, Catherine C. (1997): Generating Web-Based Presentations in Spatial Hypertext. In: Moore, Johanna D., Edmonds, Ernest and Puerta, Angel R. (eds.) International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces 1997 January 6-9, 1997, Orlando, Florida, USA. pp. 71-78. Available online
“Presentations frequently include material appropriated from external sources; they may incorporate tabular data from published reports, photographs from books, or clip art from purchased collections. With the growing use of the World-Wide Web to disseminate information, there is the emerging potential for a new style of presentation: one that interprets and organizes materials produced by others and published on-line. Authoring such presentations requires the analysis of the source information. However, current presentation authoring software is designed to support traditional presentations, where analysis is assumed a separate task at best supported by separate software. This paper discusses experiences with using VIKI, a system designed to support information analysis, for the authoring of such presentations. VIKI includes a spatial parser to recognize implicit spatial structure generated during analysis. This paper describes how initial experiences with use for path authoring led to VIKI enhancements, including the adaptation of implicit spatial structure recognition for the creation of presentations.”
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Marshall, Catherine C. (1997): Annotation: From Paper Books to the Digital Library. In: DL97: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries 1997. pp. 131-140. Available online
“Readers annotate paper books as a routine part of their engagement with the materials; it is a useful practice, manifested through a wide variety of markings made in service of very different purposes. This paper examines the practice of annotation in a particular situation: the markings students make in university-level textbooks. The study focuses on the form and function of these annotations, and their status within a community of fellow textbook readers. Using this study as a basis, I discuss issues and implications for the design of annotation tools for a digital library setting.”
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» 1996 «
Cramer, Kathryn, Epstein, Sam, Marshall, Catherine C., Meyer, Tom and Pesce, Mark (1996): Future (Hyper)Spaces. In: Hypertext 96 - Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext March 16-20, 1996, Washington, DC. p. 261. Available online
“As the Internet has emerged into common consciousness, the notion of hypertext, especially as illustrated by the World Wide Web, has prospered. However, with the creation of other Internet-based media, such as MUDs and VRML, we are encountering new types of textual/narrative/hyper paradigms. These are close enough to hypertext that they can be discussed in similar terms, but they nevertheless represent something new, and are perhaps as far removed from traditional hypertext as hypertext is from flat text. The key aspects of these new forms that we will discuss include: reactivity, feeling of presence, shared spaces, wide range of interaction.”
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Furuta, Richard, Marshall, Catherine C., Shipman, Frank and Leggett, John (1996): Physical Objects in the Digital Library. In: DL96: Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries 1996. pp. 109-115. Available online
“Physical objects are the foundation for many of today's areas of scholarship, research, and education. Because physical objects are tangible, any digital representation of one is an approximation of the object. Knowing how to approximate requires an understanding of the work practices and needs of the library's constituencies. We consider issues arising from the creation of digital libraries based on physical objects, focusing particularly on the characteristics of botanical herbaria and their users.”
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» 1995 «
Shipman III, Frank M., Marshall, Catherine C. and Moran, Thomas P. (1995): Finding and Using Implicit Structure in Human-Organized Spatial Layouts of Information. In: Katz, Irvin R., Mack, Robert L., Marks, Linn, Rosson, Mary Beth and Nielsen, Jakob (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 95 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference May 7-11, 1995, Denver, Colorado. pp. 346-353. Available online
“Many interfaces allow users to manipulate graphical objects, icons representing underlying data or the data themselves, against a spatial backdrop or canvas. Users take advantage of the flexibility offered by spatial manipulation to create evolving lightweight structures. We have been investigating these implicit organizations so we can support user activities like information management or exploratory analysis. To accomplish this goal, we have analyzed the spatial structures people create in diverse settings and tasks, developed algorithms to detect the common structures we identified in our survey, and experimented with new facilities based on recognized structure. Similar recognition-based functionality can be used within many common applications, providing more support for users' activities with less attendant overhead.”
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Levy, David M. and Marshall, Catherine C. (1995): Going Digital: A Look at Assumptions Underlying Digital Libraries. In Communications of the ACM, 38 (4) pp. 77-84
Marshall, Catherine C. and III, Frank M. Shipman (1995): Spatial Hypertext: Designing for Change. In Communications of the ACM, 38 (8) pp. 88-97
» 1994 «
Marshall, Catherine C., Shipman III, Frank M. and Coombs, James H. (1994): VIKI: Spatial Hypertext Supporting Emergent Structure. In: Proceedings of ECHT 94 the ACM European Conference on Hypermedia Technology Sept 18-23, 1994, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 13-23. Available online
“The emergent nature of structure is a crucial, but often ignored, constraint on authoring hypertexts. VIKI is a spatial hypertext system that supports the emergent qualities of structure and the abstractions that guide its creation. We have found that a visual/spatial metaphor for hypertext allows people to express the nuances of structure, especially ambiguous, partial, or emerging structure, more easily. VIKI supports interpretation of a collected body of materials, a task that becomes increasingly important with the availability of on-line information sources. The tool's data model includes semi-structured objects, collections that provide the basis for spatial navigation, and object composites, all of which may evolve into types. A spatial parser supports this evolution and enhances user interaction with changing, visually apparent organizations.”
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» 1993 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Shipman III, Frank M. (1993): Searching for the Missing Link: Discovering Implicit Structure in Spatial Hypertext. In: Stotts, P. David and Furuta, Richard (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 93 Conference November 14-18, 1993, Seattle, Washington. pp. 217-230. Available online
“Hypertexts may be implicitly structured, based on either node content or context. In this paper, we examine implicit structures that rely on the interpretation of node's spatial context. Hypertext authors and readers can perceive and understand these idiosyncratic structures, but, because they are implicit, they cannot be used by the system to support users' activities. We have explored spatially structured hypertext authored in three different systems, and have developed heuristic recognition algorithms based on the results of our analyses of the kinds of structures that people build. Our results indicate that (1) recognition of implicit structures in spatial hypertext is feasible, (2) interaction will be important in guiding such recognition, and (3) the hypertext system can provide layout facilities that will render later systematic interpretation much easier. Found structures can be used as a basis for supporting information management, as a straightforward way of promoting knowledge-base evolution, as a way of solving representational problems endemic to many hypertext systems, or as a basis for collaboration or interaction.”
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Bernstein, Mark, Marshall, Catherine C. and Streitz, Norbert A. (1993): Argumentation in Action. In: Stotts, P. David and Furuta, Richard (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 93 Conference November 14-18, 1993, Seattle, Washington. pp. 274-275. Available online
“Can explicit hypertext structure shed light on complicated arguments? Three hypertext systems -- Storyspace, Aquanet, and SEPIA -- will be used to explore and to represent issues from the Hypertext 93 panel, "Hypertext Fiction: Structure and Narrative." Through a realistic experiment in capturing a particularly challenging exchange of views, this panel seeks to illuminate different approaches to hypertext argumentation.”
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» 1992 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Rogers, Russell A. (1992): Two Years before the Mist: Experiences with Aquanet. In: Lucarella, D., Nanard, Jocelyne, Nanard, Marc and Paolini, P. (eds.) Proceedings of ECHT 92 the Fourth ACM Conference on Hypertext November 30 - December 04, 1992, Milano, Italy. pp. 53-62. Available online
“Aquanet is a collaborative hypertext tool that combines elements of frame-based knowledge representation and graphical presentation. In this paper, we examine the first major application of the tool in an analysis task, a two year long technology assessment that resulted in almost 2000 nodes and more than 20 representational types. First, we cover the implications of the representational resources provided and representational decisions that were made. Then we discuss how spatial layout was used in lieu of the complex relations Aquanet's data model supports. Finally, we show how distinct regions emerged to reflect particular activities and how they were subsequently used as the basis for a later collaboration on a similar task.”
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Bernstein, Mark, Bieber, Michael, Furuta, Richard, Kibby, Michael, Marshall, Catherine C. and Paolini, Paolo (1992): Hypermedia Production: Hand-Craft of Witchcraft?. In: Lucarella, D., Nanard, Jocelyne, Nanard, Marc and Paolini, P. (eds.) Proceedings of ECHT 92 the Fourth ACM Conference on Hypertext November 30 - December 04, 1992, Milano, Italy. pp. 282-283. Available online
“Many successful hypermedia systems are hand-crafted; creating and navigating their networks of nodes and links is entirely under user control. In other systems, concern for the economics of manually linking large bodies of existing information, coupled with a desire to promote more responsive and reconfigurable interfaces, has spurred the development of automated tools, intensional or virtual structures, automatic node content generation and automatic link discovery. Some claim that, apart from annotation features such as commenting, the significant hypermedia systems of the future will be entirely automated. In this panel we explore the potential and dangers of automating hypermedia.”
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» 1991 «
Marshall, Catherine C., Halasz, Frank, Rogers, Russell A. and Janssen, William (1991): Aquanet: A Hypertext Tool to Hold Your Knowledge in Place. In: Walker, Jan (ed.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 91 Conference December 15-18, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 261-275. Available online
“Hypertext systems have traditionally focused on information management and presentation. In contrast, the Aquanet hypertext system described in this paper is designed to support knowledge structuring tasks. Aquanet is a browser-based tool that allows users to graphically represent information in order to explore its structure. In this paper, we discuss our motivations for developing Aquanet. We then describe the basic concepts underlying the tool and give an overview of the user interface. We close with some brief comments about our initial experiences with the tool in use and some of the directions we see the Aquanet research moving in the near future.”
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Glushko, Robert J., Gunning, David, Kershner, Ken, Marshall, Catherine C. and Reynolds, Louis (1991): When Worlds Collide -- Reconciling the Research, Marketplace, and Applications Views of Hypertext. In: Walker, Jan (ed.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 91 Conference December 15-18, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. pp. 367-368. Available online
» 1990 «
Marshall, Catherine C. (1990): The U S West Intelligent Services Research Laboratory. In: Carrasco, Jane and Whiteside, John (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 90 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference 1990, Seattle, Washington,USA. pp. 383-384.
Marshall, Catherine C., McManus, Brendan and Prail, Amanda (1990): Usability of Product X -- Lessons from a Real Product. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 9 (3) pp. 243-253
“Using the example of a real product, this paper shows how various usability assessments, conducted by different human factors engineers, in several phases of the product's development life-cycle, identified similar potential usability problems. Circumstances dictated that no remedial action was taken, so it was possible to track these potential usability defects to customer sites, where it was found that most of the important problems did indeed occur. Thus, it can be demonstrated that human factors advice was valid and reliable. In simpler terms, early usability evaluation by human factors engineers can save hours of wasted development effort and customer frustration, and can help to ensure that a more usable product is produced.”
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» 1989 «
Marshall, Catherine C. and Irish, Peggy M. (1989): Guided Tours and On-Line Presentations: How Authors Make Existing Hypertext Intelligible for Readers. In: Halasz, Frank and Meyrowitz, Norman (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 89 Conference November 5-8, 1989, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. pp. 15-26.
“Hypertext systems like NoteCards provide facilities for authoring large networks. But they provide little support for the associated task of making these networks intelligible to future readers. Presentation conventions may be imported from other related media, but because the conventions have not yet been negotiated within a community of hypertext readers and writers, they provide only a partial solution to the problem of guiding a reader through an existing network of information. In this paper, we will discuss how a recent facility, Guided Tours, has been used to organize hypertext networks for presentation. The use of Guided Tours in NoteCards has exposed a set of authoring issues, and has provided us with examples of solutions to the problems associated with on-line presentations.”
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» 1988 «
Egan, Dennis E., Gomez, Louis M., McKeown, Kathleen R., Soloway, Elliot, Reiser, Brian J. and Marshall, Catherine C. (1988): Dealing with Diversity: Approaches to Individual Differences in Human-Computer Interaction. In: Soloway, Elliot, Frye, Douglas and Sheppard, Sylvia B. (eds.) Proceedings of the ACM CHI 88 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference June 15-19, 1988, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 79-81.
“Developers and behavioral scientists concerned with human-computer interaction need to learn more about problems caused by user differences, and prospects for dealing with diverse user populations. This panel is intended to heighten the awareness of CHI'88 conferees to recent research documenting user differences, experimental approaches to user-sensitive interface design, and the implications of user differences for system developers.”
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» 1987 «
Marshall, Catherine C. (1987): Exploring Representation Problems Using Hypertext. In: Weiss, Stephen and Schwartz, Mayer (eds.) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 87 Conference November 13-15, 1987, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. pp. 253-268.
“Hypertext is a technology well-suited to exploring different kinds of representational problems. It can be used first as an informal mechanism to describe the attributes of objects and to capture relationships between the objects. Then hypertext structures can be constrained into a more formal representation of a domain, model, or analytic technique. A range of strategies for using hypertext can be employed to describe a problem and converge on an appropriate representation; competing representations can be informally evaluated to compare their relative expressive power. This paper discusses several applications that have used NoteCards, a hypertext idea processing system, to tackle representation problems. Examples from each problem domain have been collected using the hypertext system as the initial acquisition vehicle. Subsequent analysis using hypertext structuring tools has revealed the semantics of each problem domain enabling the development of competing representations. Abstraction of the structure and form of these representations can be used to guide system extensions. These tailored extensions support the evaluation of a representation's relative merits; the representation that has been developed in response to a particular problem can be applied to analogous problems to determine the limits of its scope. The first application described in this paper models a type of policy decision-making process; the second looks at approaches to representing the logical structure of an argument; and the third suggests some methods for capturing the structure of a political organization as an alternative to a conventional database design. The applications are discussed in terms of the issues they raise and the trade-offs they involve, how hypertext-based tools have been used to exploit the representations, and the solutions and techniques that have been developed in the process of creating each representation.”
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» 1984 «
Marshall, Catherine C. (1984): System ABC: A Case Study in the Design and Evaluation of a Human-Computer Dialog. In: Shackel, Brian (ed.) INTERACT 84 - 1st IFIP International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction September 4-7, 1984, London, UK. pp. 571-575.
“Human factor specialists concerned with the human-computer interface in two worlds. In the world of theory we are concerned with the properties of the ideal interface -- one that is easy to learn and use, and results in performance that is efficient and error-free. In the world of practice we must design working systems in the presence of many constraints. This paper presents a case study in the design and evaluation of a human-computer dialog in a constrained environment. It also discusses the relationship between theory and practice in interface design, with particular emphasis on the role of standards and guidelines.”
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Mar 18th, 2010
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