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Publications by Carolyn R. Watters (bibliography)

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» 2009 «

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MacKay, Bonnie and Watters, Carolyn R. (2009): Building support for multi-session tasks. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2009 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2009. pp. 4273-4278. Available online

“In two previous studies, we explored how users perform multi-session web tasks using the currently available tools. We also proposed three guidelines to help developers design browser support for these types of tasks. In this paper, we describe three prototypes that we designed using these guidelines and present the results of a preliminary evaluation.”

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Jordan, Chris and Watters, Carolyn R. (2009): Retrieval of Single Wikipedia Articles While Reading Abstracts. In: HICSS 2009 - 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 5-8 January, 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. pp. 1-10. Available online

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Reilly, Derek F., Inkpen, Kori M. and Watters, Carolyn R. (2009): Controlling, Integrating, and Engaging Context in Urban Computing Research. In: HICSS 2009 - 42st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 5-8 January, 2009, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. pp. 1-10. Available online

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Kay, Bonnie Ma and Watters, Carolyn R. (2008): Exploring multi-session web tasks. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems April 5-10, 2008. pp. 1187-1196. Available online

“Users are now performing more sophisticated web tasks. In this work, we explore web tasks that require multiple web sessions to complete (multi-session tasks) to satisfy a goal. We conducted a web-based diary study and a field study that used a customized version of Firefox which logged the participants' interactions for multi-session tasks and all their web activity. We found that multi-session tasks occur frequently and that users utilize a variety of browser tools and actions to help complete these tasks.”

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Reilly, Derek F., MacKay, Bonnie, Watters, Carolyn R. and Inkpen, Kori M. (2008): Small details: using one device to navigate together. In: Proceedings of ACM CSCW08 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2008. pp. 253-256. Available online

“We present results from a study examining the sensitivity of group navigation strategies to changes in route presentation on a shared mobile device. Two content-equivalent interfaces are compared. An interface providing textual instructions linked to regions on a route map yields reliance on text primarily, encouraging route planning and a divide-and-conquer strategy we term 'navigator and scout'. An interface combining text instructions with map segments on individual pages yields less planning, still permits nav/scout, and sees an increase in an ad-hoc 'sync and go' strategy involving more gathering around the device. Finally, when the route map is used without text, the frequency of the nav/scout strategy drops markedly as sync and go increases.”

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Kellar, Melanie, Hawkey, Kirstie, Inkpen, Kori M. and Watters, Carolyn R. (2008): Challenges of Capturing Natural Web-Based User Behaviors. In International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 24 (4) pp. 385-409

“It can be difficult to properly understand aspects of user behavior on the Web without examining the behaviors in a realistic setting, such as through field studies. In this article, an overview of the experiences in augmenting logged data with contextual information over the course of two separate research projects conducted in the field is presented. One project investigated the privacy sensitivity of normal Web browsing, and the other examined user behavior during Web-based information-seeking tasks. Throughout both projects, the contextual information was collected through participant annotations of their Web usage. Based on experiences in conducting this research, implications of methodological decisions are considered, unanswered questions are highlighted, and considerations for other researchers are provided. These shared experiences and perspectives will assist future researchers planning similar field studies, allowing them to build upon the lessons learned.”

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Dong, Lei, Watters, Carolyn R., Duffy, Jack and Shepherd, Michael A. (2008): An Examination of Genre Attributes for Web Page Classification. In: HICSS 2008 - 41st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 7-10 January, 2008, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 133. Available online

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Patterson, Kathryn, Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (2008): Document Retrieval Using Proximity-Based Phrase Searching. In: HICSS 2008 - 41st Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 7-10 January, 2008, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 137. Available online

» 2007 «

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Kellar, Melanie, Watters, Carolyn R. and Inkpen, Kori (2007): An exploration of web-based monitoring: implications for design. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2007. pp. 377-386. Available online

“Monitoring occurs when users return to previously viewed web pages to view new or updated information. While tools exist to support web-based monitoring, we know little about the monitoring activities users engage in and the nature of the support needed. We have conducted 40 semi-structured interviews in order to better understand the types of information users monitor and the characteristics of different monitoring activities. Using the data collected during the interviews, we characterized monitoring as an activity within six web information tasks: Browsing, Communications, Fact Finding, Information Gathering, Maintenance, and Transactions. The results of our study have been used to provide general, as well as task specific, recommendations for the design of monitoring tools.”

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Kellar, Melanie, Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (2007): A field study characterizing Web-based information-seeking tasks. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58 (7) pp. 999-1018

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Zhang, Richong, Shepherd, Michael A., Duffy, Jack and Watters, Carolyn R. (2007): Automatic Web Page Categorization using Principal Component Analysis. In: HICSS 2007 - 40th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 3-6 January, 2007, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 73. Available online

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Spink, Amanda (2007): Minitrack: Web Effectiveness: The User Perspective. In: HICSS 2007 - 40th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 3-6 January, 2007, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI, USA. p. 81. Available online

» 2006 «

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Kellar, Melanie, Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael (2006): The impact of task on the usage of web browser navigation mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Graphics Interface 2006. pp. 235-242. Available online

“In this paper, we explore how factors such as task and individual differences influence the usage of different web browser navigation mechanisms (e.g., clicked links, bookmarks, auto-complete). We conducted a field study of 21 participants and logged detailed web browser usage. Participants were asked to categorize their web usage according to the following schema: Fact Finding, Information Gathering, Browsing, and Transactions. Using this data, we have identified three factors that play a role in the use of navigation mechanisms: task session, task type, and individual differences. These findings have implications for the future design of new and improved web navigation mechanisms.”

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Dong, Lei, Watters, Carolyn R., Duffy, Jack and Shepherd, Michael A. (2006): Binary Cybergenre Classification Using Theoretic Feature Measures. In: 2006 IEEE / WIC / ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence WI 2006 18-22 December, 2006, Hong Kong, China. pp. 313-316. Available online

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Watters, Carolyn R., Shepherd, Michael A., Abouzied, Azza, Cox, Anthony, Kellar, Melanie, Kharrazi, Hadi, Liu, Fengan and Otley, Anthony (2006): Extending the Use of Games in Health Care. In: HICSS 2006 - 39th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 4-7 January, 2006, Kauai, HI, USA. . Available online

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Zhang, Rui, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2006): Lookahead Cascade for Table Access on Small Devices. In: HICSS 2006 - 39th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science 4-7 January, 2006, Kauai, HI, USA. . Available online

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Kellar, Melanie and Watters, Carolyn R. (2006): Using web browser interactions to predict task. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on the World Wide Web 2006. pp. 843-844. Available online

“The automatic identification of a user's task has the potential to improve information filtering systems that rely on implicit measures of interest and whose effectiveness may be dependant upon the task at hand. Knowledge of a user's current task type would allow information filtering systems to apply the most useful measures of user interest. We recently conducted a field study in which we logged all participants' interactions with their web browsers and asked participants to categorize their web usage according to a high-level task schema. Using the data collected during this study, we have conducted a preliminary exploration of the usefulness of logged web browser interactions to predict users' tasks. The results of this initial analysis suggest that individual models of users' web browser interactions may be useful in predicting task type.”

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» 2005 «

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MacKay, Bonnie, Kellar, Melanie and Watters, Carolyn R. (2005): An evaluation of landmarks for re-finding information on the web. In: Proceedings of ACM CHI 2005 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2005. pp. 1609-1612. Available online

“Re-finding information on the Web is a common yet often time consuming and challenging task. Even with the use of traditional bookmarks, which allow users to return to a previously visited page, it can be hard to re-find facts within that page. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for users to have long and unmanageable lists of bookmarks, making it difficult to identify the purpose of individual bookmarks. In this paper, we present an extension to traditional bookmarks called landmarks, a user-directed technique that aids users in returning to specific content within a previously visited web page. We investigate the efficiency of landmarks for re-finding information on web pages and present the findings of a study in which participants were first primed on two web pages and returned at a later date to re-find the information using both traditional bookmarks and landmarks.”

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MacKay, Bonnie, Dearman, David, Inkpen, Kori and Watters, Carolyn R. (2005): Walk 'n scroll: a comparison of software-based navigation techniques for different levels of mobility. In: Proceedings of 7th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2005. pp. 183-190. Available online

“In this paper, we present a field study comparing software-based navigation techniques (scrollbars, tap-and-drag, and touch-n-go) on mobile devices. In particular, we were interested in exploring the efficiency and user preference of these navigation techniques for different levels of mobility (sitting, walking, and standing) in a naturalistic environment. Results show that while there was no significant difference in performance between tap-and-drag and touch-n-go, both techniques significantly outperformed scrollbars for simple, multi-directional navigation tasks. In addition, the users preferred the touch-n-go technique over the other two methods. The results also revealed that users' interactions and preferences differed between the levels of mobility.”

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Dong, Lei, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2005): Comparing two one-handed access methods on a PDA. In: Proceedings of 7th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2005. pp. 235-238. Available online

“Users of mobile devices often need to use those devices in contexts which leave only one hand available for manipulating the device, such as holding another device or manual, walking or operating some machinery. In this paper we discuss the results of a comparison of the effectiveness, efficiency and preference users have for map navigation tasks on a PDA, where they are restricted to one handed use. One method uses a tilt sensor and touch screen and the other uses multifunction buttons and the touch screen. The results of this study indicate that neither method was significantly more effective (accurate), efficient, or preferred by the users for one handed manipulation of three maps. We did find indications, however, that the tilt method helped users create better cognitive overviews of the maps.”

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Zhang, Rui, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2005): Using cascade method for table access on small devices. In: Proceedings of 7th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services 2005. pp. 349-350. Available online

“Users increasingly expect access to Web data from a wide range of devices, both wired and wireless. The goal of our research is to inform the design of applications that support data access by providing reasonably seamless migration of Web data among internet-compatible devices with minimal loss of effectiveness and efficiency. This study focuses on the tables of data on small mobile devices. In this paper we report on the results of a user study that compare effectiveness, efficiency and preference of two methods for the display and use of tables on small screens: Column/Row Expansion and Cascade, a cell based expansion method.”

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Dong, Lei, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2005): Comparing two one-handed access methods on a PDA. In: Tscheligi, Manfred, Bernhaupt, Regina and Mihalic, Kristijan (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - Mobile HCI 2005 September 19-22, 2005, Salzburg, Austria. pp. 235-238. Available online

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MacKay, Bonnie, Dearman, David, Inkpen, Kori and Watters, Carolyn R. (2005): Walk 'n scroll: a comparison of software-based navigation techniques for different levels of mobility. In: Tscheligi, Manfred, Bernhaupt, Regina and Mihalic, Kristijan (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - Mobile HCI 2005 September 19-22, 2005, Salzburg, Austria. pp. 183-190. Available online

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Zhang, Rui, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2005): Using cascade method for table access on small devices. In: Tscheligi, Manfred, Bernhaupt, Regina and Mihalic, Kristijan (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - Mobile HCI 2005 September 19-22, 2005, Salzburg, Austria. pp. 349-350. Available online

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Lingley-Pottie, Patricia, Watters, Carolyn R., McGrath, Patrick and Janz, Teresa (2005): Providing Family Help at Home. In: HICSS 2005 - 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 3-6 January, 2005, Big Island, HI, USA. . Available online

» 2004 «

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Christie, John, Klein, Raymond M. and Watters, Carolyn R. (2004): A comparison of simple hierarchy and grid metaphors for option layouts on small-size screens. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 60 (5) pp. 564-584

“Modern, technologically driven society is characterized by an increase in the rate of mobile device use and an increase in the extent to which these devices are used for more complex tasks than search for phone numbers. While direct consequences of screen-size reduction on task performance are well known, data are lacking on the impact of layout of multiple options in a complex task environment. In this paper we describe the results of an end-user study in which we compared two basic interface designs for the layout of multiple options: a simple hierarchy and a single layer grid. These two designs were presented to users on two screen sizes; a larger size approximating the size of a standard laptop or desktop screen and a smaller size approximating the size of a PDA screen. This study illustrates that while task performance in accessing information was superior using the grid interface rather than the simple hierarchy interface, users preferred the simple hierarchy interface. Even as the complexity of the task increased, the physical size of the screen had a significantly bigger impact on task performance than did the task complexity. These findings indicate that the grid layout should be used when task performance is of the paramount concern and the complexity of choices is not expected to be large. When user preference/satisfaction is more important than task performance the appeal of the simple hierarchy layout may supersede the cost in performance it entails.”

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MacKay, Bonnie, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2004): Web Page Transformation When Switching Devices. In: Brewster, Stephen A. and Dunlop, Mark D. (eds.) Mobile Human-Computer Interaction - Mobile HCI 2004 - 6th International Symposium September 13-16, 2004, Glasgow, UK. pp. 228-239. Available online

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Dong, Lei and Watters, Carolyn R. (2004): Improving Efficiency and Relevance Ranking in Information Retrieval. In: 2004 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence WI 2004 20-24 September, 2004, Beijing, China. pp. 648-651. Available online

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Zhang, Rui, Watters, Carolyn R. and Duffy, Jack (2004): Examining Table Variations on Small Screen Devices. In: 2004 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence WI 2004 20-24 September, 2004, Beijing, China. pp. 652-655. Available online

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Kellar, Melanie, Stern, Henry, Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (2004): An Information Architecture to Support Dynamic Composition of Interactive Lessons and Reuse of Learning Objects. In: HICSS 2004 2004. . Available online

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Shepherd, Michael A., Watters, Carolyn R. and Young, June (2004): Context Thesaurus for the Extraction of Metadata from Medical Research Papers. In: HICSS 2004 2004. . Available online

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Watters, Carolyn R. and MacKay, Bonnie (2004): Transformation Volatility and the Gateway Model for Web Page Migration to Small Screen Devices. In: HICSS 2004 2004. . Available online

» 2003 «

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Watters, Carolyn R., Duffy, Jack and Duffy, Kathryn (2003): Using large tables on small display devices. In International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58 (1) pp. 21-37

“The next evolutionary step in wireless Internet information management is to provide support for tasks, which may be collaborative and may include multiple target devices, from desktop to handheld. This means that the information architecture supports the processes of the task, recognizes group interaction, and lets users migrate seamlessly among internet-compatible devices without losing the thread of the session. If users are free to migrate amongst devices during the course of a session then intelligent transformation of data is required to exploit the screen size and input characteristics of the target appliance with minimal loss of task effectiveness. In this paper we first review general characteristics related to the performance of users on small screens and then examine the navigation of full tables on small screens for users in multi-device scenarios. We examine the methodologies available for access to full tables in environments where the full table cannot be viewed in its entirety. In particular, we examine the situation where users are collaborating across platform and referring to the same table of data. We ask three basic questions: Does screen size affect the performance of table lookup tasks? Does a search function improve performance of table lookup based tasks on reduced screen sizes? Does including context information improve the performance of table lookup based tasks on reduced screen sizes? The answers to these questions are important as individual and intuitive responses are used by the designers of small screen interfaces for use with large tables of data. We report on the results of a user study that examines factors that may affect the use of large tables on small display devices. The use of large tables on small devices in their native state becomes important in at least two circumstances. First, when collaboration involves two or more users sharing a view of data when the individual screen sizes are different. Second, when the exact table structure replication may be critical as a user moves quickly from a larger to a smaller screen or back again mid-task. Performance is measured by both effectiveness, correctness of result, and efficiency, effort to reach a result.”

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Kellar, Melanie, MacKay, Bonnie, Zhang, Rui, Watters, Carolyn R., Kaufman, David and Borwein, Jonathan M. (2003): Dynamic Composition of Math Lessons. In Educational Technology & Society, 6 (4) pp. 100-111

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Amoudi, Ghada (2003): Geosearcher: Location-based Ranking of Search Engine Results. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54 (2) pp. 140-151

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Basu, Atreya, Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (2003): Support Vector Machines for Text Categorization. In: HICSS 2003 2003. p. 103. Available online

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Zhang, Rui (2003): PDA Access to Internet Content: Focus on Forms. In: HICSS 2003 2003. p. 105. Available online

» 2002 «

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Paterson, Grace I., Shepherd, Michael A., Wang, Xiaoli, Watters, Carolyn R. and Zitner, David (2002): Using the XML-Based Clinical Document Architecture for Exchange of Structured Discharge Summaries. In: HICSS 2002 2002. p. 119. Available online

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Shepherd, Michael A., Watters, Carolyn R. and Marath, Ajitha T. (2002): Adaptive User Modeling for Filtering Electronic News. In: HICSS 2002 2002. p. 102. Available online

» 2001 «

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Shepherd, Michael A., Duffy, Jack, Watters, Carolyn R. and Gugle, Nitin (2001): The role of user profiles for news filtering. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52 (2) pp. 149-160

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Shepherd, Michael A., Watters, Carolyn R., Duffy, Jack and Kaushik, Raj (2001): Browsing and Keyword-based Profiles: A Cautionary Tale. In: HICSS 2001 2001. . Available online

» 2000 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Wang, Hong (2000): Rating news documents for similarity. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 51 (9) pp. 793-804

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Shepherd, Michael A., Zitner, David and Watters, Carolyn R. (2000): Medical Portals: Web-based Access to Medical Information. In: HICSS 2000 2000. . Available online

» 1999 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. (1999): Information Retrieval and the Virtual Document. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 50 (11) pp. 1028-1029

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Shepherd, Michael A. and Watters, Carolyn R. (1999): The Functionality Attribute of Cybergenres. In: HICSS 1999 1999. . Available online

» 1998 «

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Watters, Carolyn R., Shepherd, Michael A. and Burkowski, Forbes J. (1998): Electronic News Delivery Project. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 49 (2) pp. 134-150

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Shepherd, Michael A. and Watters, Carolyn R. (1998): The Evolution of Cybergenres. In: HICSS 1998 1998. pp. 97-109. Available online

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Watters, Carolyn R., Shepherd, Michael A., Alexander, Cynthia and Conley, Marshall (1998): Designing the Digital Agora: Pushing the Web Envelope. In: HICSS 1998 1998. pp. 485-495. Available online

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Watters, Carolyn R., Conley, Marshall and Alexander, Cynthia (1998): The Digital Agora: Using Technolgy for Learning in the Social Sciences. In Communications of the ACM, 41 (1) pp. 50-57

» 1997 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (1997): The Digital Broadsheet: An Evolving Genre. In: HICSS 1997 1997. pp. 22-29. Available online

» 1996 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. (1996): Extending the multimedia class hierarchy for hypermedia applications. In New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 2 pp. 1-16

“The convergence of digital presentation technologies, including videos, audio, images, full colour, and animation, has given rise to the development of multimedia and hypermedia presentation systems. Multimedia systems are based on the synchronization and co-ordination of data through media specific software and hardware so that data of a variety of media types enhance the overall impact of the presentation. Hypermedia applications include user-driven access mechanisms and links among such objects. New generations of hypermedia applications that exploit a larger range of multimedia types than are generally included in the multimedia class hierarchies are rapidly becoming available. In this paper we introduce two additional multimedia types, computational and directive, that depend on direct interaction with the user and increase the use of computing facilities within hypermedia presentations. The recognition of interactive media types provides fertile ground for new classes of hypermedia link types. Examples from prototype hypermedia systems for math education and electronic news delivery are used throughout the paper to illustrate the application of these additional media types.”

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» 1994 «

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Watters, Carolyn R., Shepherd, Michael A. and Qiu, Liwen (1994): Task-Oriented Access to Data Files: An Evaluation. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 45 (4) pp. 251-262

» 1992 «

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Salminen, Airi and Watters, Carolyn R. (1992): A Two-Level Structure for Textual Databases to Support Hypertext Access. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 43 (6) pp. 432-447

» 1991 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (1991): Hypertext Access and the New Oxford English Dictionary. In Hypermedia, 3 (1) pp. 59-79

“While hypertext access to the New Oxford English Dictionary would seem to be potentially beneficial, the conversion of such a text to a hypertext document and the generation of semantic links may not be feasible. Rather than attempting either the conversion of the text or the designation and storage of specific hypertext links, a prototype frontend called READER has been developed that provides hypertext access to the Dictionary. The emphasis in this work has been to provide the user with the browsing approach typical of hypertext rather than the more traditional query-oriented approach to accessing full-texts. The prototype is based on a dynamic hypertext model which facilitates browsing through the dynamic instantiation of implicit links existing in the text of the Dictionary.”

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» 1990 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. and Shepherd, Michael A. (1990): A Transient Hypergraph-Based Model for Data Access. In ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 8 (2) pp. 77-102

“Two major methods of accessing data in current database systems are querying and browsing. The more traditional query method returns an answer set that may consist of data values (DBMS), items containing the answer (full text), or items referring the user to items containing the answer (bibliographic). Browsing within a database, as best exemplified by hypertext systems, consists of viewing a database item and linking to related items on the basis of some attribute or attribute value. A model of data access has been developed that supports both query and browse access methods. The model is based on hypergraph representation of data instances. The hyperedges and nodes are manipulated through a set of operators to compose new nodes and to instantiate new links dynamically, resulting in transient hypergraphs. These transient hypergraphs are virtual structures created in response to user queries, and lasting only as long as the query session. The model provides a framework for general data access that accommodates user-directed browsing and querying, as well as traditional models of information and data retrieval, such as the Boolean, vector space, and probabilistic models. Finally, the relational database model is shown to provide a reasonable platform for the implementation of this transient hypergraph-based model of data access.”

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» 1989 «

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Watters, Carolyn R. (1989): Logic framework for information retrieval. In JASIST - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 40 (5) pp. 311-324

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Publication statistics

Publication period:1989-2009
Publication count:56
Number of co-authors:46



Productive colleagues

Carolyn R. Watters's 3 most productive colleagues in number of publications:

Kori Inkpen:44
Amanda Spink:39
Michael A. Shepherd:38


Collaboration count

Number of publications with 3 favourite co-authors:

Michael A. Shepherd:22
Jack Duffy:13
Melanie Kellar:9

 

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Learn more about Carolyn R. Watters:
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Mar 20

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